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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate multiple physiological functions; however, the over-accumulation of ROS causes premature aging and/or death and is associated with various inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, there are limited clinical treatment options that are currently available. The good news is that owing to the considerable advances in...
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Context 1
... on their different operating mechanisms, ROS-scavenging nanoparticles (NPs) can be divided into three categories (Fig. 4): enzyme-like NPs (nanozymes), free-radical trapper NPs, and redox ROSscavenging NPs. Next, we will summarize the latest application progresses of these ROS-scavenging nanomaterials in the therapeutics of oxidative stress-induced diseases. The relevant highlights of representative ROS scavenger were shown in Table ...
Citations
... The central factor driving CP-related cardiac injury is oxidative stress, marked by a disequilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense capabilities [3]. This oxidative imbalance is known to influence various cellular pathways, including those leading to inflammation and cell death [4]. Elevated ROS can activate nuclear transcription factors, leading to increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, thereby intensifying inflammatory responses [5]. ...
The flavonoid compound Isorhamnetin (IRMN) is known for its considerable pharmacological properties, which include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as significant protective actions on heart health. However, the potential of IRMN to guard against heart damage caused by cisplatin (CP), a common chemotherapeutic agent, and the specific mechanisms involved, remain unexplored areas. This research was designed to investigate how IRMN counters CP-induced heart toxicity. In our study, mice were orally given IRMN at 50 or 150 mg/kg/day for a week, followed by CP injections (5 mg/kg/day) on the third and sixth days. The animals were euthanized under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on the eighth day to collect blood and heart tissues for further examination. Our findings reveal that IRMN administration significantly reduced the heart damage and the elevation of heart injury markers such as cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase induced by CP. IRMN also effectively lowered oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, while boosting ATP production and antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione. The compound’s capability to diminish the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, alongside modulating apoptosis-regulating proteins (enhancing Bcl-2 while suppressing Bax and Caspase-3 expression), further underscores its cardioprotective effect. Notably, IRMN modulated the p62–Keap1–Nrf2 signaling pathway, suggesting a mechanism through which it exerts its protective effects against CP-induced cardiac injury. These insights underscore the potential of IRMN as an effective adjunct in cancer therapy, offering a strategy to mitigate the cardiotoxic side effects of cisplatin.
... For example, material modifications using gallic acid, polyurethane, PAMAM dendrimers, and polyethylenimine have been recently used to scavenge proinflammatory molecules, such as ROS and DAMPs. 119,206,286 Nanocrosslinked hydrogels, which are made from nanoclays, nanoparticles, or liposomes, are a novel class of hydrogels that combine the injectability and self-healing properties of dynamic covalent crosslinked hydrogels with the versatility of nanoscale materials. By changing the crosslinkers employed, these hydrogels can be engineered to degrade in response to a variety of stimuli, including light, heat, pH, and electromagnetism. ...
Injury and disease in the central nervous system (CNS) can result in a dysregulated inflammatory environment that inhibits the repair of functional tissue. Biomaterials present a promising approach to tackle this complex inhibitory environment and modulate the mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation to halt the progression of secondary injury and promote the repair of functional tissue. In this review, we will cover recent advances in biomaterial strategies, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, implantable scaffolds, and neural probe coatings, that have been used to modulate the innate immune response to injury and disease within the CNS. The stages of inflammation following CNS injury and the main inflammatory contributors involved in common neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed, as understanding the inflammatory response to injury and disease is critical for identifying therapeutic targets and designing effective biomaterial-based treatment strategies. Biomaterials and novel composites will then be discussed with an emphasis on strategies that deliver immunomodulatory agents or utilize cell–material interactions to modulate inflammation and promote functional tissue repair. We will explore the application of these biomaterial-based strategies in the context of nanoparticle- and hydrogel-mediated delivery of small molecule drugs and therapeutic proteins to inflamed nervous tissue, implantation of hydrogels and scaffolds to modulate immune cell behavior and guide axon elongation, and neural probe coatings to mitigate glial scarring and enhance signaling at the tissue–device interface. Finally, we will present a future outlook on the growing role of biomaterial-based strategies for immunomodulation in regenerative medicine and neuroengineering applications in the CNS.
... The study highlights the importance of a cell's redox status and antioxidant defense mechanisms in determining the biocompatibility of copperbased MOFs. 94 Yadav et al. introduced an innovative approach for the delivery of norfloxacin, a BCS class IV drug known for its poor solubility in aqueous environments. The study focused on utilizing a biocompatible MOF called MIL-100(Fe) and its porous structure as a delivery platform for the drug. ...
