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![Rarefied species richness (a), phylogenetic diversity (b) and total biomass (c) across 24 years of study. The lines and the shaded areas indicate significant declines over time (GLM, 95% confidence interval). For further details, see Table 3. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]](profile/Eick-Von-Ruschkowski/publication/332145795/figure/fig1/AS:743218324987904@1554208465666/Rarefied-species-richness-a-phylogenetic-diversity-b-and-total-biomass-c-across-24.png)
Rarefied species richness (a), phylogenetic diversity (b) and total biomass (c) across 24 years of study. The lines and the shaded areas indicate significant declines over time (GLM, 95% confidence interval). For further details, see Table 3. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Source publication
• The drastic insect decline has received increasing attention in scientific as well as in public media. Long‐term studies of insect diversity trends are still rare, even though such studies are highly important to assess extent, drivers and potential consequences of insect loss in ecosystems.
• To gain insights into carabid diversity trends of anc...
Contexts in source publication
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... the number of species and the species richness (Fig. 1a) declined significantly across years, and there was a trend for a reduction in functional diversity (Table 3). In addition, the phylogenetic diversity decreased significantly over time (Table 3, Fig. 1b). While the number of species, species richness and functional diversity were significantly positively correlated to each other, the ...
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... contrast, there was no significant change in the total number of individuals (across all species) caught over the years (Table 3), which ranged from 425 (2004) to 2244 (1998). Likewise, the total biomass did not vary systematically over time (Table 3, Fig. 1c). The yearly total biomass varied between 140 g (2004) and 963 g (2008). Both measures (number of individuals and total biomass) were highly positively correlated (Table ...
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... recorded beetle species differ in their life-history traits. However, not all of the traits varied independently from each other but were related in a certain way (Table 2). For instance, average body size of a species was significantly related to its wing development (larger beetle species are less likely to fly, Fig. S1a in Supplement) and to its habitat preference (forest species were significantly larger, Fig. S1b). The spring breeders were significantly smaller than the autumn breeders, while the Table 1. Trait variables and their levels for the 55 recorded ground beetle species. For different analyses, the trait variables were coded in different ...
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... not all of the traits varied independently from each other but were related in a certain way (Table 2). For instance, average body size of a species was significantly related to its wing development (larger beetle species are less likely to fly, Fig. S1a in Supplement) and to its habitat preference (forest species were significantly larger, Fig. S1b). The spring breeders were significantly smaller than the autumn breeders, while the Table 1. Trait variables and their levels for the 55 recorded ground beetle species. For different analyses, the trait variables were coded in different ways, as can be seen from the third and fourth ...
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... type and level(s) for calculation of functional diversity other species showed intermediate body sizes (Fig S1c). Likewise, the reproduction time was significantly related to the hibernation type (most of the spring breeding species hibernated as adult beetles, Fig. S1d). ...
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... type and level(s) for calculation of functional diversity other species showed intermediate body sizes (Fig S1c). Likewise, the reproduction time was significantly related to the hibernation type (most of the spring breeding species hibernated as adult beetles, Fig. S1d). The food preference was not significantly related to any of the other studied traits. The likelihood of a species being present declined differently depending on its body size (GLMM, 'Body size : Year', v² = 10.26, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001; Fig. 2a): the smaller the species, the more pronounced was its decline (Fig. 2a). In addition, the ...
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... caught in the study area with their habitat preference, traits and average total body size (min and max) and weight (calculated after Booij et al., 1994). Figure S1. Relationships between significantly related trait variables: Body size and wing development (a), body size and habitat preference (b), body size and reproduction (c), and reproduction and hibernation (d). ...
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... the number of species and the species richness (Fig. 1a) declined significantly across years, and there was a trend for a reduction in functional diversity (Table 3). In addition, the phylogenetic diversity decreased significantly over time (Table 3, Fig. 1b). While the number of species, species richness and functional diversity were significantly positively correlated to each other, the ...
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... contrast, there was no significant change in the total number of individuals (across all species) caught over the years (Table 3), which ranged from 425 (2004) to 2244 (1998). Likewise, the total biomass did not vary systematically over time (Table 3, Fig. 1c). The yearly total biomass varied between 140 g (2004) and 963 g (2008). Both measures (number of individuals and total biomass) were highly positively correlated (Table ...
