Fig 5 - uploaded by Dirk Albach
Content may be subject to copyright.
Reconstruction of the diversification of life history in Scorzonerinae. Character states were mapped onto the ML tree.
Source publication
Subtribe Scorzonerinae of tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae: Cichorioideae) appears to be well supported as monophyletic; however, generic circumscription and relationships within the group have been problematic. To investigate the monophyly and circumscription of the recognized genera and their intergeneric relationships, we conducted a phylogenetic ana...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... perennial herbaceous habit is reconstructed as ancestral for subtribe Scorzonerinae in all character reconstructions (ML tree, MP tree with all parsimonious states and with ACCTRAN). Using the ML tree (Fig. 5), the annual habit has arisen independently in Tourneuxia, Pterachaenia, Geropogon, Koelpinia, and Epilasia. It is possible that the annual habit of the latter three evolved once in their common ancestor, but the reconstruction is equivocal. The biennial habit has arisen at least twice from perennials: in Podospermum laciniatum and ...
Citations
... It originates in the Ancient Mediterranean. The Scorzonera species mainly inhibits temperate and arid regions of Central Europe, Central Asia, and Northern Africa [8] , with the significant center of diversity in the arid and Irano-Turanian regions. ...
... Scorzonera species are characterized by complicated variation patterns present among species. According to previous molecular studies, to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among the members of the Cichorieae tribe using nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrITS), External Transcribed Spacer (ETS), and morphological features of the achene [7,8,26] , it is revealed that Scorzonera is polyphyletic, consisting of four separate clades (Scorzonera s. str., S. purpurea, S. albicaulis and Podospermum). These studies also, resulted in relocating some Scorzonera species (i.e. S. latifolia and S. cinera) to different genus such as Gelasia genus. ...
... The genus Scorzonera has long been considered to have complicated variation patterns that make it difficult to distinguish among its species, and still, their infrageneric classification is preliminary. Although efforts have been made to classify the genus [7,8,26,39] into three to four polyphyletic subgenera, no comprehensive numerical taxonomic research of Scorzonera species has been conducted before. The results of the numerical examination of PCA and AHC analyses confirmed three subgeneric ranks of the genus. ...
The genus Scorzonera L. is one of the largest genera of the subtribe Scorzonerinae, tribe Cichorieae, and family Asteraceae. This genus is characterized by complicated variation patterns present among its species. An extensive sampling characterization of macro-and micro-morphology was conducted for Scorzonera species (eight species, including one variety) distributed in the MSU district of the Kurdistan Region-Iraq to clarify inter-sub-generic and interspecies delimitations. We examined all morphological features of the collected samples in detail, along with their anatomical and distribution status. There were several morphological and anatomical characteristics that could be used to distinguish complicated and overlapped species. Analysis of principle components (PCA) and cluster analysis (AHC) were used to determine relationships between taxa. As a result of PCA and HCA, the species were divided into three clusters, in accordance with the taxonomic treatment of Scorzonera based on its morphological characteristics. Variables such as the shape of outer phyllaries, achenes, stigma, anther, stem base collar, leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf tips and surface, and root shape explained most of the total variations. PCA analysis suggests that the characters mentioned above may also be helpful in delineating species groups. Among the species being studied, S. mollis and one variety (S. cana var. jacquiniana) were discovered and examined in the MSU district for the first time. In particular, the results of this study can be used to update and improve the flora of Iraq and the Kurdistan Region for Scorzonera spp. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
... Gelasia Cassini (1818: 33), as recently segregated from Scorzonera Linnaeus (1753: 790) sensu lato, belongs to subtribe Scorzonerinae of tribe Cichorieae (Asteraceae). Previous molecular studies (Mavrodiev et al. 2004, Hatami et al. 2020 confirmed the polyphyly of Scorzonera s.l., as its various clades were completely intermingled with traditionally accepted genera such as Epilasia (Bunge 1852: 200) Bentham & Hooker f. (1873: 532), Geropogon Linnaeus (1763Linnaeus ( : 1109 and Tragopogon Linnaeus (1753: 789). In the recent taxonomic revision of subtribe Scorzonerinae based on molecular and morphological data, Scorzonera s.l. was split into six segregate genera including Gelasia, Lipschitzia Zaika et al. (2020: 61), Pseudopodospermum (Lipschitz & Krascheninnikov in Lipschitz 1935: 70) Kuthatheladze (1978: 85), Ramaliella Zaika et al. (2020: 64), Scorzonera and Takhtajaniantha Nazarova (1990: 179) (Zaika et al. 2020). ...