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention as versatile materials with diverse applications in various scientific domains. Their unique structural characteristics and tunable properties make them promising candidates for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. However, the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of MOFs are critical considerations that must be thoroughly evaluated to ensure their safe and effective use in biological systems. The impact of MOF physicochemical properties on cellular uptake mechanisms and intracellular fate is examined, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of MOF-cell interactions. Moving beyond in vitro evaluations, the chapter delves into in vivo studies that elucidate the biodistribution, clearance, and long-term effects of MOFs in living organisms. Furthermore, the chapter examines strategies for enhancing the biocompatibility of MOFs through surface modifications, encapsulation, and co-delivery approaches. The integration of computational modeling in predicting MOF behavior within biological systems is also discussed, offering insights into rational design principles for minimizing cytotoxic effects. In conclusion, this chapter underscores the significance of understanding the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of MOFs in the context of their biomedical applications. As MOFs continue to advance the frontier of nanomedicine, their safety profile remains paramount. A comprehensive evaluation of MOF-cell interactions, combined with innovative design strategies, will pave the way for the development of MOF-based therapeutics and diagnostics that offer efficacious and biocompatible solutions to pressing medical challenges.
... Catalase-like nanomaterials react with H 2 O 2 to generate oxygen through a self-sufficient process. Metalbased catalase-like nanomaterials include calcium dioxide (CaO 2 ), manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ), platinum nanoenzymes (Pt NPs) and cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ) [24] . Among these nanomaterials, MnO 2 exhibits favorable biocompatibility and can catalyze excess H 2 O 2 to produce oxygen, providing a good effect in the improvement of hypoxic diseases. ...
Amultifunctional liposomal polydopamine nanoparticle (MPM@Lipo) was designed in this study, to combine chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT) and oxygen enrichment to clear hyperproliferating inflammatory cells and improve the hypoxic microenvironment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. MPM@Lipo significantly scavenged intracellular reactive oxygen species and relieved joint hypoxia, thus contributing to the repolarization of M1 macrophages into M2 phenotype. Furthermore, MPM@Lipo could accumulate at inflammatory joints, inhibit the production of inflammatory factors, and protect cartilage in vivo, effectively alleviating RA progression in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Moreover, upon laser irradiation, MPM@Lipo can elevate the temperature to not only significantly obliterate excessively proliferating inflammatory cells but also accelerate the production of methotrexate and oxygen, resulting in excellent RA treatment effects. Overall, the use of synergistic chemotherapy/PTT/oxygen enrichment therapy to treat RA is a powerful potential strategy.
... Inorganic nanoparticles with antioxidant activity (called "nanozymes") are considered promising candidates to replace natural antioxidant enzymes for the treatment of ROSrelated diseases. [164][165][166] The discovery of nanozymes can be traced back to 1993 when fullerene derivatives were used to induce DNA cleavage. Subsequently, an increasing number of nanoparticles were found to exhibit enzyme-like activity. ...
Oxidative stress is a biochemical process that disrupts the redox balance due to an excess of oxidized substances within the cell. Oxidative stress is closely associated with a multitude of diseases and health issues, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory conditions, and aging. Therefore, the developing of antioxidant treatment strategies has emerged as a pivotal area of medical research. Hydrogels have garnered considerable attention due to their exceptional biocompatibility, adjustable physicochemical properties, and capabilities for drug delivery. Numerous antioxidant hydrogels have been developed and proven effective in alleviating oxidative stress. In the pursuit of more effective treatments for oxidative stress‐related diseases, there is an urgent need for advanced strategies for the fabrication of multifunctional antioxidant hydrogels. Consequently, the authors' focus will be on hydrogels that possess exceptional reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species scavenging capabilities, and their role in oxidative stress therapy will be evaluated. Herein, the antioxidant mechanisms and the design strategies of antioxidant hydrogels and their applications in oxidative stress‐related diseases are discussed systematically in order to provide critical insights for further advancements in the field.
... First of all, ROS-scavenging nanozymes possess the ability to persistently eliminate excess ROS in a catalytic manner and regulate inflammation rather than a simple consumption of ROS in those small molecular scavengers. 11,15 Subsequently, compared with small molecular ROS scavengers, the nanozymes possess the characteristics of controllable nanoparticle size and diversified surface modifications, which have been proven to have the effect of prolongating blood circulation time and enhancing hepatic accumulation. 16 The liver possesses inherent structural characteristics that confer it with a natural propensity for nanoparticle capture, such as the presence of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which harbors a substantial population of macrophages responsible for the internalization of nanoparticles. ...
