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Recovered period from immunodeficient condition by Mitomycin C treatments (i.p., 1 mg/kg/day, 6 days) on the weight of spleen (mg) and the number of PFC per 106 spleen cells in normal mice. Each value represents the mean ± SD (n = 7); **P < 0.005 versus control.
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Phellinus linteus is a fungus distributed throughout Japan, Korea and China. Boiled water-soluble extracts from P. linteus (PLW) have shown anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties in experiments done by intraperitoneal treatment, or in in vitro cell cultures. This is the first investigation on how oral administration of PLW influences immune res...
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Objective. To evaluate the evidence on the immunomodulatory effect of acupoint application for childhood asthma. Methods. Five electronic databases through October 2014 were searched. The risk of bias in eligible studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of rando...
Citations
... Phellinus mushrooms strengthened the immune system and this property can be attributed to their biochemical composition. P. linteus polysaccharides induced βlymphocytes, elicited the number of plaque-forming cells, provoked the expression of splenocyte colony factor, Interlukin-3, granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor, thrombopoeiten genes leading to the growth and proliferation of splenocytes and bone marrow cells [69][70][71][72] . P. linteus extract declined IgE generation that may be due to elevation in IFN-ᵧ production [73] . ...
... Hymenophore Aqueous extract Antibacterial [56] Hymenophore Phelligridin A Antioxidant [107] Phelligridin G Antioxidant and cytotoxic [109] Mycelium Methanol extract and hot water extract Antioxidant [27] Hymenophore Phelligridin H and Phelligridin I Antioxidant [25] Phelligridin J Cytotoxic Aqueous, ethanol (50%, 80%, pure) and ethyl acetate extract Antioxidant [86] Ethanol extract Antioxidant [102] P. linteus Mycelium Exopolysaccharides Antidiabetic [117] Hymenophore Exopolymers [118] Ethanol extract Antioxidant and antiangiogenc [119] Methanol extract and its n-butanol fraction Antibacterial [53] n-butanol subfraction Antiinflammatory [65] Mycelium Different solvent fractions Antitumour [120] Antioxidant [24] Ethanol and Ethylacetate combined extract Antiinflammatory [68] Hymenophore Phellinusfuran A and Phellinusfuran B Anticomplement activity [78] Mycelium Chloroform, ethylacetate, methanol, water and boiled water extract Antiallergic [75] Hot water extract Immunomodulatory activity [71] Mycelium Hispidin, 3,14ˊ-bihispidinyl, hypholomine B and 1,1distyrylpyrylethan Antioxidant [110] Hymenophore Phellifuropyranone A Antiproliferative [111] Ethanol extract Antiallergic [73] Nine different protein glycation inhibitors from ethylacetate fraction Antidiabetic [32] 10 different antioxidant compounds Antioxidant [36] Phellinusfurans A and B Anticomplement activity [78] Aqueous extract Antioxidant [122] Crude methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts Antimalarial, antioxidant and cytotoxic [49] Aqueous extract CNS activity [80] Methanol and ethyl acetate extract Antibacterial [58] Mycelium Hispidin from mycelial culture Antidiabetic and antioxidant [123] Hymenophore Ethanol extract Anticancer [50] Polysaccharides Antitumour [124] Polysaccharides Antioxidant [18] Hymenophore Aqueous, ethanol (50%, 80%, pure) and ethylacetate extract Antioxidant [86] Hymenophore Ethanol extract Antioxidant [102] Aqueous extract Antibacterial [63] Hispidin Antioxidant [30] Mycelium Ethanol extract and Phellinulin A Hepatoprotective [41] P. lloydii Hymenophore Sesquiterpenes Antibacterial and antifungal [60] P. merrillii Hymenophore ...
... Phellinus linteus has been found to produce several biologically active compounds that are usually associated with cell walls. These compounds have been suggested to contribute to the enhancement of immunity [6] and tumourretarding effect, antioxidant [7][8][9], anti-inflammatory [10] and antimicrobial activities, [11] and good therapeutic effects on diabetes and obesity [12]. ...
