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Ramichloridium endophyticum (YMFT 1.05584, holotype), (a-b) Cultures (a on PDA, b on OA.); (c) Conidiophores and conidia; (d) Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; (e) Conidiophores and conidia; (f) Conidia; Bars: a-b 1.35 cm, c 50 µm, d-e 10 µm.
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During a survey of endophytic fungi in aquatic plants collected from Tibet, PR China, a novel species, Ramichloridium endophyticum, was isolated from Potamogeton pectinatus. This novel species differs from other species of the genus Ramichloridium by its finely verrucose, obovoid, ellipsoidal-obovoid and occasionally subglobose conidia. Phylogeneti...
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In this study, we investigated two distinct new phylogenetic lineages of root-colonizing dark septate endophytic fungi colonizing wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) roots from a long-term agricultural experimental site in Hungary. According to four-locus (internal transcribed spacer, partial large and small subunit regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and pa...
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... Ramichloridium سبک از زنبدگی های و انببدوفيت سبباپروفيت، گيبباهی، بيمببارگر قبيببل از متنببوعی گلگسن، ( برخوردارند زی Arzanlou et al. 2007, Braun et al. 2009, Li et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2014, Zheng et al. 2020 .) ...
... Each root sample was cut into 2-3 cm segments and thoroughly washed with tap water. The root tissues were disinfected as described in [26] with slight modifications to obtain endophytic fungal strains. Internal tissues of the root samples were excised, cut into 5 mm 2 fragments, surface-sterilized for 5 min with 95% ethanol, 2 min with 2% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed four times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, and plated onto Difco potato dextrose agar (PDA; BD, Sparks, MD, USA) amended with streptomycin sulfate at a concentration of 100 mg l −1 in Petri dishes. ...
... Internal tissues of the root samples were excised, cut into 5 mm 2 fragments, surface-sterilized for 5 min with 95% ethanol, 2 min with 2% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed four times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, and plated onto Difco potato dextrose agar (PDA; BD, Sparks, MD, USA) amended with streptomycin sulfate at a concentration of 100 mg l −1 in Petri dishes. Simultaneously, samples of the last rinse water were directly plated onto PDA to assess the efficacy of the surface sterilization process, and the absence of fungal growth confirmed that the surface disinfection procedure used was effective [26]. When fungi appeared from the tissue segment after incubation at 28 °C in the dark, Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
... An average of 10 randomly selected segments (approximately 5 mm long) of the various root parts were cut from each plant using a sterile scalpel. Root tissues were surface-sterilized for 5 min with 95% ethanol, 2 min with 2% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed four times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, evenly plated PDA amended with streptomycin sulfate at a concentration of 100 mg l −1 , and incubated at 28 °C in the dark [26]. Each plant's root tissues were examined for the presence of growing C. rosea colonies, according to Koch's postulates [5,6,27]. ...
In this study, Clonostachys rosea strain ST1140, a naturally occurring endophyte in healthy roots of a pistachio tree, was identified morphologically and molecularly through DNA sequencing, and its endophytic ability and growth effect in/on three solanaceous plant species were tested. Three different organic substrates (bread wheat-grain, sawdust, and leonardite) were also investigated for their utility in cultivating and multiplying the strain. In-tray and pot experiments, the rates of seed germination and vegetative development of pepper, tomato, and eggplant inoculated with C. rosea at planting were compared to those of non-inoculated controls. In pot experiments, inoculating seedbeds with increasing doses of C. rosea strain ST1140 with wheat-grain substrate resulted in higher plant height values for all plant species, and the strain endophytically colonized the roots of all plant species. In-tray experiments revealed that ST1140 inoculation resulted in 2-4 days earlier and 10% higher germination rates for all plant species, as well as more vigorous and accelerated seedling growth (10-13 days earlier for seedlings at the 4-5 true leaf stage) on all inoculated plant species. Among three different organic substrates, wheat-grain was found to be the most effective for long-term cultivation and multiplication of the fungus, which could be of interest for its development as a commercial product. These results promised the strain ST1140's use as a biofertilizer in seedbeds with a wheat-grain substrate.
... In the laboratory, the fresh plants were washed thoroughly with tap water. To obtain endophytic fungal isolates, the plant tissues were cut into 5 mm 2 fragments and disinfected as described in Zheng et al. with minor modifications [18]. Tissues were soaked for 2 min in an aqueous solution of 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), then for 3 min in 70% ethanol, with sterile water for five times, and finally dry them on sterile filter paper. ...
An unknown endophytic fungus was isolated from the aquatic plant Hippuris vulgaris in Litang county, Sichuan province, China. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from combined ITS, Sod2, Apn2, and TUB2 sequences revealed that the endophyte is a new species belonging to the Colletotrichum graminicola species complex. Morphological characteristics showed that Colletotrichum litangense is characterized by its falcate, lunate to sublunate conidia, and ellipsoidal, ovoid, or lobed appressoria. Pathogenicity tests on several fruits showed that C. litangense could induce anthracnose lesions. As a result of the phylogenetic, morphological, and pathogenicity analyses, we proposed the name Colletotrichum litangense for the new species.