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... recorded beetle species differ in their life-history traits. However, not all of the traits varied independently from each other but were related in a certain way (Table 2). For instance, average body size of a species was significantly related to its wing development (larger beetle species are less likely to fly, Fig. S1a in Supplement) and to its habitat preference (forest species were significantly larger, Fig. S1b). The spring breeders were significantly smaller than the autumn breeders, while the Table 1. Trait variables and their levels for the 55 recorded ground beetle species. For different analyses, the trait variables were coded in different ...
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... not all of the traits varied independently from each other but were related in a certain way (Table 2). For instance, average body size of a species was significantly related to its wing development (larger beetle species are less likely to fly, Fig. S1a in Supplement) and to its habitat preference (forest species were significantly larger, Fig. S1b). The spring breeders were significantly smaller than the autumn breeders, while the Table 1. Trait variables and their levels for the 55 recorded ground beetle species. For different analyses, the trait variables were coded in different ways, as can be seen from the third and fourth ...
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... type and level(s) for calculation of functional diversity other species showed intermediate body sizes (Fig S1c). Likewise, the reproduction time was significantly related to the hibernation type (most of the spring breeding species hibernated as adult beetles, Fig. S1d). ...
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... type and level(s) for calculation of functional diversity other species showed intermediate body sizes (Fig S1c). Likewise, the reproduction time was significantly related to the hibernation type (most of the spring breeding species hibernated as adult beetles, Fig. S1d). The food preference was not significantly related to any of the other studied traits. The likelihood of a species being present declined differently depending on its body size (GLMM, 'Body size : Year', v² = 10.26, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001; Fig. 2a): the smaller the species, the more pronounced was its decline (Fig. 2a). In addition, the ...
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... caught in the study area with their habitat preference, traits and average total body size (min and max) and weight (calculated after Booij et al., 1994). Figure S1. Relationships between significantly related trait variables: Body size and wing development (a), body size and habitat preference (b), body size and reproduction (c), and reproduction and hibernation (d). ...
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... the number of species and the species richness (Fig. 1a) declined significantly across years, and there was a trend for a reduction in functional diversity (Table 3). In addition, the phylogenetic diversity decreased significantly over time (Table 3, Fig. 1b). While the number of species, species richness and functional diversity were significantly positively correlated to each other, the ...
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... contrast, there was no significant change in the total number of individuals (across all species) caught over the years (Table 3), which ranged from 425 (2004) to 2244 (1998). Likewise, the total biomass did not vary systematically over time (Table 3, Fig. 1c). The yearly total biomass varied between 140 g (2004) and 963 g (2008). Both measures (number of individuals and total biomass) were highly positively correlated (Table ...
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... recorded beetle species differ in their life-history traits. However, not all of the traits varied independently from each other but were related in a certain way (Table 2). For instance, average body size of a species was significantly related to its wing development (larger beetle species are less likely to fly, Fig. S1a in Supplement) and to its habitat preference (forest species were significantly larger, Fig. S1b). The spring breeders were significantly smaller than the autumn breeders, while the Table 1. Trait variables and their levels for the 55 recorded ground beetle species. For different analyses, the trait variables were coded in different ...
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... not all of the traits varied independently from each other but were related in a certain way (Table 2). For instance, average body size of a species was significantly related to its wing development (larger beetle species are less likely to fly, Fig. S1a in Supplement) and to its habitat preference (forest species were significantly larger, Fig. S1b). The spring breeders were significantly smaller than the autumn breeders, while the Table 1. Trait variables and their levels for the 55 recorded ground beetle species. For different analyses, the trait variables were coded in different ways, as can be seen from the third and fourth ...
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... type and level(s) for calculation of functional diversity other species showed intermediate body sizes (Fig S1c). Likewise, the reproduction time was significantly related to the hibernation type (most of the spring breeding species hibernated as adult beetles, Fig. S1d). ...
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... type and level(s) for calculation of functional diversity other species showed intermediate body sizes (Fig S1c). Likewise, the reproduction time was significantly related to the hibernation type (most of the spring breeding species hibernated as adult beetles, Fig. S1d). The food preference was not significantly related to any of the other studied traits. The likelihood of a species being present declined differently depending on its body size (GLMM, 'Body size : Year', v² = 10.26, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001; Fig. 2a): the smaller the species, the more pronounced was its decline (Fig. 2a). In addition, the ...
