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A review of the role of vitamins, minerals, carotenoids and essential fatty acids in relation to eye health. The mode of action may be directly on the eye or by promoting bodily health on which the eye depends.
The lens and retina suffer oxidative damage and the anti-oxidant vitamins A, C and E are implicated as protective. Studies in man give indi...
Citations
... "Increased consumption of energydense foods such as refined grains, processed meats, added sugar and saturated fatty foods might increase the risk of obesity" [2]. "The health of the eye is dependent on the health of the body" [3]. ...
... "The lens is under threat by oxidation. Biochemical evidence demonstrates that proteins and lipids undergo oxidative damage by free radicals" [3]. ...
... "Lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as significant increase in superoxide dimutase activity and protein level have been proposed as a causative factor of cataract (nuclear cataracts)" [11]. "The development of cataract has been associated with a number of systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, diabetic, renal and gastrointestinal (diarrhoea), and with increased mortality" [3]. ...
... RF deficiency can also occur when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamins. There are several indications of RF deficiency: anaemia, itching, fatigue, cracked lips, dry skin, tongue inflammation, mouth ulcers, pain in the throat, loss of growth and eyes that are sensitive to bright light, itchy, watery, burning and bloodshot [11][12][13][14][15]. ...
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are versatile and utilised in numerous ways, for instance as catalysts, solar cells, fuels and hydrogen fuels in the evolution of energy solutions. Their versatile nature provides opportunities not only in optoelectronic areas, but also in human health and protection against antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer and other toxic agents. There have been limited studies conducted on the ability of AgNPs to sense the vital biological molecule riboflavin (RF). Hence, the current work was undertaken to further examine AgNPs and their potential as RF sensing materials. We have synthesised AgNPs via the citrate method and determined a range of properties using various instruments and techniques. The AgNPs were then tested as a sensing material to determine the exposure of RF via an electrochemical process. For this, an AgNP slurry was transformed into an organic adhesive, pasted onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and dried well to ensure the sensing efficiency in a three-electrode system. RF was prepared at a range of concentrations (0.976 × 10⁻⁶ μM, 1.953 × 10⁻⁶ μM, 3.906 × 10⁻⁶ μM, 7.812 × 10⁻⁶ μM, 15.625 × 10⁻⁶ μM and 31.25 × 10⁻⁶ μM) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The current ranged from −1.5 to +1.5 V, and the electrode efficiency and effect of the potential (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mV/s) of the AgNP-based GCE (AgNPs/GCE) were determined in PBS. The ampherometric response over time was also analysed (0–600 s). The processed sensors’ cyclic response and electrochemical impedance (between 0.01 and 10 kHz) were also analysed. In addition to this, ion interference (Al³⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Sr²⁺, Zn²⁺ and PBS), and real samples collected from different places were examined with and without the analyte (RF) respectively. A probable mechanism has also been established based on the obtained results and is presented.
... Vitamin A is important in maintaining the health of the ocular surface and necessary for the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of healthy epithelial cells (32). Vitamin A deficiency has been associated with keratomalacia in humans (33,34). ...
Background
Human autologous serum (AS) and umbilical cord serum (UCS) both contain growth and neurotrophic factors that promote corneal healing.
Aim
Our objectives were to compare equine AS and UCS cytokine and growth factor profiles and to assess the safety and clinical feasibility of the therapeutic use of UCS eye drops in cases of spontaneous complex ulcers.
Study Design
Prospective clinical trial.
Methods
Vitamin A insulin growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentrations were determined in 10 AS collected from different horses and 10 UCS sampled at delivery. Six client-owned horses presenting with complex non-healing corneal defects of >5 mm² were included in a clinical trial and treated with conventional therapy and conditioned UCS drops for 8–15 days. Ulcer surface and time to complete epithelialization were recorded.
Results
Median concentrations of vitamin A, insulin growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB were not significantly different in AS compared with UCS (respectively, 14.5 vs. 12.05 μg/ml; 107.8 vs. 107.3 pg/ml; and 369.1 vs. 924.2 pg/ml). TGF-β1 median concentration in UCS was significantly higher than in AS (3,245 vs. 2571pg/ml) (p = 0.04). IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentrations were variable in AS and undetectable in UCS. The corneal median ulcerative area was 37.2 mm² (6.28–57.14 mm²) and had a duration of 4–186 days (median 19 days). All lesions healed within 13–42 days (median 17 days). No adverse effects nor recurrences within 1 month were noticed.
