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Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural polysaccharide that is widely distributed in the human body. Its physicochemical properties and high biocompatibility make it a good candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical uses. In the present work, we report HA‐based hydrogels that could be applied as drug delivery systems or as implants for the treatment of...
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A hydrophobic/amino functionalized derivative of hyaluronic acid (HA-EDA-C18 ) has been processed by salt leaching technique as porous scaffold without need of chemical crosslinking. Aim of this work is to demonstrate the improved versatility of HA-EDA-C18 in terms of processing and biological functionalization. In particular, the chemical procedur...
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In this study, we developed a novel bioactive nanocomposite hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid and self-assembled bisphosphonate-magnesium (BP-Mg) nanoparticles. Such hydrogels are stabilized by the multivalent crosslinking domains formed by the aggregation of Ac-BP-Mg NPs, and therefore show enhanced mechanical properties, improved c...
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... Currently, the majority of the studies focus on the stimulus responsiveness of hydrogels to develop a wide variety of smart systems that exhibit tailorable drug delivery properties in response to one or more (dual-responsive) stimuli, such as pH, temperature, 2 of 9 light, enzymes, etc. [16][17][18][19]. Fewer studies focus on manipulating and studying the role of inherent hydrogel properties (i.e., monomer concentration, crosslinking density) to tailor drug delivery amounts and rates [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Developing a strong understanding of how innate hydrogel properties influence their ability to deliver drugs will serve to provide an additional design feature in the development of more efficacious and responsive drug delivery platforms. ...
... Currently, the majority of the studies focus on the stimulus responsiveness of hydrogels to develop a wide variety of smart systems that exhibit tailorable drug delivery properties in response to one or more (dual-responsive) stimuli, such as pH, temperature, light, enzymes, etc. [16][17][18][19]. Fewer studies focus on manipulating and studying the role of inherent hydrogel properties (i.e., monomer concentration, crosslinking density) to tailor drug delivery amounts and rates [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Developing a strong understanding of how innate hydrogel properties influence their ability to deliver drugs will serve to provide an additional design feature in the development of more efficacious and responsive drug delivery platforms. ...
... Furthermore, they are nontoxic and biocompatible, can be engineered to deliver drugs with a range of chemical properties, and possess the ability to protect labile drugs from degradation [44,[46][47][48][49]. Combined, these properties enable hydrogel-based platforms to serve as excellent candidates for the controlled delivery of various therapeutic agents, including small molecule and macromolecular drugs. Hydrogel properties may be manipulated using a range of physical and chemical strategies to tailor these properties for controlled drug delivery [21,25,50]. In this study, our primary objective was to investigate if we could leverage our current understanding of manipulating the properties of hydrogels to develop drug delivery platforms with tunable release properties. ...
Over the past few years, researchers have demonstrated the use of hydrogels to design drug delivery platforms that offer a variety of benefits, including but not limited to longer circulation times, reduced drug degradation, and improved targeting. Furthermore, a variety of strategies have been explored to develop stimulus-responsive hydrogels to design smart drug delivery platforms that can release drugs to specific target areas and at predetermined rates. However, only a few studies have focused on exploring how innate hydrogel properties can be optimized and modulated to tailor drug dosage and release rates. Here, we investigated the individual and combined roles of polymer concentration and crosslinking density (controlled using both chemical and nanoparticle-mediated physical crosslinking) on drug delivery rates. These experiments indicated a strong correlation between the aforementioned hydrogel properties and drug release rates. Importantly, they also revealed the existence of a saturation point in the ability to control drug release rates through a combination of chemical and physical crosslinkers. Collectively, our analyses describe how different hydrogel properties affect drug release rates and lay the foundation to develop drug delivery platforms that can be programmed to release a variety of bioactive payloads at defined rates.
... SH is based on hyaluronan, a high molecular weight GAG composed of a linear polysaccharide with disaccharide repeats of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It has been widely used for drug delivery, tissue engineering applications, and viscosupplementation due to its biocompatibility, non-immunogenic, and shock-absorption properties [43]. However, hyaluronan hydrogels experience fast degradation in vivo by enzymes such as hyaluronidase and do not allow for adequate cell adhesion [11]. ...
Hydrogels are commonly used for the 3D culture of musculoskeletal cells. Sulfated hydrogels, which have seen a growing interest over the past years, provide a microenvironment that help maintain the phenotype of chondrocytes and chondrocyte-like cells and can be used for sustained delivery of growth factors and other drugs. Sulfated hydrogels are hence valuable tools to improve cartilage and intervertebral disc tissue engineering. To further advance the utilization of these hydrogels, we identify and summarize the current knowledge about different sulfated hydrogels, highlight their beneficial effects in cartilage and disc research, and review the biofabrication processes most suitable to secure best quality assurance through deposition fidelity, repeatability, and attainment of biocompatible morphologies.