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... caught in the study area with their habitat preference, traits and average total body size (min and max) and weight (calculated after Booij et al., 1994). Figure S1. Relationships between significantly related trait variables: Body size and wing development (a), body size and habitat preference (b), body size and reproduction (c), and reproduction and hibernation (d). ...
Citations
... In carabid species, adult beetle size and wing morphology are often correlated (e.g. Homburg et al. 2019). The more distinctive results regarding size, suggest that these might also drive changes regarding the dispersal ability in this study. ...
Context
Evidence for declines in insect populations is growing with climate change being one suspected driver. Forests, however, are still underrepresented in the relevant research. Recent droughts (2018–2020) have severely affected forests in Central Europe and have been linked to declines in carabid abundance, biomass as well as changes in species traits at the local scale.
Objective
We tested drought effects on forest carabids at regional scale. We additionally investigated whether variability in drought effects could be explained with the initial community composition and the local environmental context.
Methods
We used generalized linear mixed models to compare data from 1999 to 2001 and 2020 to 2022 across eleven old beech forest sites of high conservation interest in North-East Germany and investigated changes in carabid abundance, biomass, Hill numbers and selected species traits. We then tested additional community-related and environmental predictors to explain spatial variability in changes in biomass.
Results
We found significant declines in biomass of 65% and in abundance of 51%. There were no significant changes in Hill numbers. We found consistent evidence that declines affected especially larger and less mobile species. Declines and changes in species traits also occurred in strictly protected old-growth beech forests. Among environmental predictors, landscape composition explained local variability in biomass declines best with stronger decline at forest sites with less forest area in their vicinity.
Conclusions
Our findings reveal large-scale declines in forest carabids in the context of recent droughts and highlight the exceptional role of landscape composition in this regard. Future insect conservation strategies need to incorporate the landscape context and potential exposure to extreme weather.
... Laufkäfer sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Artenvielfalt von Agrarlandschaften. Sie erfüllen wichtige Funktionen als Bioindikatoren und in der Schädlingsregulierung (Kromp, 1999;Rainio & Niemelä, 2003), sind zugleich aber wie andere Insektengruppen vom Artenrückgang betroffen (Homburg et al. 2019). Im Rahmen des Projektes "Düngung für Nachhaltiges Management edaphischer Diversität" (DüNaMed, gefördert durch das BfN mit Mitteln des BMUV) wird in Feldver-suchen untersucht, ob und wie verschiedene organische Dünger auf Bodenarthropoden wirken. ...
Ground beetles are important bioindicators in agricultural landscapes. In the project Dü-NaMed, the effect of different organic fertilizers (cattle manure and slurry, straw, biogas digestate, compost) and a mineral fertilizer on soil arthropods including ground beetles was tested in field trials on two sites. Pitfall trap samples were taken over two years. First results indicate a trend for higher carabid abundance at one site in plots fertilized with either cattle slurry or biogas digestate compared with unfertilized controls. Likewise, species richness tended to be higher in plots receiving some organic fertilizers. A deeper data evaluation including data from the third experimental year is ongoing.
... Studies conducted throughout Europe are increasingly reporting a very high homogenization of communities as a result of the loss of local species, a reduction in the biomass of native populations and the dominance of species that can tolerate anthropic disturbances [1]. Consequently, a drastic large-scale decrease in insect fauna has been reported [2][3][4][5][6]. This is assumed to be a multifactorial problem, involving different biotopes and plant diversity, soil characteristics and human activities (area management). ...
This study, conducted in 2020-2022, was designed to determine the impact of livestock grazing on habitat biodiversity and Carabidae beetles. Two research plots (a meadow and a pasture) were established on a farm in the village of Otapy, located in the agricultural catchment area of the Nurzec River in Eastern Poland. They were located next to each other so that they would possess the same set of atmospheric phenomena and processes shaped by the physical and geographical characteristics of the area. The study showed that the pasture was the richest in terms of the magnesium and calcium contents, while the meadow had significantly higher levels of phosphorus and zinc. The study also showed some differences in the abundance and species composition of plants and animals. The meadow had higher biodiversity, while the pasture was dominated by grasses. A disparity in the abundance of individual species was also presented. The study indicated the preference of individual species for particular forms of land use. Anisodactylus binotatus, Harpalus rufipes and Poecilus cupreus were most abundant in the meadow, while Carabus granulatus and Pterostichus melanarius were mostly represented in the pasture. The number of species, on the other hand, was the same. Our research concluded that proper landscape management through different uses affects plant and beetle diversity and soil element content.