Gelasia attariana is described as a new species from northwest of Iran, near the border to Azerbaijan. The new species is morphologically similar to G. cinerea and G. wendelboi, mainly because of sharing caulescent perennial life form, entire lanceolate leaves with 3–7 parallel veins, tomentose indumentum of phyllaries and glabrous achenes without carpopodium, but differs in plant height, indumentum type of stems and leaves, length/width ratio of leaves, leaves color, apex of leaves
and length of achenes and pappus. Morphological comparisons and taxonomic relationships of G. attariana with its closely related taxa are discussed. Consistent with morphological data, molecular evidences based on nrDNA ITS sequences confirmed that the new species can be recognized as a distinct taxon from its close relatives. Description, images of living plants and distribution map of the new species are also provided.
... The Scorzonerinae are a morphologically clearly delimited subtribe, characterised by a unique plumose pappus (very rarely absent or nonplumose) of bristles with long soft and often intertwining fimbriae (Kilian et al. 2009a) and a pollen type of its own having colpori with only two (in all other members of the tribe with three) lacunae (Blackmore 1986) and forms a well-supported clade in phylogenetic analyses, based on morphological and molecular data (Bremer 1994;Whitton et al. 1995;Mavrodiev et al. 2004; 27, 1-2, 15-31, 2020 Kilian et al. 2009a;Tremetsberger et al. 2013). Subsequent classification systems accepted Scorzonera again in a broader sense, with more or less elaborated infrageneric classification (Bentham in Bentham and Hooker 1873; Boissier 1875; Hoffmann 1890-1894; Lipschitz 1935Lipschitz , 1939Lipschitz , 1964. ...
A new genus, Aytacia Yıld. and a new species, A. turkica Yıld. (Asteraceae) based on Scorzonera s.l. Abstract A new monotypic genus from Turkey, Aytacia Yıld. is introduced to the scientific world. This new genus is based on partially S. boissieri Lipsch. of Scorzonera s.l. species with typical features such as dwarf, scapigerous, greyish, perennial plant; c. 8 x 2-3 cm, simple, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, subfalcate leaves; 40-50 cm long, 1 per stem capitula with yellow flowers; 10 winged, glabrous achenes. Aytacia turkica Yıld. is described as a new species. The identification key of closely related genera of this new genus is provided. Türkiye'den Scorzonera L. s.l. kökenli yeni bir cins, Aytacia Yıld. ve yeni bir tür, A. turcica Yıld. (Asteraceae) Özet Türkiye'den yeni bir tek türlü cins, Aytacia Yıld. bilim dünyasına tanıtılmaktadır. Bu yeni cins, cüce, sibek, kül renkli, çok yıllık bitki; c. 8 x 2-3 cm boyutlu, yalın, şeritsi-mızrak uçsudan yalnızca mızrak uçsuya, yarı oraksı yapraklı; 40-50 cm boyunda her bir gövdede 1 kömeçli; sarı çiçekli; 10 kanatlı, tüysüz aken özellikleriyle Scorzonera'nın s.l. S. boissieri Lipsch. türüne kısmen dayanmaktadır. Aytacia turkica Yıld. yeni bir tür olarak betimlenmiştir. Bu cinsin, yakın cinslerine ilgin tanı buldurusu verilmiştir.
... Molecular phylogenetic studies provide important contributions to morphological data in the differentiation of taxa (1, [17][18][19][20]. ...
... Some publications were also used while creating the subtribus Scorzonerinae' and Scorzonera' s.l. keys among some flora's key such as Flora Orientalis (26), Flora of Turkey (27), Flora of Europe (28), Flora Iranica (29) and Flora of USSR (30), and some studies (31-32) such as molecular phylogenetic (1, [17][18][19][20], cytological (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39), palynological (40)(41), anatomical (42)(43)(44)(45)(46). Eponymy. The name of the new genus is dedicated to the granddaughter of the author, Bilge Erdal. ...