Acute liver injury (AIL), a fatal clinical disease featured with a swift deterioration of hepatocyte functions in the short term, has emerged as a serious public health issues that warrants attention. However, the effectiveness of existing small molecular antioxidants and anti-inflammatory medications in alleviating AIL remains uncertain. The unique inherent structural characteristics of liver confer it a natural propensity for nanoparticle capture, which present an opportunity to exploit in the formulation of nanoscale therapeutic agents, enabling their selective accumulation in the liver and thereby facilitating targeted therapeutic interventions. Significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and inflammation response have been evidenced to play crucial roles in occurrence and development of AIL. Nanozymes with ROS-scavenging capacities have demonstrated considerable promise in ROS elimination and inflammation regulation, thereby offering an appealing therapeutic instrument for the management of acute liver injury. In this review, the mechanisms of different type of ALI were summarized. In addition, we provide a comprehensive summary and review of the available ROS-scavenging nanozymes, including transition metal-based nanozymes, noble metal nanozymes, carbon-based nanozymes, and some other nanozymes. Furthermore, the challenges still need to be solved in the field of ROS-scavenging nanozymes for ALI alleviation are also discussed.
... Because of their unique structure, nanomaterials (those with at least one dimension below 100 nm) exhibit unusual physical and chemical characteristics, such as enhanced quantum tunneling at small and large scales. Due to their increased adsorption capacity, antibacterial characteristics, and medication loading, nanomaterials have also recently seen widespread application in wound healing (Scrinis and Lyons, 2007;Pachuau, 2015;Huang et al., 2021;Malik et al., 2023;Zhao et al., 2023). ...
Interactive wound dressings have displayed promising outcomes in enhancing the wound healing process. This study focuses on creating a nanocomposite wound dressing with interactive and bioactive properties, showcasing potent antioxidant effects. To achieve this, we developed cerium oxide nanoparticles utilizing curcumin as both the reducing and capping agent. Characterization techniques such as SEM, EDX, DLS, Zetasizer, FTIR, and XRD were utilized to analyze the cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized through a green approach. The image analysis on the obtained TEM images showed that the curcumin-assisted biosynthesized CeO2NPs have a size of 18.8 ± 4.1 nm. The peaks located at 28.1, 32.7, 47.1, 56.0, 58.7, 69.0, and 76.4 correspond to (111), (200), (220), (311), (222), (400), and (331) crystallographic planes. We applied the Debye–Scherrer equation and observed that the approximate crystallite size of the biosynthesized NPs is around 8.2 nm based on the most intensive broad Bragg peak at 28.1°. The cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized were integrated into an alginate hydrogel matrix, and the microstructure, porosity, and swelling behavior of the resulting wound dressing were assessed. The characterization analyses provided insights into the physical and chemical properties of the green-synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles and the alginate hydrogel-based wound dressing. In vitro studies demonstrated that the wound dressing based on alginate hydrogel exhibited favorable antioxidant properties and displayed hemocompatibility and biocompatibility. Animal studies conducted on a rat full-thickness skin wound model showed that the alginate hydrogel-based wound dressing effectively accelerated the wound healing process. Overall, these findings suggest that the alginate hydrogel-based wound dressing holds promise as a highly effective material for wound healing applications.
... 2017). However, excessive ROS causes an imbalance between oxidation and antioxidation, resulting in oxidative stress that damages various cellular components (including proteins, lipids, and DNA) (Schieber and Chandel, 2014;Huang et al., 2021) and ultimately induces bacterial death. Van Acker and Coenye (2017) demonstrated that ROS mediates the bactericidal mechanisms of some antibiotics. ...
Background
The increase in antibiotic resistance of bacteria has become a major concern in clinical treatment. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have significant antibacterial effects against Streptococcus suis . Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of AgNPs against multidrug-resistant S. suis .
Methods
The effect of AgNPs on the morphology of multidrug-resistant S. suis was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by iTRAQ quantitative proteomics, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assayed by H 2 DCF-DA staining.