... Two species, Exophiala prototropha (Bulanov and Malama) Haase et al. and Exophiala werneckii (Horta) Arx, are currently not included in this genus, and four variants of Exophiala jeanselmei (Langeron) McGinnis and A.A. Padhye have been shown to represent separate species [15,16]. Southwest China has an enormous fungal diversity [17][18][19][20][21]. In a survey of soil fungal diversity in karst rocky desertification (KRD) in Yunnan province, only one strain belonging to Exophiala was isolated. ...
Exophiala is an important genus, with several species associated with infections in humans and animals. In a survey of soil fungal diversity in Yunnan province, PR China, a novel taxon, Exophiala pseudooligosperma sp. nov., was identified based on combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic features. Morphologically, this species is characterized by having torulose, septate hyphae and swollen, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells arising at acute angles from aerial hyphae. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, the small and large nuclear subunit of the rRNA gene and part of the β-tubulin gene confirmed the phylogenetic position of the new species within the genus Exophiala .
... After 3-5 days, single colonies were isolated into pure culture and grown on potato dextrose agar plates (PDA; 200 g potato, 20 g glucose, 18 g agar, 1 L distilled water). For plant samples, endophytic fungi were isolated by incubating surface-disinfected tissue segments (5 mm diam.) on RBA plates according to the method described by Zheng et al. [37]. These Petri dishes were sealed, incubated at 25 °C, and examined periodically. ...
... In recent years, we have been investigating the fungal diversity in southwest China, including in soils, submerged leaves, and aquatic plants, and described many new taxa [32,35,37,[69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]. In our studies, the endophytic microbiota found in these studies only collected infrequent Trichoderma isolates, which obtained over 2000 isolates but only 28 isolates belong to the genus Trichoderma. ...
During the investigation of endophytic fungi diversity in aquatic plants and the fungal diversity in soil in southwest China, we obtained 208 isolates belonging to Trichoderma, including 28 isolates as endophytes from aquatic plants and 180 isolates as saprobes from soil, respectively. Finally, 23 new species of Trichoderma are recognized by further studies. Their phylogenetic positions are determined by sequence analyses of the combined partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and gene encoding of the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit (rpb2). The results revealed that the 23 new species are distributed in nine known clades. The morphology and culture characteristics are observed, described and illustrated in detail. Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were compared and discussed. These include: Trichoderma achlamydosporum, T. amoenum, T. anaharzianum, T. anisohamatum, T. aquatica, T. asiaticum, T. asymmetricum, T. inaequilaterale, T. inconspicuum, T. insigne, T. obovatum, T. paraviride, T. pluripenicillatum, T. propepolypori, T. pseudoasiaticum, T. pseudoasperelloides, T. scorpioideum, T. simile, T. subazureum, T. subuliforme, T. supraverticillatum, T. tibetica, and T. uncinatum.
... Species of the genus Ramichloridium show various morphological characteristics and lifestyles, such as plant pathogens, commensals, and saprophytes (Kirschner and Piepenbring 2014), but Zheng et al. (2020) reported that R. endophyticum was obtained as an endophyte from an aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton pectinatus. Xie et al. (2016) also reported that a Class 2 endophytes, Ramichloridium cerophilum isolated from the leaf of Sonchus oleraceus, has displayed the ability to improve biomass of Chinese cabbage, a nonmycorrhizal plant. ...
In Indonesia, the cocoa tree is one of the essential cultivation crops for farmers. Despite the importance of cocoa cultivation in Indonesia’s economy, the productivity of this crop has declined. Cocoa black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) is one of the most severe diseases affecting this crop worldwide, with average annual losses above 40%. Instead of using manufactured chemicals, biological control is an effective and eco-friendly alternative control measure against plant pathogens. This work aimed to assess the potential of endophytic fungi isolated from healthy cocoa pods to control Phytophthora palmivora in vitro and in vivo. Endophytic fungal isolates were classified based on the morphological characteristics of their cultures and reproductive structures. All isolates found were tested to inhibit P. palmivora in the dual culture method, and the best 10 isolates were continued for detached pod assay. Then, the best five isolates (Aspergillus4, Aspergillus5, Aspergillus6, Fusarium6, Ramichloridium sp.) were evaluated for their capability to reduce P. palmivora in cocoa seedlings and in the field plants. Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Ramichloridium showed maximum activity against P. palmivora in dual culture, pod, and seedling assays. Nevertheless, when all these five isolates were applied in the field, they did not suppress the disease development. © 2021, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.
... Earlier, three species of this genus were reported from different substances, Staphylotrichum subramanianii Udagawa was isolated from hare dung in southern Chile [9], Staphylotrichum boninense H. Miyazaki and Masuma from soils in the Bonin Islands, Japan [10], and Staphylotrichum indicum N. N. Neeta, K. Swapna and L. K. Mathew from air [11]. Subsequently, combining morphological features and phylogenetic analysis, Wang Southwest PR China has enormous fungal diversity [13][14][15][16][17]. During a survey of fungal diversity in rocky desertification areas in Yunnan Province, PR China, we encountered an unknown fungus which was similar to some species of Staphylotrichum. ...
