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This paper presents an analytical approach to study the techno-economic sustainability of hybrid ESS (HESS) for grid ancillary services. As an example, Li-ion battery and supercapacitor (SC) based HESS is considered for the recently developed enhance frequency response (EFR) service to improve the UK grid stability. The design objective is to optim...
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Citations
... In a grid services study, ref. [39] introduces a hybrid BESS/Supercapacitor system for providing a frequency response service. It concentrates on optimisation of the capacity of the two units to extend battery lifetime and economic benefits. ...
Frequency response services are one of the key components used by major electrical networks worldwide, acting to help control the frequency within set boundaries. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are commonly deployed for this purpose; however, their potential is limited by susceptibility to cycle-based degradation and widely reported safety incidents. Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESSs) do not share these weaknesses and hence could be a potential candidate for longer-term participation in frequency response markets. This study presents the most in-depth and wide-ranging techno-economic analysis of the feasibility of FESSs for frequency response to date. Standalone FESSs are shown to be economically viable across a range of different specifications, achieving a positive Net Present Value (NPV) under varying economic conditions. At a capital cost of 500 GBP/kW with a discount rate of 4%, a 5C FESS can achieve an NPV of GBP 38,586 as a standalone unit. The complex trade-offs when considering hybridising FESSs and BESSs for this application are also investigated in-depth for the first time, again showing positive changes to NPV under various scenarios. Conversely, under some conditions, hybridisation can have a significant negative impact, showcasing the optimisation needed when considering hybrid systems. The impact of introducing a hybrid BESS varies from a low of decreasing the NPV of the system by GBP 97,955 to a high of increasing the NPV by GBP 119,621 depending on the configuration chosen. This comprehensive work provides the foundations for future research into FESS deployment for frequency response services and shows for the first time the circumstances under which deployment for this application would be both technically and economically viable.
... In the literature, the economic and technical analysis of HES consists of different RES either as stand-alone (SA) systems or grid-connected (GC) systems at different locations over the world is studied. For instance, a HES consists of PV/battery/FC in east Malaysia [10], PV/battery/grid/DG in Pakistan [11], PV/WT/FC/battery in Iran [12], PV/WT/FC/electrolyzer (EL) and hydrogen tank (HT) in Italy [13], PV hybrid with different RESs in South Africa [14], PV/wind/diesel/battery either as SA or GC system for five various climatic regions in Bangladesh [15], Grid/PV/diesel/battery for educational building in Nigeria [16], Grid/supercapacitor/battery in UK [17], PV/FC/HT in Spain [18], among others. At the national level, few studies have been conducted in the western [19], southern [20], and central regions [21] of KSA. ...
... EAC " n ř t"1 costptq p1`rq t´c ost 0 cost(t): expected cost in year t cost 0 : initial investment r: discount rate. [326,329,[352][353][354][355][356][357][358] 1 Specific studies, research papers, or publications that have utilized the mentioned financial metrics in the evaluation of battery energy storage systems projects. ...
Renewable energy penetration and distributed generation are key for the transition towards more sustainable societies, but they impose a substantial challenge in terms of matching generation with demand due to the intermittent and unpredictable nature of some of these renewable energy sources. Thus, the role of energy storage in today’s and future electricity markets is undisputed. Batteries stand out among the different alternatives for energy storage. The R&D effort into different battery chemistries contributes to reducing the investment associated with battery systems. However, optimizing their operation according to the users’ and the electricity markets’ needs is the turning point to finally make these systems attractive. This review delves into the topic of battery management systems from a battery-technology-independent perspective, and it also explores more fundamental but related aspects, such as battery modeling or state estimation. The techno-economic part of battery energy storage systems is also covered in this document to understand their real potential and viability.
... The ageing effects of the components may affect utilization of the hydrogen fuel consumption negatively; accordingly, ageing models are incorporated into the strategy. In addition to combining a supercapacitor with a fuel cell, such combination with secondary batteries, in particular lithium-ion batteries, may help to improve the overall performance of the complete system and to slow down ageing [190,191]. ...
The most prominent and highly visible advantage attributed to supercapacitors of any type and application, beyond their most notable feature of high current capability, is their high stability in terms of lifetime, number of possible charge/discharge cycles or other stability-related properties. Unfortunately, actual devices show more or less pronounced deterioration of performance parameters during time and use. Causes for this in the material and component levels, as well as on the device level, have only been addressed and discussed infrequently in published reports. The present review attempts a complete coverage on these levels; it adds in modelling approaches and provides suggestions for slowing down ag(e)ing and degradation.