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Phellinus linteus against skin infectious pathogens, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 and Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916.Methods: Fungal fruiting bodies were extracted with 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate, and then, vaporized. The antimicrobial activities were determined by the disc diffusion method against Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 skin infectious pathogens. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for those crude extracts were determined. Finally, the chemical profile of crude extract was determined by using thin layer chromatography and GC-MS.Results: The result demonstrated that the ethanolic extraction had more active fractions with an MIC of 0.5 mg/ml against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 and also showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MBC) at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, while ethyl acetate-based solvents failed to develop on TLC according to Retention factor (Rf) values of 0.71-0.76. The GC-MS was applied to investigate the chemical profile of crude extract of Phellinus linteus, revealing a component of hexadecanoic acid and 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid.Conclusion: Phellinus linteus fruiting body extracts have great potential as antimicrobial compounds against Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228. Thus, they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens.
... 200 mg/kg [187] 47 Crude polysaccharide Female C3H/He, BALB/c mouse 100 μg/mL [188] 48 Mycelium extract Splenocytes from male SD rats 0.1, 1, 10 μg/mL [148] 49 Boiling water fraction Male and female BALB/c and male ddY mice i.g. 30, 100, 300 mg/kg [16] 50 Polysaccharides Male SD rats i.g. 100, 200, 400 mg/kg [189] 51 Water extraction Male ICR mice; mesenteric lymph node lyphocytes i.g. 2 mg/kg [190] 52 Methanol fraction, water fraction and boiling water fraction Female BALB/cCrSlc mice; U266B1 cells, primary B cells painting 1 mg/each ear; 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg/mL; 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 mg/mL [191] 53 Boiled water extracts Female C57BL/6J mice i.g. 1, 2, 4 g/kg/day [192] 54 Water extraction Male Balb/c, ICR mice and SD rats i.g. 0.01-1 g/kg BW [193] 55 Ethanol extraction RAW 264.7 cells, Brucella abortus strain 0, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL; 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL [146] 56 Water-ethanol extract Female C57BL/6 mice i.p. 100 mg/kg/day [194] 57 Proteoglycan Murine splenic lymphocytes from female C57BL/6 mice 0, 10, 50, 200, 500 μg/mL [195] 58 Proteoglycan Murine bone marrow (BM)-derived myeloid dendritic cells from male C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice 10, 50, 100 μg/mL [15] 59 Hypoglycemic activity Extracellular polysaccharides Male SD rats i.g. ...
... P. linteus, an orange-colored mushroom, has been considered useful in preventing and treating liver fibrosis and liver cancers owing to its strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and anticancer properties. (125)(126)(127)(128) P. linteus has been used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of tumors, menstrual irregularities, and liverrelated illnesses. (129) Several reports from Korea and Japan have demonstrated that intake of P. linteus for a long time may induce spontaneous regression of HCC in patients with multiple metastases. ...
Liver, the most important metabolic organ of the body is also the major organ for the detoxification of the blood stream. If the accumulation of toxins is faster than their removal by liver, hepatic damage occurs. Although synthetic drugs are available in the market, long term use of such drugs has consequential side effects. Therefore, the growing need to find safe, cost-effective drugs devoid of adverse effects is spawning extensive research. Mushrooms are rising as a major medicinal food and pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the medicinal value of different edible mushrooms on free radical, xenobiotic and drug induced hepatotoxicity.
... Several polysaccharides have been extracted from P. linteus cultured in this way and their biological activities analyzed. Previous studies have described immunological (Kim et al., 1996(Kim et al., , 2006Matsuba, Matsuno, Sakuma, & Komatsu, 2008;Song et al., 1995), anti-diabetic (Choi, Park, Choi, Jun, & Park, 2004;Kim, Han, Lee, Lee, & Hong, 2004;Kim et al., 2010;Zhao et al., 2014), and antitumor (Collins, Zhu, Guo, Xiao, & Chen, 2006;Han et al., 2006;Li et al., 2004;Sliva, 2010;Song et al., 2011) effects of these polysaccharides. Functions of biological macromolecules are related to their structures, including monosaccharide composition, molecular weight (MW), and chemical linkages. ...