Results
SEM showed that AgNPs disrupted the normal morphology of multidrug-resistant S. suis and the integrity of the biofilm structure. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that a large number of cell wall synthesis-related proteins, such as penicillin-binding protein and some cell cycle proteins, such as the cell division protein FtsZ and chromosomal replication initiator protein DnaA, were downregulated after treatment with 25 μg/mL AgNPs. Significant changes were also observed in the expression of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, alkyl hydroperoxides-like protein, α/β superfamily hydrolases/acyltransferases, and glutathione disulfide reductases. ROS production in S. suis positively correlated with AgNP concentration.
Conclusion
The potential antibacterial mechanism of AgNPs may involve disrupting the normal morphology of bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of cell wall peptidoglycans and inhibiting the growth of bacteria by inhibiting the cell division protein FtsZ and Chromosomal replication initiator protein DnaA. High oxidative stress may be a significant cause of bacterial death. The potential mechanism by which AgNPs inhibit S. suis biofilm formation may involve affecting bacterial adhesion and interfering with the quorum sensing system.
... In the first and second photosystems, in addition to improving plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in general, while providing the rest of the necessary growth elements and requirements, and thus improving grain quality [17]. Premature activation of antioxidant mechanisms brought about by the inclusion of (CeO 2 -NPs) is among the mechanisms contributing to the decline of ROS excess accumulation in plants and their toxicity to plant cells and senescence [18]. so the reduction in oxidative damage to the photosynthetic reactions of chloroplasts, pigments, lipid and protein membranes, and enzymes involved in carbon synthesis is contributed to the increase in photosynthesis output [19]. ...
The aim of this research was to identify the effects of NPS fertilizer with the spraying of Nano-NPK +TE and Cerium Oxide NPs on the active substances in rice grains, amber 33 cultivar. This field study was carried out in the Tali’a region, 41-Husainiya, Hilla city, Babylon province, Iraq, from 14/6/2022 to 25/11/2022, The study treatments were randomly distributed on the experimental units according to a simple and one-way experiment by a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The study treatments consisted of adding NPS fertilizer at four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha ⁻¹ ) and spraying with nanomaterials of Nano-NPK +TE and Cerium Oxide NPs at concentrations of (2.5 ml L ⁻¹ ) and (50 mg L ⁻¹ ), respectively, with four sprays for each of them. A total of 16 experimental units were used. The Statistical analysis using the least significant difference test revealed that the process of fertilizing with NPS fertilizer and nanomaterials led to significant differences and an increase in the contents of volatile oils, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids among the dietary components of rice grains, so the findings from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis indicated that soil fertilization with NPS mineral fertilizer at level (300 kg ha ⁻¹ ) achieved the highest level of stearic acid content with a value of (9.460%), as well as the highest improvement in Palmitic acid content (24.240%) recorded by the treatment (NPS 100 kg ha ⁻¹ ). Moreover, the bi-combination of NPS (200 kg ha ⁻¹ ) + Spray CeO 2 NPs gave the highest content of Oleic acid content in percentage (10.310%), and Linoleic, another type of unsaturated fatty acid, indicated a content of (10.020%) by the combination of (NPS (300 kg ha ⁻¹ ) + Spray nano-NPK +TE ). Additionally, the highest percentage of Volatile oils showed at the foliar spraying combination (Spray nano-NPK +TE + CeO 2 NPs), which gave a value of (46.50%).
... In parallel with the above context, several synthetic drugs have been developed to scavenge ROS in order to address intracellular ROS levels in pharmaceutical intervention [14][15][16]. However, synthetic ROS scavengers encounter challenges such as poor stability, high toxicity, and low bioavailability [17]. ...
Focal cerebral ischemia (fCI) can result in brain injury and sensorimotor deficits. Brown algae are currently garnering scientific attention as potential therapeutic candidates for fCI. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of the hot water extract of Petalonia binghamiae (wPB), a brown alga, in in vitro and in vivo models of fCI. The neuroprotective efficacy of wPB was evaluated in an in vitro excitotoxicity model established using HT-22 cells challenged with glutamate. Afterward, C57/BL6 mice were administered wPB for 7 days (10 or 100 mg/kg, intragastric) and subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) operation, which was used as an in vivo fCI model. wPB co-incubation significantly inhibited cell death, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, as well as stimulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme, and the nuclear translocation of its upstream regulator, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in HT-22 cells challenged with glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Pretreatment with either dose of wPB significantly attenuated infarction volume, neuronal death, and sensorimotor deficits in an in vivo fCI model. Furthermore, the attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ischemic lesion accompanied the wPB-associated protection. This study suggests that wPB can counteract fCI via an antioxidative effect, upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
