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Reciprocal inhibition during bicycling at different cadences. A: activation pattern of SOL (black lines) and TA (gray lines) during bicycling at 30, 60,and 90 RPM at an external load of 1.0 kg. B: rectified averaged SOL EMG with (black lines) and without (gray lines) PN stimulation at the same cadences as shown in A. Abscissas in Bare limited to the approximate period of inhibition, from 35 to 65 ms after PN stimulation. Vertical lines indicate the size of the window where the inhibitions were measured. C: level of SOL background EMG during pedaling at different cadences for each of the 8 subjects (thin lines) and the population average (black circles with SE bars). Average regression between cadence and SOL EMG is shown as the thick line: R 2 0.96; P 0.13. D: recorded inhibition at different cadences for each subject (thin lines) and the population average (black circles with SE bars). Thick line shows the regression line for the average data: R 2 0.598; not significant; P 0.44. E: recorded inhibition normalized to background EMG at the cadences pedaled. Thin lines show data for each subject, and black circles (with SE bars) and thick line show the regression line for the population average. No differences (one-way repeated ANOVA) were found between the averaged inhibition normalized to background EMG at the different cadences. F: relation between inhibition and background EMG during tonic contraction (grey line, R 2 0.95, P 0.01) and during bicycling at different cadences (black line, R 2 0.39, not significant: P 0.57).
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of reciprocal inhibition in the regulation of antagonistic ankle muscles during bicycling. A total of 20 subjects participated in the study. Reciprocal inhibition was induced by stimulation of the peroneal nerve (PN) at 1.2 times threshold for the M-response in the tibialis anterior muscle (TA)...
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The aim of the study was to investigate whether impaired control of transmission in spinal inhibitory pathways contributes to the functional disability of patients with spasticity. To this end, transmission in the pathways mediating disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition and presynaptic inhibition was investigated in 23 healthy subjects and 20 patient...
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... The dominant arm was placed at the 12 o'clock position, with the hand holding onto the handle as it would during arm cycling. This method of matching EMG activity between tasks has shown success in previous works (Pyndt et al. 2003;Carroll et al. 2006;Forman et al. 2014). TMS was delivered to the dominant motor cortex, while the non-dominant biceps brachii was producing a contraction of the same intensity observed during arm cycling; thus, any differences in IHI could theoretically be attributed to the task. ...
Task-dependent changes in inhibition may explain why supraspinal excitability is higher during arm cycling than an intensity- and position-matched tonic contraction. The present study investigated whether interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) associated with biceps brachii activity was different during arm cycling, a locomotor output, compared to a tonic contraction. IHI was quantified using an ipsilateral silent period (iSP) evoked via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the ipsilateral motor cortex. TMS was delivered at 120% resting motor threshold during the mid-elbow flexion phase of arm cycling (6 o’clock position, made relative to a clock face) and during a position- and intensity-matched tonic contraction. In total, 36 participants took part in the study. However, only 14 participants demonstrated IHI during arm cycling and 10 participants during tonic contraction. Of these participants, eight displayed clear iSPs during arm cycling and tonic contraction. The iSP duration was longer during arm cycling than tonic contraction (p < 0.05), while iSP EMG amplitude and area were not different between tasks (p > 05 for both comparisons). The main finding from this study is that IHI appears to be stronger during arm cycling than an intensity- and position-matched tonic contraction. This does not support previous findings of higher supraspinal excitability during arm cycling.
... An increased strain tolerance, decreased viscoelasticity, and to some extent a reduction in muscle-external stiffness can contribute to a sustained increase in elastic range of motion [59,60]. The reason for the improvement of leg strength after static stretching and dynamic warm-up protocols can be explained by the sequential movement of the limbs, similar to the reciprocal inhibition sequences [61,62]. Therefore, for range of motion to continue to proliferate after dynamic stretching, reciprocal inhibition must persist for a long time after stretching, contributing to viscous and morphological changes [63]. ...