... As of 2018, onshore wind power capacity reached 2085 (MW), or 52% of the country's total RE capacity. techno-economic trade-off between the investment cost and the benefits of grid and battery lifespan is required (Bahloul & Khadem, 2020). Regarding demonstrating system economic viability, the authors (Bahloul & Khadem, 2020) dealt with HESSs that support the AC grid by utilizing a techno-economic evaluation to improve frequency response and grid supply stability. ...
... Indeed, ES can reduce the investment needed in upgrading the network to be able to cope with the significant peaks and troughs in the flow of electricity [2], [3], [16]. As well as benefits to the network, the successful development of commercial ES can accelerate the shift to a low carbon economy [17]. Moreover, in VPP, the ES solution can help the owners of renewable energy systems (RES) capture the value of flexibility [18], increase the value of assets through the markets, reduce the financial risk through aggregation, and improve the ability to negotiate commercial conditions. ...
... 2) Battery ES Constraints: Thei th battery charging and discharging powers (respectively P C− Bi,k and P D− Bi,k ) can be described by (4) and (5): are respectively the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery bidirectional AC/DC inverter. Due to the technical specifications of the battery and in order to minimise the losses of the power conversion system, P C− Bi,k and P D− Bi,k should be bounded by specific values as [9], [17]: ...
Towards the development and demonstration of an innovative business model where the value proposition for consumers/prosumers, aggregators and network operators are well maintained, this study assesses the performance of different aggregation control strategies for a distributed energy storage based residential virtual power plant (VPP). A special focus is given on the social welfare and network strength and their relation to energy storage capacity and power budgets allocation. The study is based on a real-life demonstration project, StoreNet where the basic self-consumption (SB-SC) control strategy has already been deployed. Analysing one-year measured data, it is observed that the implemented SB-SC approach allows 16%−19% electricity cost-saving, whereas the proposed VPP-bill minimisation approach can benefit from 37%−42% cost saving. This is also 7%−8% higher than the single home bill minimisation approach where the community does not participate in the VPP model. In contrast, the peak shaving approach is more favourable for the network operator. It reduces the load peak by 46.5%−64.7% and also drastically reduces the benefits for the customers and aggregator. Based on these studies and learning, some recommendations are made addressing the integration aspect of residential VPP and the future development of this concept for the local and wholesale energy markets.
... [14]. The SIC parameters such as droop, damping, and the inverter time constant impact on the system frequency response performance, are observed in [15], [16]. It is concluded that hard bounds on the SIC parameters result in delayed response to reach a steady-state condition. ...
... The parameters of the microgrid are provided in Table 5. Optimal parameters of the PID controller are evaluated from the Eqs. (15) and (16) using PSO as given in Table 6. The dynamic model of the hybrid microgrid with a SIC unit is modeled, and the coefficients of the SIC unit are obtained to minimize the frequency deviation and RoCoF according to Eqs. (17)- (23). ...
Bulk integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into the power grids reduces the system’s inherent inertial response.The reduced inertial response causes a high Rate-of-Change-of-Frequency
(RoCoF) and poses formidable operational challenges for the grid frequency stability. Interconnections
around the world comprehend the role and value of the Synthetic Inertia Control (SIC), which is considered
as a subset of the Fast Frequency Response (FFR) and as one of the potential solutions to arrest high
RoCoF in low-inertia power systems. This paper proposes an intelligent SIC model with an adaptive Fuzzy
Logic Controller for a low-inertia microgrid. The proposed Fuzzy-SIC (FSIC) design optimizes the DER
output to fulfill the FFR requirements of the system for various operating conditions. The particle swarm
optimization algorithm is applied to tune the SIC unit parameters along with the secondary Proportional-Integral-Derivative control. The proposed approach is examined in a control area with distinct degrees
of DERs and load. Case studies and numerical results demonstrate about 87% improvement in RoCoF
and frequency nadir in comparison to the system without a synthetic inertia emulation. Furthermore, the
robustness of the proposed approach is evaluated using various case studies and a time-domain analysis is
conducted to demonstrate the impact of incremental SIC parameters on the system parameters.
