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![Rearing of Rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton): C. cephalonica reared on rice grains (a), eggs collected (b) (cited from Perveen and Sultan [100])](profile/Nabil-El-Wakeil/publication/337606068/figure/fig3/AS:909246329806848@1593792626035/Rearing-of-Rice-meal-moth-Corcyra-cephalonica-Stainton-C-cephalonica-reared-on-rice.png)
Rearing of Rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton): C. cephalonica reared on rice grains (a), eggs collected (b) (cited from Perveen and Sultan [100])
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Egg parasitoids have been used successfully as inundative or augmentative biological control agents against a wide range of agricultural pests; Trichogramma and other egg parasitoids are currently the most widely produced and applied natural enemies over the world. Trichogramma evanescens as well as many species have also been deeply researched in...
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... the parasitoids, as mentioned, Trichogramma species are the best available ones which could be mass produced with comparative ease. Factitious host election is the main factor to be considered first. In Indian conditions, the rice moth C. cephalonica ( Fig. 4), is the best host which is accepted by most Trichogramma species except a couple of new species discovered recently, described by Nagaraja and Prashanth [99]. But a problem encountered in this is the caterpillars' facultative cannibalistic as well as predaceous habits. In Trichogramma rearing using egg cards the unparasitized eggs ...
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... Egg parasitoids and sterile insects can reach areas that other techniques, such as chemical sprays, are unable to reach (Pérez-Staples et al., 2021) and are complementary because they act on two different stages of the pest life cycle. As such more effort needs to be directed toward the control of the egg stage before the emergence of the larvae, which is the developmental stage of FCM responsible for crop damage (Newton and Odendaal, 1990;Moore, 2002;Schäfer and Herz, 2020;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020). ...
The sterile insect technique (SIT) and augmentative releases of egg parasitoids, Trichogrammatoidea crypto-phlebiae have been employed to manage false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta in South Africa. To enhance FCM control, simultaneous releases of sterile moths and egg parasitoids are conducted. It is, therefore, necessary to determine the compatibility and combined values of these approaches. A laboratory study was conducted to explore the susceptibility of FCM eggs resulting from various pairings of sterile and fertile moths to parasitism by egg parasitoids. The ratios of sterile to fertile FCM used in the study were 0:1, 10:1, 20:1, 40:1, and 60:1. The fitness of the egg parasitoids emerging from these ratios was assessed using a flight chamber test. Sterile male and female FCM treated with 150 Gy of gamma irradiation were crossbred with fertile counterparts. The resulting eggs were then exposed to egg parasitoids for parasitism. The study evaluated the parasitism rates of newly laid (24 h), 48 h and 72 h old eggs. Overall, eggs from all ratios were suitable for egg parasitoid development and acceptable for oviposition. Significantly higher proportions of parasitised eggs were recorded between the control (0:1) and ratios 40:1 and 60:1 with 48 h old eggs. Additionally, a higher number of egg parasitoids emerged across the ratios, with a higher proportion of female-to-male parasitoids recorded. These findings indicate that egg parasitoids can successfully accept and hatch from FCM eggs from different sterile to fertile moth ratios. This suggests the potential for achieving a synergistic suppressive effect by combining SIT and augmentative releases of egg parasitoids for improved FCM control. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to investigate the combined releases of sterile moths and parasitoids under field conditions.
... While biologicals are considered to be safer than synthetic insecticides, they are not generally as efficient as synthetic chemicals, which limits their application in corn fields [15]. An exception is the use of Trichogramma, a genus of parasitoid wasps, as natural enemies that showed a high control efficiency on ear pests in cornfields [16]. ...
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) are the most devastating insect pests at the ear stage of maize, causing significant losses to the sweet corn industry. Pesticide control primarily relies on spraying during the flowering stage, but the effectiveness is inconsistent since larvae are beneath husks within hours to a day, making pesticide treatments simpler to avoid. Insufficient understanding of pest activity patterns impedes precise and efficient pesticide control. H. armigera and O. furnacalis in corn fields were monitored in the last few years in Beijing China, and we observed a higher occurrence of both moths during the R1 stage of sweet corn. Moth captures reached the maximum during this stage, with 555–765 moths per hectare corn field daily. The control efficiency of nine synthetic insecticides and five biopesticides was assessed in the field during this period. Virtako, with mineral oil as the adjuvant, appeared to be the most effective synthetic insecticide, with the efficiencies reaching 88% and 87% on sweet and waxy corn, respectively. Pesticide residue data indicated that the corn is safe after 17 days of its use. The most effective bioinsecticide was Beauveria bassiana combined with mineral oil, with 88% and 80% control efficiency in sweet and waxy corn, respectively. These results suggested that spraying effective insecticides 5 days after corn silking could effectively control corn ear pests H. armigera and O. furnacalis. Our findings provide valuable insights for the development of ear pest management strategies in sweet corn.