... The toxicity of PEGDE may be due to the two terminal epoxy groups in PEGDE which are highly reactive [35]. Epoxide rings of cross-linking agents such as PEGDE and BDDE react with the hydroxyl groups of HA that lead to the formation of ether bond connection [36]. However, unreacted epoxide rings can result in toxicity. ...
Poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) is widely used to cross-link polymers, particularly in the pharmaceutical and biomaterial sectors. However, the subcutaneous toxicity of PEGDE has not yet been assessed. PEGDE samples (500–40,000 μg/mouse) were subcutaneously injected into the paraspinal dorsum of BALB/c male mice. Cage-side observations were carried out with measurement of organ weight, body weight variation, and feed intake, as well as histopathological characterization on day 28 post-exposure. Mice that received 40,000 μg of PEGDE showed severe toxic response and had to be euthanized. Subcutaneous injection of PEGDE did not alter feed intake and organ weight; however, the body weight variation of mice injected with 20,000 μg of PEGDE was significantly lower than that of the other groups. Exposure to 10,000 and 20,000 μg of PEGDE induced epidermal ulcer formation and hair loss. The histology of skin tissue in mice administered with 20,000 μg of PEGDE showed re-epithelialized or unhealed wounds. However, the liver, spleen, and kidneys were histologically normal. Collectively, PEGDE, particularly above 10,000 μg/mouse, caused subcutaneous toxicity with ulceration, but no toxicity in the other organs. These results may indicate the optimal concentration of subcutaneously injected PEGDE.
... Diffusion experiments were carried out in a dissolution instrument (Hanson Vision Elite 8TM) set with automatic sampling (Hanson Research Autoplus Maximixer TM and MultifillTM), by using the dialysis membrane method. It consists of eight dissolution vessels with receptor solution immersed in a thermostated bath [30]. Dissolution testing is an extensively applied method which allows the release study without any kind of manipulation. ...
... This slower DHA diffusion from cross-linked chitosan hydrogels could be attributed to a denser and more viscous network. This reduction in diffusion velocity was expected and it has also been observed elsewhere for cross-linked hydrogels [30]. Interestingly, the two samples without genipin (aqueous solution and uncross-linked hydrogel) produced almost identical results. ...
Cosmeto-textiles, which allow the administration of molecules when in contact with the skin, are increasingly being developed by cosmetic industries. We have designed an innovative approach for cosmeto-textile products, based on the impregnation of textile fibers with chitosan hydrogels, which have been cross-linked with genipin and loaded with dihydroxyacetone, which is an active component that induces sunless tanning. Dihydroxyacetone-loaded chitosan hydrogels have been prepared and characterized by means of cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). The images showed that genipin cross-linking decreases the mesh distance of hydrogels. The release of dihydroxyacetone from these cross-linked genipin chitosan hydrogels has been studied by a dialysis membrane method. These dihydroxyacetone-loaded chitosan hydrogels have been incorporated to polyamide textiles by a simple padding technique. The presence of dihydroxyacetone on these textiles has been detected by hyperspectral imaging on a dark field high resolution optical microscope. Finally, the performance of fabrics as cosmeto-textiles, with a tanning effect, has been evaluated by skin-colorimetry measured with an evaluation panel of 10 people. The results have demonstrated that dihydroxyacetone-loaded textiles produce a tanning effect on skin, and incorporation of dihydroxyacetone-loaded chitosan hydrogels into polyamide fabrics represents a friendly and appropriate strategy to obtain a cosmeto-textile with tanning effect.
... Hyaluronic acid is composed of alternating residues of β-(1, 3)-D-glucuronic acid and β-(1, 4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine via 1-3 and 1-4 bonds. The characteristic high molecular weight of its depended on natural material and the way of isolation (ROIG et al., 2013;ÜNLÜER et al., 2013;ŠLEZINGROVÁ et al., 2012). It is a very hydrophilic compound that binds water and creates a viscoelastic solution (SLÍVA and MINÁRIK, 2009). ...