Two novel polysaccharides termed PLPS-1 and PLPS-2 were isolated from mycelia of cultured Phellinus linteus by hot water extraction, purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, and structurally characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS, periodate oxidation/Smith degradation, and methylation analysis. The monosaccharide compositions of PLPS-1 (MW 2.5×10(5)Da) and PLPS-2 (MW 2.8×10(4)Da) were respectively Glc, Ara, Fuc, Gal, and Xyl in molar ratio 21.964:1.336:1.182:1:1, and Glc, Gal, Man, Ara, Fuc, Xyl in molar ratio 14.368:2.594:1.956:1.552:1.466:1; i.e., both were heteropolysaccharides. The backbone of PLPS-1 consisted primarily of repeating α-d-Glc(1→4)-α-d-Glc(1→6) units, while that of PLPS-2 consisted of α-(1→3)-d-Glc and α-(1→6)-d-Glc. The side branches were also different in their carbohydrate components. In in vitro antitumor assays, PLPS-1 displayed strong anti-proliferative effect against S-180 sarcoma cells through apoptosis, whereas PLPS-2 had no such effect. The difference in antitumor activity between the two PLPS evidently results from their structural differences. PLPS-1 has potential as a novel anticancer agent.
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... Orally administrated, the BW extracts of PL (4 g/kg/day) also augment the immune response of the spleen and concentrations of IL-4 and INF-g in mitomycin C-induced immunodeficient mice [65]. By contrast, fish (Epinephelus bruneus) fed a diet enriched with extracts of PL showed dramatically augmented resistance against bacterial diseases through increases in alternative complement activity and lysosyme activity [66]. ...
Phellinus linteus (PL) is a medicinal mushroom used to prevent or treat gastroenteric dysfunction, diarrhea, hemorrhage, allergy, diabetes, and cancer in East Asia, especially in China, Japan, and Korea. To demonstrate its pharmacological value and mechanism, and translate PL into western-accepted therapy, many researchers have investigated the effects of extracts from fruit-bodies (or mycelium) of PL by means of various in vitro and in vivo models. Subsequently, many small molecular weight pure components were isolated from extracts of PL to identify their pharmacological properties and mechanisms. These studies suggest PL and its bioactive compounds as promising candidates as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating agents. This review comprehensively covers literature on these extracts, pure components, and potential therapeutic applications of PL from 1999 to June 2011. In particular, small molecular weight compounds that exhibit biological activity as well as pharmacological effects on PL's anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, neuro- and/or hepatic-protective, and immunomodulating activities are reviewed.
... It is called Sangwhang in Korea but is unlike Ganoderma lucidum. The biological compounds in P. linteus have been used for medical purposes such as antitumor, anticancer, arthritis, antiliver damage, antiviral and antibacterial activities (Han et al., 1999;Li et al., 2004;Kim et al., 2004;Matsuba 2007;Ohno et al., 2007;Jung et al., 2008;Song and Van *Corresponding author. E-mail: prayook.s@msu.ac.th;prayooks@hotmail.com. ...
... lucidum, L. endodes, Lentinus spp.) are successfully cultivated on mushroom farms (Chang and Miles, 1989). Most studies of the Phellinus mushrooms were focused on the biologically active compounds and pharmacodynamic effects under animal and cellular experiments (Han et al., 1999;Li et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2004; Matsuba, 2007;Ohno et al., 2007;Jung et al., 2008;Song and Van Griensven, 2008;Shnyreva et al., 2010). The vegetative compatibility, mating type system and development are the basic information required for supporting mushroom cultivation but they have to date received little attention. ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the mating type system and initiation of fruiting body development of a medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus from Cambodia. The evidence of fungal crossing analysis revealed that Cambodian P. linteus was a heterothallic basidiomycete and had a bipolar mating system. Clamp connection and peg cells formed on the dikaryons were possibly regulated by A and B genes. Initiation of the fruiting body was observed first on the Malt Extract Agar (MEA). In addition, we also found that fruiting bodies rapidly initiated on wood blocks. Unfortunately, their fruiting body initials were arrested before the stage of fruiting body maturation. Hence, a mushroom cultivation approach was chosen for observing the proper fruiting body development. The results showed that most mushroom spawns inoculated by dikaryons had initiated the small size (1.5 to 4.0 cm in diameter) fruiting bodies with a semicircular-shape. Fruiting body was not form in the mushroom spawns inoculated by monokaryons.
... Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt. ) Teng, an orangecolored mushroom, belongs to the Hymenochaetaceae Basidiomycetes and has been considered useful in preventing and treating liver fibrosis and liver cancers owing to its strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and anticancer properties78910. P. linteus has been used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of tumors, menstrual irregularities, and liverrelated illnesses [11]. ...