... Beetles are a particularly important taxon in forest ecosystems, and may act as predators, seed dispersers, decomposers, prey for higher trophic levels or even as ecosystem engineers (Müller et al. 2008;Zumr et al. 2021;López-Bedoya et al. 2021). Due to such diverse roles, beetles are important for ecosystem functioning and resilience (Lange et al. 2014;Homburg et al. 2019). However, different beetle families or ecological guilds may respond differently to forest management. ...
Anthropogenic climate change poses a major threat to ecosystems and their biodiversity. Forests, for example, are suffering from climate-amplified disturbances like droughts or pest outbreaks. Throughout Europe, such disturbances resulted in large-scale diebacks of managed spruce stands in recent years. While such stands are often salvage-logged to reduce economic losses, it is still rather unclear how post-disturbance management affects forest biodiversity in anthropogenic spruce stands. By comparing epigeal beetle communities among salvage-logged sites, standing deadwood patches, and succession areas, we show that spruce dieback can be a chance for biodiversity conservation. Even though individual beetle families responded partly differently to post-disturbance management, standing deadwood enhanced the overall diversity of ground-dwelling beetles compared to salvage logging, while succession sites were intermediate. We also show that community composition and functional guilds vary strongly between management categories.
Implications for insect conservation: We suggest to set-aside areas of standing deadwood for natural succession to enhance beetle taxonomic and functional diversity, especially of deadwood-dependent species. As different types of management support different species assemblages, well-planned post-disturbance management, including a partial abandonment of salvage logging and a consideration of natural succession, may counter biodiversity losses in forests.
... These declines do not seem to be restricted to a particular region (Høye et al., 2013;Sands, 2018;Janzen and Hallwachs, 2019;Wepprich et al., 2019), insect taxon (Wagner, 2020), or even insect functional group (Harvey et al., 2020). Indeed, among the many documented population losses are: butterflies (Thomas, 2016;Forister et al., 2021;Van Swaay et al., 2022), bees (Potts et al., 2010), grasshoppers (Dirzo et al., 2014), beetles (Brooks et al., 2012;Homburg et al., 2019;Hallmann et al., 2020), and others (Høye et al., 2013;Stepanian et al., 2020). Declines of global insect populations are troubling because insects may broadly serve as indicators of environmental degradation (Brown, 1997) and are foundational to ecosystem function, including trophic interactions (Wagner, 2020), and ecosystem services (Kevan and Viana, 2003). ...
... This paradoxical pattern may be because short-term warm periods support fireflies in their later life stages (e.g., activity of displaying adults) but may be otherwise negative for other life stages (e.g., immatures). Indeed, similar patterns have also been reported for other Coleoptera whereby lower depths and shorter durations of winter snow cover have been implicated as primary drivers of population declines (Harris et al., 2019;Homburg et al., 2019;Hallmann et al., 2020). Collectively, our results build upon a growing body of literature demonstrating the importance of climate/weather to fireflies, especially those metrics related to GDDs and temperature (Table 1; Lewis et al., 2020). ...
... Forest-specialized carabids, and especially brachypterous (flightless) and large-bodied species, which depend on stable environments (Blake et al., 1994), can persist even in small and isolated forest patches (Marrec et al., 2021), but are affected by stand-level management Marrec et al., 2021). The few available long-term studies on forest carabids in temperate Europe indicate declining diversity (Homburg et al., 2019), even though overall abundance is stable or increasing (Brooks et al., 2012;Desender et al., 2010). Still, it remains unclear how biodiversity-oriented forestry may relate to these trends. ...