A new genus from Turkey, Bilgea Yıld. is introduced to the scientific world. This new genus is based on S. sandrasica Hartvig & Strid and S. ulrichii Parolly & N.Kilian of Scorzonera s.l. species with typical features such as dwarf, subscapigerous, greyish, perennial plant; 2-6 cm long, unbranched, densely lanate, sericeous with long hairy stem; 2-5 cm long, simple, shortly oblanceolate, rosetted leaves; 10-18 mm long, usually 1 per stem capitula with yellow flowers; lanate achenes. Some new combinations and synonyms are made. The identification keys of closely related genera and species of this new genus are provided.
... The Scorzonerinae are a morphologically clearly delimited subtribe, characterised by a unique plumose pappus (very rarely absent or nonplumose) of bristles with long soft and often intertwining fimbriae (Kilian et al. 2009a) and a pollen type of its own having colpori with only two (in all other members of the tribe with three) lacunae (Blackmore 1986) and forms a well-supported clade in phylogenetic analyses, based on morphological and molecular data (Bremer 1994;Whitton et al. 1995;Mavrodiev et al. 2004; Kilian et al. 2009a;Tremetsberger et al. 2013). Subsequent classification systems accepted Scorzonera again in a broader sense, with more or less elaborated infrageneric classification (Bentham in Bentham and Hooker 1873; Boissier 1875; Hoffmann 1890-1894; Lipschitz 1935Lipschitz , 1939Lipschitz , 1964. ...
... Three major entities were mostly accepted in the 20th century: Scorzonera s.str., Podospermum and Pseudopodospermum, either at subgeneric rank (Lipschitz 1964;Chater 1976;Rechinger 1977) or, more rarely, at generic rank (Kuthatheladze 1978). First molecular phylogenetic analyses, using the nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrITS: Mavrodiev et al. 2004; Kilian et al. 2009a) and nrITS + the External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) sequences (Owen et al. 2006), revealed that Scorzonera is actually a polyphyletic assemblage. It fully also confirms previous studies (Mavrodi-ev et al. 2004;Winfield et al. 2006) in that Scorzonera is polyphyletic in all traditional circumscriptions, based on morphological data [1 This data were taken from an article study by Zaika et al.]. ...
... Molecular phylogenetic studies provide important contributions to morphological data in the differentiation of taxa (1,(28)(29)(30)(31). ...
... There is a distinct clad in Scorzonera L. s.l. having validly five species, The Scorzonerinae are a morphologically clearly delimited subtribe, characterised by a unique plumose pappus (very rarely absent or nonplumose) of bristles with long soft and often intertwining fimbriae (Kilian et al. 2009a) and a pollen type of its own having colpori with only two (in all other members of the tribe with three) lacunae (Blackmore 1986) and forms a well-supported clade in phylogenetic analyses, based on morphological and molecular data (Bremer 1994;Whitton et al. 1995;Mavrodiev et al. 2004;Kilian et al. 2009a;Tremetsberger et al. 2013). Subsequent classification systems accepted Scorzonera again in a broader sense, with more or less elaborated infrageneric classification (Bentham in Bentham and Hooker 1873; Boissier 1875; Hoffmann 1890-1894; Lipschitz 1935Lipschitz , 1939Lipschitz , 1964. ...
... Molecular phylogenetic studies provide important contributions to morphological data in the differentiation of taxa (1,(17)(18)(19)(20). ...
... Some publications were also used while creating the subtribus Scorzonerinae' and Scorzonera' s.l. keys among some flora's key such as Flora Orientalis (26), Flora of Turkey (27), Flora of Europe (28), Flora Iranica (29) and Flora of USSR (30), and some studies (31-32) such as molecular phylogenetic (1,(17)(18)(19)(20), cytological (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39), palynological (40)(41), anatomical (42)(43)(44)(45)(46). (33-36, 47, 48), 2n: 14 (33,36). Fl. 6-8. ...
... ligulate flowers are purplish or yellow (Richardson 1976). The monophyly of the genus was strongly supported in a recent phylogenetic analysis of Scorzonerinae based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data (Mavrodiev et al. 2004). In contrast, Scorzonera, a genus close to Tragopogon is polyphyletic (Hatami et al. 2020). ...
