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The effects of water-side operating conditions (mass flow rates and
inlet temperatures) of both evaporator and gas cooler on the
experimental as well as simulated performances (cooling and heating
capacities, system coefficient of performance (COP) and water outlet
temperatures) of the transcritical CO2 heat pump for simultaneous water
cooling and...
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Citations
... Redox flow batteries are highly suitable for large-scale energy storage purposes [13,14]. RFB contains electrolytes stored in external tanks away from the cell stacks. ...
Introduction
Renewable energy sources demand is increasing in the world due to their less environmental effect. Solar and wind energy, which requires largescale electrical energy storage, are major contributors to this growth. The iron flow battery is one of the Redox flow battery technologies, which is encouraging for electrical energy storage because of their long lifetime, flexibility to increase storage, and minimum chemical hazard compared to conventional batteries.
Method
In this research, the engineering design and fabrication of a locally made Iron flow battery prototype is described. Then, electrolyte flow simulation was carried out through COMSOL Multiphysics to compare the fluid velocity and pressure profiles in three different flow geometries such as plain, parallel, and serpentine, to select the most compatible flow pattern for the Iron flow battery.
Result
The resulting velocity profiles indicated that plain flow had stagnated points, the parallel flow had uneven velocity distribution, and serpentine flow had a uniform and high-velocity profile. The simulation results of pressure profiles showed the serpentine, parallel, and plain flows had inlet pressures of 34.38 Pa, 10.01 Pa, and 0.254 Pa, respectively.
Conclusion
Given that pumping power is directly proportional to the pressure gradient, the power requirement of electrolyte pumps from highest to lowest is as serpentine flow, parallel flow, and plain flow.
... These nanomaterials have diverse physical and chemical properties [34]. There are four major categories of nanomaterials such as carbon-based nanomaterials, inorganic-based nanomaterials, organic-based nanomaterials, and composite-based nanomaterials [25,36,37]. Nanoscale materials offer unique opportunities for the improvement of our fundamental knowledge and provision of new high-performance technological appliances (photonic devices) that improve our life more concise and subsequently better by releasing human resources from physically demanding laborious tasks [5,38]. ...
... The world is aiming to develop sustainable solutions towards meeting the domestic needs of the energy production and transportation sector, specifically to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment [1]. The European Union has made increasing the use of renewable energy resources a high priority. ...
In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model based on the finite element method (FEM) is developed to determine the fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena in a real multi-tube downhole heat exchanger (DHE), designed ad hoc for the present application, considering natural convection inside a geothermal reservoir. The DHE has been effectively installed and tested on the island of Ischia, in southern Italy, and the measurements have been used to validate the model. In particular, the authors analyze experimentally and numerically the behavior of the DHE based on the outlet temperature of the working fluid, thermal power, overall heat transfer coefficient, and efficiency. Furthermore, the influence of the degree of salinity on the performance of the DHE has been studied, observing that it degrades with the increase in the degree of salinity. The results show that the DHE allows to exchange more than 40 kW with the ground, obtaining overall heat transfer coefficient values larger than 450 W/m2 K. At the degree of salinity of 180 ppt, a decrease in the efficiency of the DHE of more than 8% is observed.
... The most common systems are for ventilation, heating and air conditioning, maintaining a certain (comfortable) indoor temperature, and are simple systems that use standard heat pumps that work in the mode of heating or cooling air [1][2][3]. There are quite a number of works devoted to the study of the performance of such simple heat pump systems [4,5]. More complex schemes have been developed to improve energy efficiency of such systems [6][7][8]. ...
... Figure 5d shows that increasing the carbonization temperature guide to increasing the specific capacitance of the sample to an optimum temperature and then decreasing because this may decrease in the specific surface area directly impact specific capacitance due to high decomposition of material after optimum temperature [34]. These results show that AC-700 • C and NAC-700 • C exhibited the best performance and it is noteworthy, from Table 1 as the L c decreases there is an increase in SSA, so it leads to increase in specific capacitance and porosity [35,36]. ...
Biomass-derived activated carbon is one of the promising electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. In this work bio-waste (oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves) was used as a carbon precursor to synthesize carbon material with ZnCl2 as a chemical activating agent and activated carbon was synthesized at various temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C. The activated carbon at 700 °C showed a surface area of 1027 m2 g−1 and a specific capacitance of 196 F g−1. In order to enhance the performance, activated carbon was doped with nitrogen-rich urea at a temperature of 700 °C. The obtained activated carbon and N-doped activated carbon was characterized by phase and crystal structural using (XRD and Raman), morphological using (SEM), and compositional analysis using (FTIR). The electrochemical measurements of carbon samples were evaluated using an electrochemical instrument and NAC-700 °C exhibited a specific capacitance of 258 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 with a surface area of 1042 m2 g−1. Thus, surface area and functionalizing the groups with nitrogen showed better performance and it can be used as an electrode material for supercapacitor cell applications.