... Furthermore, our data support that retention practices contribute to increased carabid species richness, through increasing deadwood volumes and stand maturity. Even if current declines in forest carabid diversity are driven by factors acting at wider scales, such as climate change or pesticide use (Homburg et al., 2019;Müller-Kroehling et al., 2014), adoption of retention forestry may help counteract those effects. Besides, creating a denser network of set-aside patches (e.g. ...
The ongoing transition within forest management towards more biodiversity-oriented practices, such as close-to-nature forestry and retention forestry, may benefit forest fauna such as forest-specialized ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). However, it remains unclear how forest carabids are jointly affected by these practices in Central European montane forests, which host particularly sensitive, range-restricted carabid species, and where biodiversity-oriented forestry is widely applied. Moreover, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), the most common large herbivore in these forests, is intensively managed to reduce browsing pressure, but it is yet unknown how this may affect carabids, alongside the effect of silviculture. On 66 1-ha plots in the Black Forest region of Germany, we sampled carabids with pitfall traps, measured roe deer abundances using camera trapping, and measured several structural variables directly related to close-to-nature and retention practices, as well as variables describing microclimate and landscape-level forest cover. We found that the carabid assemblage was dominated by forest specialists, with little influence from fragmentation of the surrounding forest. Higher broadleaf share (and canopy cover for montane specialists) was correlated with higher carabid activity-density. Increasing stand maturity (and lying deadwood volume for montane specialists), was correlated with higher species richness. Plots with higher roe deer abundances showed higher carabid richness and activity-density. Assemblage composition changed along the altitudinal gradient, and both richness and activity-density increased with elevation. Thus, carabid communities, including montane specialists and several species of conservation interest, stand to benefit from close-to-nature and retention practices, if applied throughout the altitude range of montane forests. Forest carabids may additionally profit from maintaining higher roe deer abundances, but further research is needed to understand this causal link, as well as to weigh the costs and benefits of deer culling for forest biodiversity.
... Studies have previously drawn attention to declining trends in abundance and diversity in Europe and North America (Dirzo et al. 2014) and this has been supported by many other even earlier and more recent studies on individual arthropod groups. For example, bees, hoverflies, butterflies and carabid beetles were observed to decline in species diversity (Bartomeus et al. 2018;Biesmeijer et al. 2006;Homburg et al. 2019;Maes and van Dyck 2001;Soroye et al. 2020) and abundance (Brooks et al. 2012;Schuch et al. 2012; Thomas et al. 2004). At the global scale, a decline of 9% per decade was assessed for terrestrial insects (van Klink et al. 2020). ...
... Unfortunately, at the time of writing only few comparative long-term datasets on arthropod communities exist for Switzerland that allow to estimate the natural range of such fluctuations. To cite a few international ones, moth biomass in Britain varied twofold within a decade (Macgregor et al. 2019), whereas carabid beetle biomass varied up to five fold within 10 years (Homburg et al. 2019). Biomass fluctuations of whole arthropod communities, as assessed in our study, are less pronounced than those of single taxonomic units. ...
... Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as well as most other beetle families showed mainly higher biomass, abundance, and diversity in 2019 than in the previous study years. In other countries either stable abundance and biomass (Homburg et al. 2019) or declining trends were found for these groups (Brooks et al. 2012;Ewald et al. 2015;Hallmann et al. 2020;Harris et al. 2019). Only the rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) showed somewhat diverging and often declining abundance and richness patterns in our study. ...
Understanding how anthropogenic activities induce changes in the functional traits of arthropod communities is critical to assessing their ecological consequences. However, we largely lack comprehensive assessments of the long‐term impact of global‐change drivers on the trait composition of arthropod communities across a large number of species and sites. This knowledge gap critically hampers our ability to predict human‐driven impacts on communities and ecosystems.
Here, we use a dataset of 1.73 million individuals from 877 species to study how four functionally important traits of carabid beetles and spiders (i.e. body size, duration of activity period, tolerance to drought, and dispersal capacity) have changed at the community level across ~40 years in different types of land use and as a consequence of land use changes (that is, urbanisation and loss of woody vegetation) at the landscape scale in Switzerland.