Staphylotrichum sinense , a new hyphomycete classified in the Chaetomiaceae (Ascomycota), was isolated from soil in Jianshui county, Yunnan Province. It is characterized by globose and ochreous conidia born laterally on aerial hyphae, and micronematous, unbranched and 0–1-septate conidiophores, sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Morphologically, Staphylotrichum sinense is similar to Staphylotrichum boninense , but it can be distinguished by lacking of macronematous conidiophores and having larger conidia. Phylogenetically Staphylotrichum sinense formed a single clade within Staphylotrichum species, and is closely related to Staphylotrichum boninense and Staphylotrichum brevistipitatum .
... cellulase activity (C) were AUMS56 (X=18.9 and C=0.28 U ml -1 ), AUMS60 (X=28. 58 Table 1. ...
Lignocelluloses comprise of celluloses and hemicelluloses which can be effectively depolymerized to obtain fermentable sugars using diverse microbial enzymes, for subsequent conversion to various value-added products. Present study reports the bioprospecting of industrially significant microorganisms and their characterization to attain xylanases with high catalytic efficiency. Four potential xylanolytic fungi were identified through distinct primary and secondary screening process of 294 isolates from samples containing plant degrades. Morphological characterization and multigene analysis (ITS rDNA, 18S rDNA, nLSU rDNA, β-tubulin and actin gene) confirmed them Aspergillus niger AUMS56, Aspergillus tubingensis AUMS60, Aspergillus niger AUMS64 and Aspergillus fumigatus AUKEMS24 and their crude xylanase activities through submerged fermentation using corncob were 18.9, 32.29, 30.68 and 15.82 U ml ⁻¹ , respectively. AUMS60 and AUMS64 have highest catalytic activity of 1429 U g ⁻¹ and 1243 U g ⁻¹ , respectively, all having pH and temperature optima of 6.0 and 60°C respectively, where AUMS60 produced single xylanase (Xyn60; 36 kDa) and AUMS64 secreted 2 probable isozymes (Xyn64A and Xyn64B; 33.4 and 19.8 kDa). Maximum saccharification efficiency of AUMS60 and AUMS64 were 51.1% (13 h) and 52.2% (24 h) showing enhanced catalytic activity with various cations. Present research reports potential xylanases from indigenous fungi, providing opportunity for development of bio-catalysts concoction (novelty established) for enhanced saccharification of complex lignocelluloses finding specific industrial applications for production of value-added components.
... The class Dothideomycetes is one of the most important and diverse classes in the phylum Ascomycota. It comprises pathogenic fungi, aquatic hyphomycetes, fungi with different life cycles and habitats, and also fungi with biotechnological potential (Wijayawardene et al. 2014;Santos et al. 2015;Woudenberg et al. 2015;Zheng et al. 2020b). In recent years, this class has received significant attention, and several papers have highlighted its importance to fungal taxonomy, based on its fungal diversity and on new studies performed to improve the classification of dothideomycetous fungi (Schoch et al. 2009a;Hyde et al. 2013;Wijayawardene et al. 2014). ...
Citation: Qiao M, Zheng H, Lv R, Yu Z (2020) Neodactylariales, Neodactylariaceae (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): new order and family, with a new species from China. MycoKeys 73: 69-85. https://doi. Abstract During a mycological survey of aquatic hyphomycetes on submerged decaying leaves in southwest China, a distinct new fungus was collected. The collection was cultured and sequenced and a BLAST search of its ITS and LSU sequence against data in GenBank revealed a dothideomycetous affiliation, with the closest related taxa in the genus Neodactylaria. Phylogenetic analyses of a multigene matrix containing sequences from four genes (LSU, SSU, rpb2, and tef1), representing broad groups of Dothideomycetes, revealed its placement within Dothideomycetes, but without a supported familial or ordinal affiliation. Based on further phylogenetic analyses and morphological investigations, the new fungus is described here as a new species of Neodactylaria, N. simaoensis sp. nov., and placed in a new family Neodactylariaceae fam. nov. and a new order Neodactylariales ord. nov.
Colletotrichum species are plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes in many economically important hosts. Many studies have investigated the diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species in common ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables. However, Colletotrichum species occurring in aquatic plants are not well known. During the investigation of the diversity of endophytic fungi in aquatic plants in southwest China, 66 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from aquatic plants there, and 26 of them were selected for sequencing and analyses of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and β-tubulin (TUB2) genomic regions. Based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, 13 Colletotrichum species were recognized, namely, C. baiyuense sp. nov., C. casaense sp. nov., C. demersi sp. nov., C. dianense sp. nov., C. fructicola, C. garzense sp. nov., C. jiangxiense, C. karstii, C. philoxeroidis sp. nov., C. spicati sp. nov., C. tengchongense sp. nov., C. vulgaris sp. nov., C. wuxuhaiense sp. nov. Two species complexes, the C. boninense species complex and C. gloeosporioides species complex, were found to be associated with aquatic plants. Pathogenicity tests revealed a broad diversity in pathogenicity and aggressiveness among the eight new Colletotrichum species.