... Thus, a more effective and eco-friendly pest management method that uses fewer chemical insecticides is needed. Biological control is a vital component of integrated pest management, and utilizing parasitic natural enemies is a promising way to control pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems (Wang et al., 2019;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020;Harush et al., 2021). Several studies have reported biological control using chalcidoid parasitoids, which were thought to be effective agents for the biological control of important forest pests worldwide (Tunca et al., 2019;Haeussling et al., 2021;Riaz et al., 2021). ...
Galls function as provide shelter for gall inducers, guarding them against their natural enemies. Previous research has illuminated the interactions between galls, gall inducers, and their corresponding parasitoids within various caltrop plants. However, less is known about these relationships within Nitraria sibirica, particularly regarding the efficacy of parasitism. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the morphometric relationships among the swollen galls, gall inducers, and their parasitoids. Two species of gall inducers and three species of parasitoids were obtained from the swollen galls of N. sibirica. The correlations of the parasitization indexes, the lifespan of gall inhabitants, and temperature and the morphometric relationships between the galls and their inhabitants were analyzed. The dominant gall inducer identified was Contarinia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Furthermore, it was observed that three solitary parasitoids attacked Contarinia sp. in the swollen galls, with only Eupelmus gelechiphagus acting as an idiobiont ectoparasitoid. The dominant parasitoids were Platygaster sp. and Cheiloneurus elegans at sites 1 and 2, respectively, with Platygaster sp. displaying greater abundance than C. elegans in the swollen galls. The lifespan of the gall inhabitants shortened gradually as the temperature increased. Moreover, the optimal number of gall chambers ranged from two to four per swollen gall with maximized fitness, which can be considered the optimal population density for the gall inducer Contarinia sp. Morphometric analysis exhibited a strong linear correlation between gall size and chamber number or the number of gall inhabitants, as well as a weak correlation between gall size and body size of the primary inhabitants of swollen galls. Our results highlight the importance of the biological investigation of parasitoids and gall inducers living in closed galls with multiple chambers and may pave the way for potential application in biological control.
... At the same time, ultraviolet radiation enhances the parasitic effect of parasitoids on their hosts in many ways. Ultraviolet radiation affects the selection and suitability of hosts for parasitoids, which in turn impacts the effectiveness of parasitoids [39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. The parasitization of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was shown to be significantly increased in ultraviolet-irradiated hosts compared to unirradiated host eggs. ...
Simple Summary
The mass rearing of parasitoids is a basic prerequisite for their use in biological control. If parasitoid rearing is effective, host/parasitoid mixtures will not form. In this study, we used an irradiated Drosophila melanogaster host to supply parasitoids and assessed whether all adults that emerged after parasitization were Trichopria drosophilae. The results of this study showed that irradiation of host pupae for 6 h is the preferred treatment for promoting the emergence and therefore the potential application of T. drosophilae in the control of Drosophila pests. At the same time, the results also serve as an important reference for reducing costs and improving the efficiency of biological pest control.
Abstract
The pupal parasitoid, Trichopria drosophilae Perkins (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), is an ectoparasitoid of the genus Drosophila with great potential for application in biological control based on its excellent control efficiency for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and it has has even been commercialized by biofactories. Due to its characteristics of short life cycle, large number of offspring, easy rearing, rapid reproduction, and low cost, Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is currently being utilized as a host to mass produce T. drosophilae. To simplify the mass rearing process and omit the separation of hosts and parasitoids, ultraviolet-B (UVB) was used as an irradiation source to irradiate D. melanogaster pupae, and the effects on T. drosophilae were studied. The results showed that UVB radiation significantly reduces host emergence and affects the duration of parasitoid development (female: F0 increased from 21.50 to 25.80, F1 from 23.10 to 26.10; male: F0 decreased from 17.00 to 14.10, F1 from 17.20 to 14.70), which has great significance for the separation of hosts and parasitoids as well as of females and males. Of the various studied conditions, UVB irradiation was ideal when the host was supplied with parasitoids for 6 h. The selection test results showed that the female-to-male ratio of emerging parasitoids in this treatment was highest at 3.47. The no-selection test resulted in the highest rates of parasitization and parasitoid emergence rate, maximized inhibition of host development, and allowed the omission of the separation step. Finally, the results of the semi-field test showed that the parasitoids bred in this treatment could search for their hosts normally and could therefore be directly applied in the biological control of Drosophila pests in the field.