Background
The hepatoprotective potential of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide (PLP) extracts has been described. However, the molecular mechanism of PLP for the inhibition of liver fibrosis is unclear. This study aims to investigate the molecular protein signatures involved in the hepatoprotective mechanisms of PLP via a proteomics approach using a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis rat model.
Methods
Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups of six as follows: Normal group; TAA group, in which rats received TAA only; and PLP group, in which rats received PLP and TAA. Liver fibrosis was induced in the rats by repeated intraperitoneal injections of TAA at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight twice a week for 4 weeks. PLP was given orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight twice a day from the beginning of the TAA treatment until the end of the experiment. The development of liver cirrhosis was verified by histological examination. Liver proteomes were established by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins with significantly altered expression levels were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry and the differentially expressed proteins were validated by immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
Results
Histological staining showed a remarkable reduction in liver fibrosis in the rats with PLP treatment. A total of 13 differentially expressed proteins including actin, tubulin alpha-1C chain, preprohaptoglobin, hemopexin, galectin-5, glutathione S-transferase alpha-4 (GSTA4), branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase hterotetrameric E1 subunit alpha (BCKDHA), glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTmu); glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TFT); betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 (BHMT1); quinoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR); ribonuclease UK114 were observed between the TAA and PLP groups. These proteins are involved in oxidative stress, heme and iron metabolism, cysteine metabolism, and branched-chain amino acid catabolism.
Conclusion
The proteomics data indicate that P. linteus may be protective against TAA-induced liver fibrosis via regulation of oxidative stress pathways, heat shock pathways, and metabolic pathways for amino acids and nucleic acids.
... In addition, the ratio of IL-12 to IL-6 in response to azuki extract treatment was lower than that obtained by treatment with Mucuna or pine cone extracts. The levels of TNF-α produced by sequential treatment with azuki extract and LPS were significantly lower than those produced by treatment with the mushroom meshimakobu (Phellinus linteus), which induces functional maturation of DCs in vitro and in vivo (Park et al., 2003;Matsuba et al., 2008). Practically no IL-12 was produced following sequential treatment of BM cells with meshimakobu extract and LPS. ...
Non-toxic stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs), which are central immunomodulators, may aid the prevention of cancer. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by anticancer agents contributes to the induction of DC maturation. We previously reported that extracts from Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc pine cone and Mucuna seed induce differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells into mature dendritic cells and also induce apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we screened 31 kinds of edible beans with biological activity similar to that of extracts from pine cone and Mucuna and found that the heat-stable extract from azuki bean (Vigna angula) stimulated differentiation of bone marrow cells into immature DCs with the greatest efficacy. The level of IL-6 produced by sequential treatment of DCs with azuki extract and lipopolysaccharide was the highest among the examined beans. Azuki extract also inhibited the growth of human leukemia U937 cells, leading to induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that azuki bean and its extract are immunopotentiating foods that can be used as a dietary supplement for cancer prevention and immunotherapy.
... Many fungi are used as traditional medicines in the treatment of various human diseases such as hepatitis, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and gastric cancer1234. Recently, fungal polysaccharides have received considerable attention as an important class of bioactive substances because of their potent biological and pharmacological activities, especially immunological and antitumor activities5678 . ...
A water-soluble polysaccharide (BIWS-4b) was purified from the fruit bodies of Bulgaria inquinans (Fries). It is composed of mannose (27.2%), glucose (15.5%) and galactose (57.3%). Its molecular weight was estimated to be 7.4 kDa (polydispersity index, Mw/Mn: 1.35). Structural analyses indicated that BIWS-4b mainly contains (1 → 6)-linked, (1 → 5)-linked and (1 → 5,6)-linked β-Galf units; (1 → 4)-linked and non-reducing terminal β-Glcp units; and (1 → 2)-linked, (1 → 6)-linked, (1 → 2,6)-linked and non-reducing terminal α-Manp units. When examined by the 4-day method and in a prophylactic assay in mice, BIWS-4b exhibited markedly suppressive activity against malaria while enhancing the activity of artesunate. Immunological tests indicated that BIWS-4b significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and splenic lymphocyte proliferation in malaria-bearing mice and normal mice. The anti-malarial activity of BIWS-4b might be intermediated by enhancing immune competence and restoring artesunate-suppressed immune function. Thus, BIWS-4b is a potential adjuvant of anti-malaria drugs.