Abstract Background A number of specific tests are used to standardize competition performance. Specific Judo fitness test (SJFT) can be applied by considering the start of the competition qualifiers in the morning and the continuation of the final competitions in the evening. The improvement of test performances can be achieved with warm-up for elevating heart rate (HR) and muscle temperature such as raise, activate, mobilise, potentiate (RAMP) protocols. Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different warm-up protocols on SJFT at different times of the day in female judokas. Methods Ten volunteer women participated in this study, who regularly participated in judo training for more than 5 years and actively competed in international competitions. Judokas completed SJFT, either after no warm-up, or RAMP protocols like specific warm-up (SWU), and dynamic warm-up for two times a day in the morning: 09:00–10:00 and in the evening: 16:00–17:00, with at least 2 days between test sessions. The following variables were recorded: throws performed during series A, B, and C; the total number of throws; HR immediately and 1 min after the test, and test index after different warm-ups. Results When analyzed evening compared to the morning without discriminating three warm-up protocols, evening results statistically significant number of total throws performed during series A, B, and C, the total number of throws; HR immediately and 1 min after the test, and test index than morning results (p
... One factor that can that increases spasticity in CP is a general increase in muscle spindle sensitivity and imbalance in the descending inhibitory and facilitatory regulatory mechanisms acting on spinal stretch reflexes secondary to cortical disinhibition. It is possible that repeated pedaling exercise reduces the hypersensitivity of the muscle spindle, leading to decreased spasticity 9) . Also, repeated pedaling exercise may activate upper motor neurons, leading to recovery of the balance between activation and inhibition of spinal reflexes. ...
[Purpose] To determine the effects of lower limb ergometer exercise on the spasticity and joint range of motion of the lower extremity and gait function in patients with cerebral palsy and spastic paralysis. [Participants and Methods] This study included 8 participants with cerebral palsy and spastic paralysis (GMFCS levels I to IV) who received care at the outpatient clinic. After a 5-min rest, the lower limb ergometer exercises were performed for 10 min. We measured the participants’ arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, passive range of knee joint extension, muscle tone using the Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and Modified Tardieu scale (MTS), and 10-m walk test (10MWT). Measurements were collected three times (at baseline before exercise, immediately at the end of exercise, and 5 min after exercise during recovery). [Results] The 10-min lower limb ergometer exercise significantly improved the knee joint extension, MAS and MTS scores, and reduced lower extremity spasticity. Furthermore, it significantly increased the range of knee joint extension and decreased the 10MWT score. [Conclusion] The results showed that the 10-minute lower limb ergometer exercise is beneficial in reducing the spasticity of the lower limb muscles and in increasing the range of motion of knee extension in paraplegic patients with cerebral palsy, suggesting that its implementation in young children could prevent spasticity and enhance motor function.
... This supports our hypothesis that corticospinal excitability to the biceps brachii is task-dependent in the extension phase of arm cycling, which was not observed by Enhanced excitability of cortical neurones, and the subsequent ease with which they may be activated by TMS, has been proposed as a driving mechanism behind higher corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor outputs as compared to tonic contractions [6,9,10] MEPs. One such pathway known to be important in the modulation of excitability within antagonistic motoneurone pools is reciprocal inhibition, which similar to CSE, is modulated in task-and phase-dependent manner [22][23][24][25][26]. Reciprocal inhibition to the soleus from the tibialis anterior is stronger during the swing phase of locomotion when compared to voluntary or postural tasks [23]. ...
... Reciprocal inhibition arising from the triceps brachii and acting upon the biceps brachii is expected to exhibit similar behaviour. In the present study, pre-stimulus triceps brachii EMG, which was significantly higher at the 12 o'clock position (Fig. 1D), likely inhibits the biceps brachii to a greater extent than the 6 o'clock position [11,25]. Thus, a combination of cortical and spinal pathways may contribute to the findings in the biceps brachii. ...