... Trichogramma spp. includes the most widely used commercial parasitoids on ~ 32 million ha of agricultural land worldwide (Masery and El-Wakeil 2020). These tactics need to be harmonized in an efficient manner to limit the population below the economic injury level as they cannot control this pest single-handedly. ...
... The integration of intercropping marigold with other bio-intensive management practices could be more effective than intercropping alone (Gajanana et al. 2006). The release of egg parasitoid, T. chilonis might further reduce the egg counts of H. armigera as it is the most widely and successfully used egg parasitoid against lepidopterous insect pests (Masery and El-Wakeil 2020). In addition, oviposition by H. armigera could also be affected by the application of BTk and neem-based insecticides (Praveen 2000;Thilagam 2003;Abedi et al. 2014). ...
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the most destructive pests of tomatoes in India. We studied the effectiveness of
different management strategies against H. armigera on tomatoes for two years in the form of five management modules
namely, M1 [Two releases of Trichogramma chilonis @ 50,000/ha at 4 days interval, application of Nimbecidine 1500 ppm
@ 2.5L/ ha and a spray of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (BTk) @ 1 kg/ha], M2 [Release of T. chilonis @ 50,000/ha, a spray
of Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) @ 5%, spray of BTk @ 1 kg/ha followed by another spray of NSKE], M3 (Intercropping
of tomato with marigold in 2:1 with a border row of marigold), M4 (Tomato intercropped with marigold in 2:1 with a border
row of marigold, the release of T. chilonis @ 50,000/ha, application of Nimbecidine 1500 ppm @ 2.5 L/ha and BTk @ 1 kg/
ha) and M5 (Alternate spray of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha and Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 450 ml/ha). Egg and
larval populations of H. armigera were recorded at weekly intervals, along with two important natural enemies: coccinellids
and spiders. We worked out the return on investment (ROI) of management modules to determine which one of them can
be profitable and can generate incremental value. Mean egg counts of H. armigera were lowest in non-chemical module
M4. We observed the lowest larval population of H. armigera in biorational module M5 which was similar to M4. However,
the population of natural enemies (spiders and coccinellids) was significantly lower in M5 compared to M4 suggesting the
negative effects of chemicals on natural enemies. Module M4 successfully controlled H. armigera population and provided
satisfactory monetary returns with the highest return on investment (297%). Thus, M4 may be considered the most profitable
and cost-effective module for H. armigera management with minimal impact on natural enemies.
... It is important to rear egg parasitoid species on suitable hosts to ensure the success of biocontrol programs (Consoli et al., 2010;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020). Additionally, the ability to mass produce a large number of parasitoids is required storing host eggs for different periods could contribute positively to the mass rearing of parasitoids (Bigler, 1986;Vieira and Tavares, 1995;Lalitha et al., 2010;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020). ...
... It is important to rear egg parasitoid species on suitable hosts to ensure the success of biocontrol programs (Consoli et al., 2010;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020). Additionally, the ability to mass produce a large number of parasitoids is required storing host eggs for different periods could contribute positively to the mass rearing of parasitoids (Bigler, 1986;Vieira and Tavares, 1995;Lalitha et al., 2010;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020). ...
Ooencyrtus pityocampae and Ooencyrtus kuvanae are egg parasitoids that are considered potential candidates for the control of different pest species through inundative release. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different cold-storage periods of Philosamia ricini eggs (host) on the rearing parameters of O. pityocampae and O. kuvanae . Host eggs were stored at 3 °C, and a factorial experiment involving two parasitoid species, nine host storage periods (1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days) and a control, and two host ages (1 and 2 days) was conducted, with 10 replications including 40- P. ricini eggs each. Adult emergence, development time, longevity, and fecundity were investigated. The parasitoid adult emergence percentage significantly varied with storage duration. These values were lower in O. kuvanae than in O. pityocampae . The development time of O. kuvanae progeny increased in both host age groups except in the 1-day storage period subgroup. However, the development times of the progeny of O. pityocampae reared on one-day-old eggs stored for 5, 10, 60, and 75 days were increased, and the development times of the progeny of O. pityocampae reared on 2-day-old eggs stored for 45 and 90 days were increased. The longevity of the F1 progeny of O. kuvanae was negatively affected by storage time. There was no difference in the longevity of the F1 progeny of O. pityocampae compared to that of the control. Additionally, the fecundities of the F1 progeny of O. pityocampae and O. kuvanae were 54.7 and 47.0 offspring/female, respectively. These results provide useful information for guiding the development of mass rearing methodologies for both parasitoid species.