The results show that the mean body size in carabid communities declined in all types of land use, with particularly stronger declines in croplands compared to forests. Furthermore, the length of the activity period and the tolerance to drought of spider communities decreased in most land use types. The average body size of carabid communities in landscapes with increased urbanisation in the last ~40 years tended to decrease. However, the length of the activity period, the tolerance to drought, and the dispersal capacity did not change significantly. Furthermore, urbanisation promoted increases in the average dispersal capacities of spider communities. Additionally, urbanisation favoured spider communities with larger body sizes and longer activity periods. The loss of woody areas at the landscape level was associated with trait shifts to carabid communities with larger body sizes, shorter activity periods, higher drought tolerances and strongly decreased dispersal capacities. Decreases in activity periods and dispersal capacities were also found in spider communities.
Our study demonstrates that human‐induced changes in land use alter key functional traits of carabid and spider communities in the long term. The detected trait shifts in arthropod communities likely have important consequences for their functional roles in ecosystems.
... Describing the regional diversity only for a few taxa (e. g. bees) or limitation of identifications to higher taxa (e. g. 'Chironomidae') is insufficient because even closely related species can react differently to environmental changes, negative trends of single species and the climate-related change of their geographical distribution will be overlooked, (e. g. Bommarco et al. 2011;Ekrem et al. 2007;Elbrecht et al. 2016;Homburg et al. 2019;Janzen et al. 2009;Köhler et al. 2005;Schuch et al. 2012;Smith et al. 2006). ...
In the AMMOD project, flying insects are collected using Malaise traps equipped with automated bottle changers (see Chapter 5). Insect catches are identified using DNA metabarcoding, a promising tool for biodiversity assessments, especially targeting highly diverse groups such as the arthropods. Non-destructive DNA isolation methods are highly desirable for the preservation of sample integrity and subsequent morphological analysis of specimens. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive step-by-step laboratory protocol for the non-destructive DNA extraction of insect bulk samples from lysis buffer followed by all subsequent amplicon library preparation steps required for the sequencing of insect bulk samples on Illumina platforms.
... Since beetles and their ecological functions are highly diverse, they make good bioindicators (Gerlach et al. 2013). In forests, they are particularly important for ecosystem functioning and resilience (Lange et al. 2014;Homburg et al. 2019). For example, beetles serve as prey, seed dispersers, decomposers, predators, and ecosystem engineers (Müller et al. 2008;López-Bedoya et al. 2021). ...
Biodiversity loss is a significant problem at a global scale and may be amplified by climate change. In recent years, coniferous forests have had substantial die-back across Europe due to drought and subsequent bark-beetle outbreaks. As many studies on the consequences of disturbance and subsequent management have focused on natural stands, management implications for managed spruce stands are not well understood, even though such stands are widespread throughout Europe. In this study, beetle taxonomy, conservation value, and community composition are compared among spruce plantations and four post-disturbance management approaches: standing dead-wood, lying deadwood, clear cuts, and long-term succession. Diversity and community composition differed significantly among management categories, while different beetle families responded similarly. Intact spruce stands harbored the lowest beetle diversity while the highest taxonomic diversity and conservation value was on clear cuts and stands with lying or standing deadwood. The proportion of forest specialists was highest in successional forests. In summary, different forest management categories harbored distinct beetle communities at the family-, species-, and ecological guild levels. Therefore, post-disturbance management should consider the landscape scale and include different management types. This enhances landscape heterogeneity and thus overall biodiversity but could also mitigate negative impacts of natural disturbances on ecosystem services.
... In times of global and climate change, a better understanding of species-specific ecological demands is essential for understanding the ongoing species decline (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Thus, in a first step, there is an urgent need to make existing distributed ecological information available in centralized structures to facilitate the ecological analysis of arthropod assemblages. ...
The ARAMOB data repository compiles meticulously curated spider community datasets from systematical collections, ensuring a high standard of data quality. These datasets are enriched with crucial methodological data that enable the datasets to be aligned in time and space, facilitating data synthesis across studies, respectively, collections. To streamline the analysis of these datasets in a species-specific context, a suite of tailored ecological analysis tools named ARAapp has been developed. By harnessing the capabilities of ARAapp, users can systematically evaluate the spider species data housed within the ARAMOB repository, elucidating intricate relationships with a range of parameters such as vertical stratification, habitat occurrence, ecological niche parameters (moisture and shading) and phenological patterns.
Database URL: ARAapp is available at www.aramob.de/en