The purpose of the present study was to examine corticospinal excitability to the biceps
and triceps brachii during arm cycling and an intensity-matched tonic contraction using stimulus
response curves (SRCs) elicited via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Corticospinal
excitability was assessed using TMS elicited motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at eight different
stimulation intensities (85-190% of MEP threshold). MEPs were recorded during arm cycling at
two different positions, mid-elbow flexion (6 o’clock relative to a clock face) and mid-elbow
extension (12 o’clock relative to a clock face), in addition to an intensity-matched (12 o’clock)
tonic contraction. At the 12 o’clock position, the slope of the SRC was significantly lower during
arm cycling than the tonic contraction for the biceps brachii (Cycling: 0.64 ± 0.47, Tonic: 1.02 ±
0.38, P < 0.05) but was not different for the triceps brachii (Cycling: 1.33 ± 0.49, Tonic: 1.48 ±
0.43, P = 0.42). Within arm cycling, the SRC slope was significantly greater at the 6 o’clock
position than 12 o’clock position for the biceps brachii (6 o’clock: 1.37 ± 0.24, 12 o’clock: 0.64 ±
0.47, P < 0.05) but was not different for the triceps brachii (6 o’clock: 1.11 ± 0.28, 12 o’clock:
1.33 ± 0.49, P = 0.34). These findings demonstrate that corticospinal excitability to the biceps
brachii is task-dependent during the extension phase of arm cycling. Neither position nor task
influenced corticospinal excitability to the triceps brachii, providing further support that the motor
control of locomotor outputs is muscle-specific.
... In humans, the gain of spinal reflex pathways and ascending sensory pathways has been shown to be differentially modulated by changes in locomotor intensity (Hundza et al. 2012;Hundza and Zehr 2009;Larsen et al. 2006;Pyndt et al. 2003;Sakamoto et al. 2004). Most of these studies report velocity-or cadencedependent modulation, although load-dependent modulation in supraspinal and spinal reflex excitability has also been reported. ...
... Additional differences in the processing of afferent feedback to supraspinal and/or spinal centers may also underlie the observed differences in spinal excitability with differing cadence and power outputs. During leg cycling, soleus H reflexes are significantly suppressed with increases in cadence, indicative of increased presynaptic inhibition, while increases in cycling load have been shown to increase H-reflex amplitudes (Pyndt et al. 2003). In the present study, it is possible that differences in presynaptic inhibition to the spinal motoneuron and/or supraspinal centers may help to explain the difference in the TMES-evoked CMEPs (i.e., suppression of CMEP with cadence versus no change in CMEP with power output). ...
... A key component of this process is the reciprocal inhibition of antagonist spinal motoneurones during agonist activation. The influence of afferent input that would otherwise interrupt the rhythmicity of the output, such as unwanted activation of the stretch reflex, is mitigated (Tanaka, 1974;Crone et al., 1987;Nielsen et al., 1992;Pyndt et al., 2003). The reflexive mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the influence of posture on corticospinal and spinal excitability during resting and tonic conditions may therefore be differentially modulated during rhythmic motor outputs. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of neutral and pronated handgrip positions on corticospinal excitability to the biceps brachii during arm cycling. Corticospinal and spinal excitability were assessed using motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and cervicomedullary-evoked potentials (CMEPs) elicited via transmastoid electrical stimulation (TMES), respectively. Participants were seated upright in front on arm cycle ergometer. Responses were recorded from the biceps brachii at two different crank positions (6 and 12 o’clock positions relative to a clock face) while arm cycling with neutral and pronated handgrip positions. Responses were also elicited during tonic elbow flexion to compare/contrast the results to a non-rhythmic motor output. MEP and CMEP amplitudes were significantly larger at the 6 o’clock position while arm cycling with a neutral handgrip position compared to pronated (45.6 and 29.9%, respectively). There were no differences in MEP and CMEP amplitudes at the 12 o’clock position for either handgrip position. For the tonic contractions, MEPs were significantly larger with a neutral vs. pronated handgrip position (32.6% greater) while there were no difference in CMEPs. Corticospinal excitability was higher with a neutral handgrip position for both arm cycling and tonic elbow flexion. While spinal excitability was also higher with a neutral handgrip position during arm cycling, no difference was observed during tonic elbow flexion. These findings suggest that not only is corticospinal excitability to the biceps brachii modulated at both the supraspinal and spinal level, but that it is influenced differently between rhythmic arm cycling and tonic elbow flexion.