AHyaluronic acid (HA) is part of the extracellular matrix of connective, epithelial and neural tissues, as well as the synovial fluid, skin, and cartilage. It is composed of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. Hyaluronic acid is used in abdominal surgery, ophthalmology, dermatology, rhinology; it is usable for the osteoarthritis treatment. The membranes of eggshell are a natural source of hyaluronic acid, collagen, glycosaminoglycan and collagenous proteins. In paper, we tested the possibility of extraction hyaluronic acid from the eggshell membranes by enzymatic hydrolysis. We identified optimal conditions of hydrolysis with trypsin at reaction temperature of 37 °C and pH 8; with pepsin at 40 °C and pH 3, as well as with papain at 60 °C and pH 7.5. The content of hyaluronic acid in samples was determined spectrophotometrically using the carbazole method. The experimental results showed a yield of ~ 4 -4.5 % hyaluronic acid per 1 g of dry eggshell membranes.
... It is an essential component of the extracellular matrix in which its structural and biological properties mediate cellular signaling, wound repair, morphogenesis, and matrix organization (Burdick and Prestwich 2011). Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives have been used as dermal fillers (Falcone and Berg 2008), therapeutic agents (Lee et al. 2008;Roig-Roig et al. 2013), as well as potential building blocks for the creation of new biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (Collins and Birkinshaw 2013). Subsequently, chitosan is prepared by the N-deacetylation of chitin, the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods, and it has been demonstrated an invaluable material in the fields of biomedical engineering (Roldo and Fatouros 2011;Jayakumar et al. 2010a, b), biotechnology (Issa et al. 2005;Kaur and Dhillon 2014), cosmetics, and medical materials (Jayakumar et al. 2010b;Baldrick 2010;Gu et al. 2013), thanks to its wound healing effect in addition to good biocompatibility and biodegradability (Mi et al. 2002;Hejazi and Amiji 2003;Kean and Thanou 2010). ...
The objective of this study was to integrate inorganic halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with chitosan and hyaluronic acid to obtain hybrid nanocomposites with opposing charges and to investigate their potential in the controlled release of drug model probes. Two oppositely charged polysaccharides, chitosan and hyaluronic acid, were selected for their biocompatibility and their importance in biomedical applications. The high surface area and the hollow nanometric-sized lumen of HNT allowed for the efficient loading of rhodamine 110 and carboxyfluorescein, used as models for oppositely charged drugs. In the case of chitosan, the preparation of the nanocomposite was carried out exploiting the electrostatic interaction between the polymer and HNT in water, while with hyaluronic acid, a covalent functionalization strategy was employed to couple the polymer with the clay. Nanocomposites were characterized with thermal, microscopic, and spectroscopic techniques, and the release kinetics of the model compounds was assessed by fluorescence measurements. The release curves were fitted with a model able to account for the desorption process from the external and the internal halloysite surfaces. The results show that both polymeric coatings alter the release of the probes, indicating a key role of both charge and coating composition on the initial and final amount of released dye, as well as on the rate of the desorption process.
... Hyaluronic acid is composed of alternating residues of β-(1, 3)-D-glucuronic acid and β-(1, 4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine via 1-3 and 1-4 bonds. The characteristic high molecular weight of its depended on natural material and the way of isolation (ROIG et al., 2013;ÜNLÜER et al., 2013;ŠLEZINGROVÁ et al., 2012). It is a very hydrophilic compound that binds water and creates a viscoelastic solution (SLÍVA and MINÁRIK, 2009). ...
Hyaluronic acid is a natural polysaccharide occurring in human body, as an important part of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. It is completely biocompatible therefore used for pharmaceutical purposes. It is a part of the nasal mucosa, periodontal synovial fluid, articular cartilage and skin. HA plays an important role in angiogenesis and tissue morphogenesis. It is also the marker signalling a myriad of disorders such as liver disease, cancer and rheumatoid lung disease. HA is usable for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It could be used in gynaecology, dermatology, in rhinology where is successfully administered to minimise adverse side effects.
In our paper, we present the isolation of the HA from the eggshell membranes by enzymatic hydrolysis using pepsin. We found specific conditions of hydrolysis: it progresses for five hours at 37°C, ratio 1g of the sample to 30 ml buffer with pH=3. The content of HA were tested spectrophotometrically at λ=290 nm.
Natural polysaccharides have an important role in pharmaceutical industries and are considered a huge source and importance. Polysaccharides are biopolymers characterized by complex secondary structures performing several roles in plants, animals, and different other microorganisms. As it has versatility such as hydrophilicity, good stability, safety, lack of toxicity, and biodegradability in nature, some of them are extensively used for food packaging, pharmaceutical formulations, and various kind of sustainable and renewable goods in biomedical industries. In this context, we focused on natural polysaccharides from different sources such as plants, animals, algae, and microbes. Here, we concentrate on the chemical structures along with their commercial importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, a summary of the formulations and their applications in different natural polysaccharides has been highlighted in this review. Therefore, this study might be helpful for the development of not only different pharmaceutical formulations but also advantageous in food and biomedical industries in the future.