... However, the research on economic benefit evaluation of energy storage in power system generation-transmission-distribution-use lacks reasonable and complete economic benefit evaluation under different scenarios [16,17]. In order to fill the gap in this aspect of energy storage research, this paper first puts forward typical application scenarios from the application value of energy storage on the user side, power grid side and power generation side, then establishes the economic benefit evaluation model of energy storage based on the application scenario, and finally evaluates the economic benefit of the energy storage system under each scenario with actual cases. ...
Energy storage system is an important means to improve the flexibility and safety of traditional power system, but it has the problem of high cost and unclear value recovery path. In this paper, the typical application scenarios of energy storage system are summarized and analyzed from the perspectives of user side, power grid side and power generation side. Based on the typical application scenarios, the economic benefit assessment framework of energy storage system including value, time and efficiency indicators is proposed. Typical battery energy storage projects are selected for economic benefit calculation according to different scenarios, and key factors are selected for sensitivity analysis. Finally, the key factors affecting economic benefit of the energy storage system are analyzed.
... Despite the popularity of ESS deployment for stationary applications and the technological development and maturity of certain storage technology, the economic aspect and market uptake are still requiring further investigation due to the scarcity of reliable economic and financial analysis [17,18,10]. The decision of the deployment of a specific type of storage system for a particular application depends not only on the technology but also on its economic feasibility. ...
... In Figure. 1) to assess the design and the technical system's requirement, and perform accordingly a reliable economic analysis. Compared to the related recent works in the literature [8,9,16,17], this study is unique, it provides a holistic analysis of the ESS potential to provide DS3 volume capped services in the Irish market. It combines both a detailed technical analysis as well an in-depth economic study. ...
... The optimal sizing for ESS providing certain stationary applications is discussed in [27,28]. In the same context, a statistical design method was presented in [29,17] and the impact of ESS sizing on economic performance for enhanced frequency response services in UK grid network was investigated. ...
This paper presents a bottom-up approach for techno-economic analysis of a Li-ion battery based Energy Storage System (BESS) to provide grid ancillary services under the “Delivering a Secure, Sustainable Electricity System” (DS3) programme in the Irish market. There are two types of service procurement mechanisms that exist in the DS3 programme: volume capped and volume uncapped. A design methodology of the storage system is investigated to optimise the installed capacity and minimize the initial cost for volume capped DS3 services. Based on the real-life project assessment, three different cost models are considered to evaluate different investment indices. The goal is to assess the economic performance of BESS for different contracted capacity systems under the different operating and financial conditions. Extensive simulation and sensitivity analysis based on the Monte Carlo method have been carried out to compare the cost model outputs. The findings are expected to give a clear idea to the investors and decision-makers about the Irish DS3 ancillary service market and clarify specific concerns on the economic feasibility of BESS for DS3 services. Moreover, it discusses the risks and opportunities related to the high volatility of the system component costs.
... In the economic evaluation of such systems, the component costs were calculated annually, using the EAC criterion, presented in 17 studies of the sample. This criterion consisted of annualizing the NPC and obtaining a uniform series of annual values, as can be represented by Equation (6) [25,33,76,100]: ...
... According to Rodway et al. [124], fluctuations in energy sources, especially renewable ones, are known to have a significant impact on energy systems. This fact may represent an issue to be solved when considering the use of RES associated with high variability and low predictability, which is the case of PV and wind energy [52,67,100]. Moreover, the non-constant power flow can cause major problems in power quality, including harmonics, imbalances, and distortions. ...
Sources such as solar and wind energy are intermittent, and this is seen as a barrier to their wide utilization. The increasing grid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources generation significantly changes the scenario of distribution grid operations. Such operational challenges are minimized by the incorporation of the energy storage system, which plays an important role in improving the stability and the reliability of the grid. This study provides the review of the state-of-the-art in the literature on the economic analysis of battery energy storage systems. The paper makes evident the growing interest of batteries as energy storage systems to improve techno-economic viability of renewable energy systems; provides a comprehensive overview of key methodological possibilities for researchers interested in economic analysis of battery energy storage systems; indicates the need to use adequate economic indicators for investment decisions; and identifies key research topics of the analyzed literature: (i) photovoltaic systems with battery energy storage systems for residential areas, (ii) comparison between energy storage technologies, (iii) power quality improvement. The last key contribution is the proposed research agenda.