... 9,10 In people without ataxia, the disynaptic reciprocal inhibition and D1 inhibition are modulated during voluntary contractions 11,12 and leg cycling. 13 Several studies have observed modification of the spinal reflex inhibition through leg cycling, and the suppression of the soleus H-reflex in healthy adults was reported after a single 16-to 20-minute session of cycling. [14][15][16] This suppression lasted for 30 minutes after the termination of training. ...
... Impaired modulation of reflex inhibition between agonist and antagonist muscles has been found in people with SCA 17 and other central nervous system dysfunctions. 13,[18][19][20][21] The disynaptic reciprocal inhibition was reported to be regulated by the primary motor cortex and the red nucleus, receiving input from deep cerebellar nuclei. 9,10 This regulation is impaired in cerebellar lesions. ...
... 23 It is therefore plausible to hypothesize that people with progressive cerebellum disorders might benefit from cycling training in terms of plasticity of the spinal circuitry network and modulation of reciprocal inhibition of the H-reflex in patients with SCA. 13 The purpose of this study was to investigate the spinal usee dependent plasticity of the H-reflex in leg muscles after a single 15-minute session of leg cycling and again after a long-term (4-wk) leg cycling regimen in individuals with SCA. We chose patients with SCA as the target population because ataxia is a primary symptom in this population. ...
This study compared the reciprocal control of agonist and antagonist muscles in individuals with and without spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) and evaluated the effect of a 4-week leg cycling regimen on functional coordination and reciprocal control of agonist and antagonist muscles in patients with SCA.
Randomized controlled trial with repeated measures.
Research laboratory in a general hospital.
Individuals with SCA (n= 20) and without SCA (n=20).
A single 15-minute session of leg cycling and a 4-week cycling regimen.
Individuals with SCA (n= 20) and without SCA (n=20) underwent disynaptic reciprocal inhibition and D1 inhibition tests of soleus muscles before and after a single 15-minute cycling session. Individuals with SCA were randomly assigned to either participate in 4 weeks of cycling training (n=10) or to receive no training (n=10). The disynaptic reciprocal inhibition and D1 inhibition and International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) scores were evaluated in both groups after 4 weeks.
Individuals with SCA showed abnormally strong resting values of disynaptic reciprocal inhibition and D1 inhibition (p<0.001) and impaired inhibition modulation capacity after a single 15-minute session of cycling (p<0.001). The inhibition modulation capacity was restored (p<0.001) and the ICARS scores improved significantly (pre: 13.5±9.81, post:11.3±8.74, p=0.046) after 4 weeks of cycling training.
A 4-week cycling regimen can normalize the modulation of reciprocal inhibition and functional performance in individuals with SCA. These findings are applicable to the coordination training of patients.
Copyright © 2015 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
... In single fast limb movements (see Crone et al. 1987;Kasai and Komiyama 1988;Tanaka 1974) as well as in rhythmic movements like walking (Petersen et al. 1999) or cycling (Pyndt et al. 2003), activation of the prime movers is associated with reciprocal inhibition of the antagonists. It is well established that the pattern of excitatory inputs converging onto a given pool of spinal motoneurones from many different reflex and descending pathways, as well as from spinal pattern generators, is replicated onto the Ia inhibitory interneurones projecting to motoneurones of the antagonist pool (Geertsen et al. 2011;see Baldissera et al. 1981 for references). ...