Limitations
The sample size was small. Spontaneous corneal epithelial defects presented with variable clinical characteristics. There were no age-matched control horses to assess corneal healing time and rate.
Conclusion and Clinical Significance
Equine UCS may be beneficial, as it contains no pro-inflammatory cytokines and a greater concentration of TGF-β1 compared with AS. Topical UCS appears safe and may potentially be used as adjunctive therapy for equine complex non-healing ulcers.
... Selenium Phelps Brown N.A. et al., 1998 [33] Excessive selenium supplementation may increase the glaucoma incidence Prasad A.S. et al., 2014 [34] High plasma selenium concentration and middle concentration of aqueous humour selenium was significantly associated with glaucoma. Prasanna G. et al., 2002 [35] The mean selenium levels in aqueous humor and in serum of patients with PEX syndrome were lower than in the control group. ...
... As reviewed by Brown et al. [33], zinc has a role in retinal metabolism and may be beneficial in macular degeneration. Research cited in this review showed that altered serum levels of some trace elements, e.g., copper and zinc, may impact the incidence and progression of glaucoma disease. ...
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive tool for imaging and quantifying the retinal and choroidal perfusion state in vivo. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of isometric and dynamic exercise on retinal and choroidal sublayer perfusion using OCTA. A pilot study was conducted on young, healthy participants, each of whom performed a specific isometric exercise on the first day and a dynamic exercise the day after. At baseline and immediately after the exercise, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), superficial capillary plexus perfusion (SCPP), deep capillary plexus perfusion (DCPP), choriocapillaris perfusion (CCP), Sattlers’s layer perfusion (SLP), and Haller’s layer perfusion (HLP) were recorded. A total of 34 eyes of 34 subjects with a mean age of 32.35 ± 7.87 years were included. HR as well as MAP increased significantly after both types of exercise. Both SCPP and DCPP did not show any significant alteration due to isometric or dynamic exercise. After performing dynamic exercise, CCP, SLP, as well as HLP significantly increased. Changes in MAP correlated significantly with changes in HLP after the dynamic activity. OCTA-based analysis in healthy adults following physical activity demonstrated a constant retinal perfusion, supporting the theory of autoregulatory mechanisms. Dynamic exercise, as opposed to isometric activity, significantly changed choroidal perfusion. OCTA imaging may represent a novel and sensitive tool to expand the diagnostic spectrum in the field of sports medicine.
... Selenium Phelps Brown N.A. et al., 1998 [33] Excessive selenium supplementation may increase the glaucoma incidence Prasad A.S. et al., 2014 [34] High plasma selenium concentration and middle concentration of aqueous humour selenium was significantly associated with glaucoma. Prasanna G. et al., 2002 [35] The mean selenium levels in aqueous humor and in serum of patients with PEX syndrome were lower than in the control group. ...
... As reviewed by Brown et al. [33], zinc has a role in retinal metabolism and may be beneficial in macular degeneration. Research cited in this review showed that altered serum levels of some trace elements, e.g., copper and zinc, may impact the incidence and progression of glaucoma disease. ...
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of chronic neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a relatively selective, progressive damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, which leads to axon loss and visual field alterations. To date, many studies have shown the role of various elements, mainly metals, in maintaining the balance of prooxidative and antioxidative processes, regulation of fluid and ion flow through cell membranes of the ocular tissues. Based on the earlier and current research results, their relationship with the development and progression of glaucoma seems obvious and is increasingly appreciated. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current evidence on the role of trace elements in the pathogenesis and prevention of glaucomatous diseases. Special attention is also paid to the genetic background associated with glaucoma-related abnormalities of physiological processes that regulate or involve the ions of elements considered as trace elements necessary for the functioning of the cells.
... Dietary nutrients have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of DES [5,6]. Essential fatty acids play a role in the inflammation process [7]. ...
Background Dry eye after uneventful phacoemulsification has been a common cause for patients’ dissatisfaction, despite good visual outcome. Tear film instability after cataract extraction has been attributed to multiple intraoperative and postoperative causes. Oral antioxidants have been proposed to decrease the objective and subjective symptoms of dry eye.
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oral antioxidant supplementation on dry eye after phacoemulsification.
