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... mechanism leads to oil phase swelling and in turn a reduction in oil viscosity and enhances production. Recoveries from slim tube experiments (Table 7) are higher than those obtained from field-scale simulations (Table 8). Recoveries vary from a low of 88.7 for sample G and FG-1 (15% CO 2 ) to a high of 94.35% for sample A and FG-2 (30% CO 2 ). ...Context 2
... vary from a low of 88.7 for sample G and FG-1 (15% CO 2 ) to a high of 94.35% for sample A and FG-2 (30% CO 2 ). Table 8 displays recovery factors for field-scale simulations. Values are lower than those obtained from slim tube experiments, since field-scale better mimic fluid flow in porous media and simulate miscibility displacement. ...Citations
... Furthermore, flue gas injection leads to an increased presence of lighter components in the oil produced from the well. 24 Oyinloye et al. 40 investigated the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of flue gas when combined with crude oil. Their experimental findings demonstrated that increasing the CO 2 content in the flue gas effectively reduces the MMP, leading to an improvement of oil recovery. ...
... In simpler terms, as the concentration of CO 2 in the injected gas rises, it leads to increased swelling and reduced viscosity of the crude oil. 40 Li et al. 41 explored the utilization of flue gas injection in thermal recovery processes for heavy oil. They conducted a 1D core flooding test capable of measuring temperature to analyze heat transfer and heat front progression within the reservoir rock. ...
The huff-n-puff gas injection is more advantageous than water flooding in the development of shale oil reservoirs with micro-nano pores. In particular, the phase state of fluid components confined by nanopores cannot be ignored. In this paper, we built a single well mechanism model in the study area, it combined with the geological and fluid parameters of the Jimsar Sag shale oil reservoirs. In this model, we introduced a modified Peng-Robinson equation of state in nanopores. Through component numerical simulation, we studied the effects of some parameters on enhanced oil recovery by the huff-n-puff gas injection, including reservoir parameters (reservoir thickness, pore radius, matrix permeability), and hydraulic fracturing parameters (fracture number, fracture half length, fracture conductivity). And we carried out parameter sensitivity analysis. The results show that the crude oil phase diagram studied by the modified phase equation shows obvious shrinkage, which is due to the influence of nanopores. The corresponding minimum miscibility pressure of huff-n-puff gas injection is smaller, and it is easier to miscibility than huff-n-puff gas injection in conventional reservoirs. The sensitivity of recovery after huff-n-puff gas injection is analyzed by compositional numerical simulation. The results show that the sensitivity of fracture conductivity is strong. The second is reservoir thickness, matrix permeability, pore radius, fracture half length, and fracture number. The recovery is positively correlated with pore radius, matrix permeability, fracture number, and fracture half length. And it is negatively correlated with reservoir thickness.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is a widely adopted enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique known for its ability to displace crude oil effectively by altering its properties. However, in high-temperature Malaysian reservoirs, achieving the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for successful miscible flooding can be challenging. This study investigates the potential of using fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) derived from biomass sources to lower the MMP in CO2-crude oil systems, thereby enhancing CO2-EOR performance. FAME, renewable and sustainable, presents an innovative alternative to conventional petroleum-based chemicals in EOR. The study involved two types of biomass-derived FAME, sourced from Rubber Seed Oil and Palm Kernel Oil, and two types of crude oil, Tapis and Dulang, tested using the slim tube method at 90 °C and pressures up to 4500 psi. Our findings indicate the presence of Methyl Oleate in Rubber Seed Oil and Methyl Laurate in Palm Kernel Oil, both likely derivatives formed during biodiesel production through transesterification. The MMP for Tapis crude oil was 3620 psi, and for Dulang crude oil, it was 3860 psi, exceeding both the reservoir and fracture pressures of the formation. This can lead to inefficient CO2 injection, reservoir fracturing, and increased costs. However, the addition of 5% vol. FAME to Tapis crude oil demonstrated promise, with Methyl Laurate reducing the MMP by 17.12% and Methyl Oleate by 3.34%. Increasing the concentration of Methyl Laurate to 10% vol. resulted in a substantial 21% MMP reduction. Notably, the presence of waxes and asphaltenes further lowered the MMP compared to pure Tapis crude oil, with Methyl Laurate achieving a 6.42% reduction compared to 17% for Methyl Oleate. In conclusion, this study explores the use of biomass-derived FAME to improve CO2 flooding performance by lowering MMP. The findings suggest that FAME, particularly Methyl Laurate, offers a sustainable solution to address MMP challenges in CO2-based EOR operations, contributing to the advancement of the oil industry in the region.
One of the essential parameters in carbon dioxide (CO2) miscible flooding is the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). Minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is defined as the lowest pressure at which recovery of oil is (90–92%) at injection (1.2 PV) of carbon dioxide (CO2). The injected gas and oil become a multi-contact miscible at a fixed temperature. Before any field trial, minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) must be determined. This parameter must be determined before any field trial because any engineer needs a suitable plan to develop an injection and surface facilities environment. Estimation of reliable (MMP) maybe by traditional laboratory techniques, but it is very costly and time-consuming. Also, it can rely on various literature (MMP) empirical correlations, but this is not a good strategy because each minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) correlation relates to a unique formation condition.
It is typical to observe a decline in production rate and a decrease in reservoir pressure after oil reservoirs have been allowed to produce for a long time. Miscible flooding is a tertiary recovery method for enhancing the reservoirs’ sweep efficiency. During miscible injection, gasses such as carbon dioxide, natural gas, and nitrogen are employed to increase production levels. Carbon dioxide is commonly used as a miscible gas, but less abundant and more expensive than nitrogen. Flue gas, a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas, is often used to replace pure carbon dioxide. For this study, flue gasses with the compositions, 15% of carbon dioxide, 85% of nitrogen gas and 30% of carbon dioxide,70% of nitrogen gas, are used as the injection gas to develop an empirical correlation for minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for candidate light oil reservoirs that have been previously waterflooded. In data analysis and data analytics, the dataset was separated into two groups at random: the training set, which consists of 80% of the entire dataset, and the testing set, which made up 20% of the total dataset. The independent variables employed for model development include temperature, oil sample oil gravity, molecular percentage of carbon dioxide in the injection gas, the molecular weight of hexane plus in the oil, and the molecular percentage of intermediates. The findings reveal that the newly built model is more accurate and delivers better predictions than the existing correlations. For the testing dataset, the new model predicts flue gas MMP with an average absolute percentage error of 5.5519% and a correlation coefficient of 0.92.