... Examples include light-emitting plants [129], plant-hybrid sensing platforms [40,[119][120][121][122][123][124][125], plantinternal electronic circuits [130,131] and planthybrid robotics (figure 2(n)) [41], as well as living plant-driven energy harvesting [113][114][115] using wind [117,132], rain drops [116], the root/soil microbiome [133][134][135][136], components of plant sap [137][138][139], tissue temperature gradients [140], and potential differences between soil and plants [141] endow great prospects for connecting plants to artificial technology. ...
As miscellaneous as the Plant Kingdom is, correspondingly diverse are the opportunities for taking inspiration from plants for innovations in science and engineering. Especially in robotics, properties like growth, adaptation to environments, ingenious materials, sustainability, and energy-effectiveness of plants provide an extremely rich source of inspiration to develop new technologies - and many of them are still in the beginning of being discovered. In the last decade, researchers have begun to reproduce complex plant functions leading to functionality that goes far beyond conventional robotics and this includes sustainability, resource saving, and eco-friendliness. This perspective drawn by specialists in different related disciplines provides a snapshot from the last decade of research in the field and draws conclusions on the current challenges, unanswered questions on plant functions, plant-inspired robots, bioinspired materials, and plant-hybrid systems looking ahead to the future of these research fields.
... chlorobenzene, chloroform, etc.). [5][6][7][8] Consequently, CNTs have been applied to hydrophilic hole-transporting layer (HTL) to achieve betterperforming OSCs. For instance, CNTs have been widely reported to be utilized in poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a commercially available water-dispersed HTL, to achieve efficient OSCs. ...
THIS LETTER STUDIES THE MECHANISM OF SEMICONDUCTING SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (SC-SWCNTS) ENHANCED POLY(3,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE): POLY(STYRENESULFONATE) (PEDOT:PSS) FOR ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS (OSCS). PEDOT:PSS IS SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED BY SC-SWCNTS AMONG ENERGY LEVEL, HOLE-TRANSPORTING MOBILITY, AND THE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY. OSCs USING ENHANCED PEDOT:PSS BY SC-SWCNTS WITH LARGER DIAMETERS achieve a highest efficiency of 6.63%.
... This leads to nonuniform temperature distribution inside the battery pack. This non-uniform temperature distribution, if not controlled, can cause battery degradation, thermal runaway, and even catastrophic failures [144,145]. To address these issues, the operating temperature of the battery pack should be in the range 15-35 • C [146]. ...
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... It helps in nanocomposite production. [6] Electrospinning Used for nanofibres production from various materials, typically polymers. [7] Sputtering Nanomaterials are produced by the bombardment of high-energy particles such as gas or plasma on the solid surface. ...
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... where C pb is the specific heat capacity, ρ b is the density of battery material, Q gen is the battery heat generation, T is the temperature, and k b is the thermal conductivity. The LIB cell temperature is subject to the amount of heat generation (Q gen ) in (1), which consists of two main sources, electrochemical reaction heat Q r and joule heat Q J [30]. Reaction heat can be calculated as [1]: ...
Battery thermal management system (BTMS) design is crucial for its performance, which can be associated with extra costs and system complexity. Most of the current studies are focused on the BTMS design but with a little focus on the improvement of coolants. In this work, the feasibility of using combustion engine fuel for the LIB thermal management of hybrid electric vehicles is investigated. N-heptane is used as a dielectric hydrocarbon coolant in the introduced system. The thermal performance of the proposed system is investigated numerically using the CFD software ANSYS-Fluent. To benchmark and validate the system performance, a comparative study is made among other common approaches, including the use of air and 3M-Novec 7200. A variety of input parameters are accounted for, including inlet velocities and discharge rates. The results show that air cooling is the least effective method to control the battery module temperature uniformity and the Li-ion battery safety limit. At the same time, n-heptane and 3M-Novec 7200 have shown good control of the module temperature range (20 ℃–40 ℃) at various discharge rates and different inlet velocities. However, using n-heptane is a considerable improvement to the cost of the system and reduction in its weight and maximum temperature, compared to that using 3M-Novec 7200 coolant. For instance, at 0.1 "m∙" "s" ^"-1" , n-heptane has reduced the Li-ion battery maximum temperature at 1C and 2C discharge rates by more than 7.9 ℃ (2.6%) and 17.9 ℃ (5.65%), respectively, compared to those predicted using the same battery module without cooling.
