TABLE 1 - uploaded by Eduardo Hernández-Garduño
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Rates of tuberculin positivity (%) by screening reason and country of birth in British Columbia from 1990 to 2002
Source publication
No previous studies have estimated the rates of tuberculin positivity (TP) in noncontact populations within the same community, which is important for prioritizing and implementing preventive measures.
To estimate the prevalence and predictors of TP in noncontact populations.
A retrospective analysis of tuberculin results of noncontact populations...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... programs included public service employees (govern- ment or social workers), self-referred healthy individuals (ie, those who suspect they may have had remote contact with a case of TB) and periodical tuberculin surveys in Canadian- born Aboriginals (CBAs) who are considered high-risk popu- lations. The prevalence of TP in all eligible subjects in the above-mentioned groups is shown in Table 1. ...
Context 2
... core model showed the following variables were associ- ated with skin test positivity: male sex (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.35), age (OR 3.9, 95% CI 3.6 to 4.2), CBA (OR 2.87, 95% CI 2.44 to 3.37), FB (OR 3.67, 95% CI 3.34 to 4.03) and BCG vaccination (OR 19.6, 95% CI 17.9 to 21.5). Populations marked with an asterisk in Table 1 were not associated with TP in the multivariable analysis, and therefore, were considered the reference group. Populations associated with TP included correctional centre residents (OR 4.14, 95% CI 1.87 to 9.15), residents of LCCFs (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.44 to 2.23), immigrants (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.04), health centre employees (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.56 to 1.88), volunteers (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.68), self-referred healthy subjects (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.48) and students (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.35). ...
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Citations
... This aligns with the fact that males are more susceptible to tuberculosis than females as reported in a previous study. 22 Although the cause of this gender bias is not clearly defined, epidemiological factors have historically been considered the driving force. 3 Males by virtue of their social behavioural pattern, may tend to travel more and spend time in crowded places such as bars, engage in mining and other professions that demands close physical contact. ...
Background
Gender variation is a feature of many physiological parameters including inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation is an obvious feature of Tuberculosis (TB) infection with changes in pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Objective
To compare the levels of inflammatory cytokines between male and female TB patients before treatment, after 2-months and after 6-months anti-tuberculosis treatment.
Materials and methods
A total of 35 males and 25 females TB subjects were enlisted before initiation of therapy and followed up after 2-months and 6 months treatment and samples collected and analysed. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 10 (IL-10, Interleukin -6 (IL-6), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were assayed by ELISA method.
Results
Before treatment, the median level of IL-6 (pg/ml) was significantly higher in males compared to female TB patients (P=0.046). While after 2-months treatment, TNF-α (pg/ml) and IL-10 (pg/ml) was significantly higher in males compared with females (P=0.008 and 0.045 respectively). Conversely, the median IL-6 (pg/ml) was significantly higher in female TB patients compared to the males (P=0.042). No significant differences were observed after 6-months treatment.
Conclusion
Gender differences exist in IL-6 before treatment and in IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 at two months treatment. Thus, TB treatment contributes differentially to levels of inflammatory cytokines in male and female TB patients.
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... In our study, we have noted that tuberculin positivity increased with age. Similar results have reported by various other authors [18,19]. This has been attributed to the increased exposure to M. tuberculosis as one gets older. ...
Objective:
To assess readability of 24-h tuberculin response in adolescent school children.
Design:
Prospective observational study in school.
Subjects:
601 healthy adolescent children.
Interventions:
Tuberculin (1TU PPD RT23 Tween80) was administered and indurations at 24 and 72 h were compared.
Main outcome measure:
Tuberculin reaction at 24 h.
Results:
One hundred twelve children (18.6%) had a positive tuberculin reaction. Prevalence of tuberculin positivity was least (14.2%) in the 10-year age-group and maximum in the 13-year age-group (21.2%). When individual values of tuberculin reaction at 24 and 72 h were compared, a significant difference was noted irrespective of the tuberculin status (t = 8.46, p = 0.001). However, when tuberculin reaction was considered as positive or negative, this difference was not significant (t = 1.89, p > 0.05).
Conclusions:
Tuberculin status in adolescents can be read as positive or negative at 24 h, irrespective of their bacillus Calmette-Guérin scar status.
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doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i2.694
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Tuberculosis (TB) causes significant morbidity and mortality in high-income countries with foreign-born individuals bearing a disproportionate burden of the overall TB case burden in these countries. In this review of tuberculosis and migration we discuss the impact of migration on the epidemiology of TB in low burden countries, describe the various screening strategies to address this issue, review the yield and cost-effectiveness of these programs and describe the gaps in knowledge as well as possible future solutions.
The reasons for the TB burden in the migrant population are likely to be the reactivation of remotely-acquired latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) following migration from low/intermediate-income high TB burden settings to high-income, low TB burden countries.
TB control in high-income countries has historically focused on the early identification and treatment of active TB with accompanying contact-tracing. In the face of the TB case-load in migrant populations, however, there is ongoing discussion about how best to identify TB in migrant populations. In general, countries have generally focused on two methods: identification of active TB (either at/post-arrival or increasingly pre-arrival in countries of origin) and secondly, conditionally supported by WHO guidance, through identifying LTBI in migrants from high TB burden countries. Although health-economic analyses have shown that TB control in high income settings would benefit from providing targeted LTBI screening and treatment to certain migrants from high TB burden countries, implementation issues and barriers such as sub-optimal treatment completion will need to be addressed to ensure program efficacy.
Background: Detection and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) infection with contact investigation is a key component of TB control program. I evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for TB infection among contacts of recently diagnosed pulmonary TB patients in a tertiary hospital in Korea. Methods: 206 contacts of 90 adult pulmonary TB patients underwent tuberculin skin tests (TST) and chest radiography. The TST results were considered positive with an induration of 10 mm or more, suggesting TB infection. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess risk factors associated with TB infection. Results: TST was positive in 97 of 206 contacts of TB patients (47.1%) and positive rate of TST increased with age. The risk of TB infection was significantly associated with close contact with TB patients (sleeping in the same room) (odd ratio [OR], 4.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43 - 17.00). Conclusion: TB infection rate was higher in the elderly, and the risk of TB infection was significantly increased with close contact of TB patients. Copyright©2012. The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. All rights reserved.