Tragopogon is an Old World genus with 150 species. Mediterranean, Middle East, and Eastern Europe are the distribution centers of this genus. This genus has 26 species in Iran, of which 11 are endemic. The morphology studies of 32 species and Molecular studies (ISSR, ITS, cp DNA) of 22 species of the genus Tragopogon were investigated. Despite the anatomical and molecular studies done around the world, the exact classification of this genus is not clear due to the high number of secret species, hybridization, polyploidy, and rapid diversification. The purpose of these studies is to classify, determine interspecific relationship in this genus, and determine the important morphological characteristics in taxon differentiation. We conclude that sections of Rubriflori, Sosnowskya, Chromopappus, Majores, Angustissimi, and Krascheninnikovia introduced by the flora of Iranica are confirmed by our morphometry and molecular studies. Section of Profundisulcati in flora Iranica is confirmed based on morphometry data. The Species of T. jesdianus, T. porphyrocephalus, T. rezaiyensis, and T. Stroterocarpus in the flora of Iranica are not classified in any section which we classified in the Rubriflori section. Cp DNA dendrogram is not useful for classification in this genus and Chloroplast sequences are very similar among Tragopogon species. Therefore, the use of cp DNA markers in the classification of this genus is not recommended. The use of ISSR and ITS molecular markers are useful for classifying the genus Tragopogon.
... The subtribe has been confirmed as monophyletic in phylogenetic analyses based both on morphological and molecular data. It is characterized by a unique plumose pappus type (by reversal rarely reduced or missing) and equally unique pollen with only bilacunar colpori, of which an unparalleled diversity of distinctive pollen types has evolved (Blackmore, 1986;Bremer, 1994;Mavrodiev et al., 2004;Tremetsberger et al., 2012;Zaika et al., 2020). Several morphologically well-delimited entities have widely been accepted as genera in the Scorzonerinae, including Epilasia (Bunge) Benth., Geropogon L., Koelpinia Pall., Pterachaenia (Benth.) ...
... The circumscription of the name-giving genus Scorzonera has, however, been a subject of taxonomic debate almost ever since its establishment, and no less than six segregates had been proposed by 1990, but only two, Podospermum DC. and Pseudopodospermum Kuth., gained some recognition, although mostly at subgeneric rank only (Zaika et al., 2020). Molecular phylogenetic studies then indicated that Scorzonera in its traditional wide sense (s.l.) is a polyphyletic assemblage and that its various clades are completely intermingled in phylogenetic trees with the traditionally accepted genera (Whitton et al., 1995;Mavrodiev et al., 2004Mavrodiev et al., , 2012Winfield et al., 2006;Kilian et al., 2009a;Hatami et al., 2020;Zaika et al., 2020). The most comprehensive study to date, by Zaika et al. (2020), demonstrated that most of the proposed segregates represent diverging lineages of Scorzonera s.l., although often with a surprisingly different circumscription. ...
... Epilasia and Takhtajaniantha are restricted to that area and the other lineages have their highest diversity there. The phylogeny of Tragopogon (Mavrodiev et al., 2004) clearly shows that the N African species evolved from later diversification and migration. Tremetsberger et al. (2012) estimated the origin of the Scorzonerinae clade in the late Oligocene (c. 25 mya) and the diversification between Gelasia (represented in their study by G. hirsuta) and Scorzonera and Tragopogon, corresponding to the origin of the two principal clades, in the late Early Miocene (c. ...
Subtribe Scorzonerinae (Cichorieae, Asteraceae) contains 12 main lineages and approximately 300 species. Relationships within the subtribe, either at inter- or intrageneric levels, were largely unresolved in phylogenetic studies to date, due to the lack of phylogenetic signal provided by traditional Sanger sequencing markers. In this study, we employed a phylogenomics approach (Hyb-Seq) that targets 1,061 nuclear-conserved ortholog loci designed for Asteraceae and obtained chloroplast coding regions as a by-product of off-target reads. Our objectives were to evaluate the potential of the Hyb-Seq approach in resolving the phylogenetic relationships across the subtribe at deep and shallow nodes, investigate the relationships of major lineages at inter- and intrageneric levels, and examine the impact of the different datasets and approaches on the robustness of phylogenetic inferences. We analyzed three nuclear datasets: exon only, excluding all potentially paralogous loci; exon only, including loci that were only potentially paralogous in 1–3 samples; exon plus intron regions (supercontigs); and the plastome CDS region. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using both multispecies coalescent and concatenation (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses) approaches. Overall, our phylogenetic reconstructions recovered the same monophyletic major lineages found in previous studies and were successful in fully resolving the backbone phylogeny of the subtribe, while the internal resolution of the lineages was comparatively poor. The backbone topologies were largely congruent among all inferences, but some incongruent relationships were recovered between nuclear and plastome datasets, which are discussed and assumed to represent cases of cytonuclear discordance. Considering the newly resolved phylogenies, a new infrageneric classification of Scorzonera in its revised circumscription is proposed.
... Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica L.), otherwise known as serpent root takes the leading place among the plant species containing significant amounts of inulin [Konopiński 2003, Petkova 2018]. This species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a root vegetable, little known in many countries in the world and rarely cultivated [Konopiński 2003, Mavrodiev et al. 2004]. The edible storage root, when cooked, resembles asparagus in taste [Dolota et al. 2005]. ...
Biostimulants are friendly to the soil environment and can effectively improve the plant growth and yielding. The aim of field and laboratory studies was to establish the effect of biostimulants on the growth and on the health status of Scorzonera hispanica L. plants. The field experiment was carried out in south-eastern Poland on Haplic Luvisol. The biostimulants were applied according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. Moreover, the biostimulants Asahi SL (active components: nitroguaiacolate and nitrophenolates), Beta-Chikol (a.s. – chitosan) and Bio-Algeen S90 (extract from seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum) were applied for the pre-sowing seed dressing of scorzonera cv. ´´Duplex´´. For comparison, the fungicide Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS/WS (a.s. – tiuram 75%) was used. Untreated seeds served as control. Moreover, the biodiversity of soil-borne fungi colonizing the roots of this vegetable was determined. The number of seedlings and the health status of scorzonera plants were determined during three growing seasons. In each year of the study, both scorzonera seedlings with necrosis symptoms on the roots and the infected roots obtained after scorzonera harvest were subjected to laboratory mycological analysis. The experiments showed that, the emergence and health status of scorzonera seedlings after the application of biostimulants, especially after Beta-Chikol, were significantly better than in the control. Asahi SL and Beta-Chikol were more effective than Bio-Algeen S90 in limiting the occurrence of fungi pathogenic towards scorzonera plants. Diseased scorzonera roots were most frequently colonized by Alternaria scorzonerae, Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium spp., especially by Fusarium oxysporum. In conclusion, Asahi SL, Beta-Chikol and Bio-Algeen S90 can be recommended as effective biostimulants in field cultivation of Scorzonera hispanica.
... and also in sect. Recently, some molecular studies have been conducted on the genus using nucleotide sequence data by Mavrodiev et al. (2004Mavrodiev et al. ( , 2005Mavrodiev et al. ( , 2012. ese molecular studies revealed that Tragopogon is a relatively young (Mavrodiev et al. 2012) and monophyletic (Mavrodiev et al. 2004(Mavrodiev et al. , 2005(Mavrodiev et al. , 2012 genus. ...
... Recently, some molecular studies have been conducted on the genus using nucleotide sequence data by Mavrodiev et al. (2004Mavrodiev et al. ( , 2005Mavrodiev et al. ( , 2012. ese molecular studies revealed that Tragopogon is a relatively young (Mavrodiev et al. 2012) and monophyletic (Mavrodiev et al. 2004(Mavrodiev et al. , 2005(Mavrodiev et al. , 2012 genus. Some sections of the genus are also confirmed to be monophyletic (Mavrodiev et al. 2005). ...
... e current nrITS cladogram revealed that all the species of Tragopogon composed a group and proved the monophyly of the genus as in the previous studies (Mavrodiev et al. 2004(Mavrodiev et al. , 2005(Mavrodiev et al. , 2012. In line with the nrITS cladogram, the cpDNA markers also proved the monophyly of the genus. ...
In the present paper, two little‐known species (T. olympicus Boiss. and T. pichleri Boiss.) endemic to Turkey are evaluated in terms of morphology based on numerous authentic and/or new collections. Additionally, the phylogenetic positions of these little‐known species are evaluated based on newly generated sequences of nrDNA ITS, trnL and trnL‐F. As a result of the morphological examination, lectotypes are designated and documented for both species together with amended diagnosis. The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS data indicates that T. olympicus and T. latifolius Boiss. var. angustifolius are sister taxa, while T. dubius Scop. and T. pichleri are nested together in a different subclade of Tragopogon sect. Majores (Artemcz.) Kuthath s.l. However, neither species is resolved in the cpDNA tree due to low nucleotide diversity. The present results support treating T. olympicus and T. pichleri as members of Tragopogon sect. Sosnovskya Boriss. and Tragopogon sect. Majores, respectively.