Coupling stability during cyclic arm movements in the horizontal (transverse) plane is lower in ISO- than in ANTI-directional coupling. We proposed that such impairment arises from the interference exerted in ISO by the anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) linked to the primary movements. To evaluate if a link between coupling stability and postural adjustments also exist for arm movements with different postural requirements, we focused on arm(s) flexion-extension in the parasagittal plane and started by analysing the APAs distribution in arm, trunk and leg muscles. Fast flexion and extension of the right arm elicited APAs in the left anterior and posterior deltoid that replicated the excitation-inhibition of the homologous prime movers; this pattern would favour ISO and contrast ANTI-coupled movements. Instead, in the left latissimus dorsi, APAs were opposite to the voluntary actions in the right latissimus dorsi, thus favouring ANTI coupling. Symmetrical APAs were also elicited in right and left erector spinae (RES, LES) and asymmetrical APAs in Ischiocruralis (RIC, LIC), while an antero-posterior force (Fy) and a moment about the vertical axis (Tz) were discharged to the ground. When fast discrete movements were ISO-coupled, APAs were symmetrical in trunk (RES, LES) and leg (RIC, LIC) muscles and a large Fy but no Tz was generated. In ANTI coupling, APAs in RES and LES remained symmetrical, whereas they became antisymmetrical in RIC and LIC. A large Tz and a small Fy were recorded. In conclusion, during parasagittal movements, APAs in are elicited in both ISO and ANTI coupling, at variance with horizontal movements where they are only present in ISO. This would suggest that the difference in coupling stability between the two modes is smaller (or even reversed) in parasagittal with respect to horizontal arm movements.
... It is widely used for rehabilitation of patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions (Fujiwara et al., 2005). Phase-dependent modulation of RI can be seen during pedaling (Pyndt et al., 2003 ). The after-effects of pedaling on spinal RI, however, have not been thoroughly investigated. ...
... Active pedaling is a rhythmic movement that induces repetitive reciprocating plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. During pedaling, phase-dependent modulation of RI from TA to soleus is observed (Pyndt et al., 2003). The RI provides the actual mechanism with which rhythmic motor patterns are produced. ...
... The pronounced soleus H-reflex depression during the swing phase of gait in healthy subjects is attributed to reciprocal inhibition exerted from TA group Ia afferents onto soleus alpha motoneurons (Lavoie et al., 1997) largely because the reciprocal Ia inhibition is enhanced during the swing phase and is absent during the stance phase (Petersen et al., 1999). A similar modulation pattern is also present during cycling, with reciprocal inhibition to be reduced during down stroke (plantar flexor activity) and increased during up stroke (dorsi flexor activity) (Pyndt et al., 2003). One may assume that potentiation of reciprocal inhibition during the swing phase is driven by movement-related afferent activity (e.g. ...
The aim of this study was to establish the modulation pattern of the reciprocal inhibition exerted from tibialis anterior (TA) group I afferents onto soleus motoneurons during body weight support (BWS) assisted stepping in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). During assisted stepping, the soleus H-reflex was conditioned by percutaneous stimulation of the ipsilateral common peroneal nerve at one fold TA M-wave motor threshold with a single pulse delivered at a short conditioning-test interval. To counteract movement of recording and stimulating electrodes, a supramaximal stimulus at 80-100 ms after the test H-reflex was delivered. Stimuli were randomly dispersed across the step cycle which was divided into 16 equal bins. The conditioned soleus H-reflex was significantly facilitated throughout the stance phase, while during swing no significant changes on the conditioned H-reflex were observed when compared to the unconditioned soleus H-reflex recorded during stepping. Spontaneous clonic activity in triceps surae muscle occurred in multiple phases of the step cycle at a mean frequency of 7 Hz for steps with and without stimulation. This suggests that electrical excitation of TA and soleus group Ia afferents did not contribute to manifestation of ankle clonus. Absent reciprocal inhibition is likely responsible for lack of soleus H-reflex depression in swing phase observed in these patients. The pronounced reduced reciprocal inhibition in stance phase may contribute to impaired levels of co-contraction of antagonistic ankle muscles. Based on these findings, we suggest that rehabilitation should selectively target to transform reciprocal facilitation to inhibition through computer controlled reflex conditioning protocols.