Patients and methods This is a randomized controlled clinical case series study that included 60 eyes of 60 patients. They were divided into two groups: group 1 was treated with oral antioxidants after surgery, whereas group 2 was not treated with oral antioxidants. The study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department of Menoufia University Hospital in the period between January 2018 and January 2019. Follow-up for those patients were done by Schirmer’s test 1, break-up time test, and ocular surface disease index questionnaire preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 3 months postoperatively to evaluate oral antioxidant supplementation effect on dry eye after surgery.
Results Three months after oral antioxidant supplementation following phacoemulsification, statistically significant differences (P
... Os efeitos colaterais são pouco observados (Ono et al., 2004;Petrone et al., 2002). Modulação da resposta imune: diminuir a produção de auto-anticorpos e a lifo-proliferação por meio de agentes imuno-moduladores, que irão amenizar a resposta imune gerada (Brown et al., 1998). ...
A Síndrome de Sjögren (SS) pode ser definida como uma doença inflamatória sistêmica crônica do tecido conjuntivo que afeta glândulas salivares e lacrimais. Pode ser caracterizada como primária, na ausência de doenças do tecido conjuntivo e secundária na associação com outras doenças deste tecido. Os sintomas mais frequentes manifestados são a xerofitalmia (olhos secos) e xerostomia (boca seca). A patogenia da doença caracteriza-se pela infiltração linfo-plasmocitária nas glândulas, e o tratamento varia de acordo com o caso clínico, mas tem como finalidade diminuir os sintomas e proporcionar uma melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes. Portanto, caracteriza-se como uma doença de acompanhamento rigoroso e minucioso e que necessita de um diagnóstico imediato para aprimorar o tratamento. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um artigo de revisão bibliográfica a partir de estudos prévios acerca desta síndrome. Palavras chave: síndrome seca, doença autoimune, lesões glandulares, Síndrome de Sjögren diagnóstico e tratamento.
... Beta-carotene; Lutein and Zeaxanthin, vitamin A, C, D, E, Zinc, selenium may reduce the progression of macular degeneration.Omega-3 essential fatty acids appear to help the eye in a variety of ways, from alleviating symptoms of dry eye syndrome to guarding against macular damage. 30 Scientific data also support this verse as these plants contains antioxidants and many specific nutrients like lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins A, C, E, beta-carotene, omega-3 fatty acids, zinc which are essential for keeping eyes healthy. They are a rich source of protective nutrients essential for healthy vision, bones, blood and skin. ...
... In recent years they have appeared different jobs relating to nutrition and its influence on the development and progression of glaucoma. In addition to the observational and interventional studies on the subject, a review about vitamins and minerals, carotenoids and essential fatty acids in relation to eye health by Brown et al., University of Oxford (UK) confirmed that vitamins A, C and E have a protective effect on the oxidative damage of the lens [19]. Epidemiological studies carried out by West and Oren [20] argue that eating fruits and vegetables that contain nutrients such as vitamins C, E and various carotenoids is inversely related to the risk of cataracts. ...
... [3][4][5] Dietary nutrients have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of DES. 6,7 Essential fatty acids play a role in the inflammation process. 8 Systemic omega-3 can mediate inflammation and has been used to treat DES, particularly in cases associated with meibomian gland dysfunction. ...
Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy of oral antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of patients with dry eye syndrome (DES).
Methods:
A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study compared the effects of an antioxidant supplement (containing anthocyanosides, astaxanthin, vitamins A, C, and E, and several herbal extracts, including Cassiae semen and Ophiopogonis japonicus) with placebo on patients with DES. We assessed dry eye symptoms, visual acuity, Schirmer's test, tear film breakup time, cornea and conjunctiva fluorescein staining, serum anti-SSA/anti-SSB antibodies, and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tears. The supplementation period was 8 weeks and patients were followed up every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. A linear mixed model was used to compare the groups, while within-group differences were tested by repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results:
Forty-three patients, 20 and 23 in treatment and placebo groups, respectively, completed the study. Liver and renal functions were normal. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in the treatment group. There were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure, dry eye symptoms, serum anti-SSA and anti-SSB, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or fluorescein corneal staining between the groups. Tear film breakup time scores and Schirmer's test without topical anesthesia significantly improved in the treatment group. Tear ROS level differed between the groups and decreased after treatment. Overall subjective impression revealed a significant improvement with treatment compared with placebo.
Conclusion:
Oral antioxidant supplementations may increase tear production and improve tear film stability by reducing tear ROS. The vegetable-based antioxidant supplement used in this study is safe and can be utilized as an adjuvant therapy to conventional artificial tear therapy for patients with DES.