... pollen, bee honey, and vitamin E), provided throughout parasitoid adult lifetime, could affect longevity, fecundity, and both host-feeding and parasitism rates of G. bonaerensis using a planthopper species as host. The additional food sources offered were selected considering those that are accessible and commonly used as additional carbohydrate sources or vitamins for parasitoid breeding (Leius, 1967;Emre and Yazgan, 1990;Onagbola et al., 2007;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020). Bee honey, for instance, has high levels of monosaccharides, fructose, and glucose. ...
... Irvin and Hoddle (2007) showed for the egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) that an adequate food supply increases its fertility by up to 378% compared to those unfed females. Vitamin E is used for insect parasitoids as a dietary requirement to increase reproductive performance and egg production in artificial breedings (Coşkun et al., 2005;Masry and El-Wakeil, 2020). As mentioned above, this vitamin plays enzymatic roles in animal tissues improving growth, and also the maturation of eggs (House, 1966;Dadd, 1973). ...
In this study, the effects of different food sources were tested on the longevity, fecundity, host-feeding and parasitism rates of Gonatopus bonaerensis Virla (pincer wasp) using the planthopper Delphacodes sitarea Remes Lenicov & Tesón as host. Marked differences were verified in longevity, fecundity, host-feeding and parasitism levels when the diet of females was supplemented with pollen, bee honey, or with honey + vitamin E. The addition of pollen to the diet significantly increased the longevity of females. In concordance with the record of a greater number of eggs laid throughout their lives, pincer wasp females provided with nymphs + honey + vitamin E parasitized significantly more host nymphs and carried out fewer host-feeding activities than those maintained under other diets. When females had access to supplementary food sources, the concurrent host-feeding decreased, increasing the effectiveness of this pincer wasp. Even though a good number of hosts were healthy after the exposure period, greater phenomena of self-superparasitism were recorded in females that received alternative food sources. Relevance of different food sources for enhancing parasitoid performance and the potential benefits for artificial rearing and field releases are discussed.
The diet consumed by adult parasitoids can affect longevity, survival, and fecundity. Honeydew from sap‐sucking insects is an abundant food resource in the field; however, artificial diets such as commercial bee honey are often used in lab rearing. The parasitoid Paracentrobia subflava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is a natural enemy of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The longevity and survival of P . subflava when fed natural and artificial diets under controlled conditions have not been studied. Further, the fecundity of P . subflava when fed a diet of honey has not been investigated. Therefore, our first objective was to analyse the longevity and survival of P . subflava when fed (1) honeydew of the corn leafhopper D . maidis , (2) honey + water, (3) honey + water + pollen, (4) water, and (5) nothing (control). Our second objective was to evaluate P . subflava fecundity upon exposure to D . maidis eggs, comparing parasitoids fed with honey + water versus controls (no food or water). In the second objective, honey was chosen since it was determined during the first objective to be the optimal food. The longevity of adult parasitoids (laboratory‐reared and field‐collected) was high when fed on honey and low when fed other diets. The highest longevity was achieved with honey + water: 17 days, while the survival of adult parasitoids was only 3 days for honeydew. Interestingly, fecundity, in terms of the percentage of parasitism and the percentage of emergence, did not differ between parasitoid females that had access to honey + water as a food resource and those that had no food or water.
Introduction: Soybean cultivation is inseparable from the attack of plant pests. Control of soybean pests, which generally use synthetic pesticides, negatively impacts food products, environmental health, and ecosystem sustainability. Planting flowering plants around bunds can be useful in increasing the diversity of natural enemies because they can attract and serve as microhabitats for natural enemies. This research to obtain the effect of refugia treatment and soybean spacing on the diversity of natural enemies in soybean plantations. Methods: The study was designed in randomized block design, consisting of refugia and non-refugia treatments and plant spacing of 40 cm x 25 cm (J1) and 50 cm x 25 cm (J2), which was repeated three times. Sampling was carried out in the vegetative and generative phases, using yellow traps and pitfalls installed in the field for 24 hours. Results: The results showed that the most trapped natural enemy families were in the refugia treatment. The total number of trapped natural enemies was highest in the vegetative and generative phases, namely in the refugia and 2 spacing treatments (R-J2). The family of Braconidae order Hymenoptera and the group of parasitoids had the highest numbers in the refugia and non-refugia treatments. The value of the Diversity Index (H') in the refugia treatment and both plant spacings in the two growth phases was moderate, while in the non-refugia treatment, the two plant spacings and both growth phases were small and medium. Generally, the evenness index (D) value for all treatments is known to be small and medium. Conclusion: Refugia treatment and plant spacing affect the number of natural enemy populations, which is expected to suppress the development of pests in soybean cultivation.
