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This book consists of the following articles: Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally, Andhra Pradesh, India (Hughes, M.; Donald, C.; Wani, S.P.; Sreedevi, T.K.; Sailaja, K.); Lateri Watershed, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India (Rao, P.V.S.; Pande, A.B.; Joshi, P.K.; Wani, S.P.; Pathak, P.); Ringnodia Watershed, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India (Saraf, G.P.; Sharm...
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... Based on the increased fodder availability and also milk demand, this activity was prioritized for women farmers' income addition in the watershed. The baseline survey had indicated that there was no marketable surplus for milk in the village in 1998-1999 as milk production in the village was only around 250 l per day which was consumed locally Wani and Shiferaw 2005). Livestock is one of the most important sources of income for the families in dryland areas. ...
Despite the fact that women are the world’s principal food producers and providers, they have long been deprived of their due share and identity. Kothapally is one of the initial watershed projects that demonstrated on ground that a holistic development model not only conserves natural resources for sustainable productivity and income improvement but also harnesses the synergies to tailor the benefits in mainstreaming women farmers. This has showcased the model to focus on selective activities that directly benefit women. Some important activities that increase incomes of women revolve around interventions like milk production, kitchen gardens, composting, value addition, non-farm livelihoods through capacity building, collectivization and market linkages.
... For scaling-out same technology in farmers' field, ICRISAT consortium with national partners, local NGOs, and farmers started watershed development program in Kothapally village of Musi sub-basin in 1999 ( Figure 1). The Kothapally watershed was facing severe water scarcity; crop yields were low and 80% area was under single cropping till 1998 (Wani and Shiferaw 2005). Groundwater table was poor and several wells were drying-up soon after the monsoon period. ...
Agricultural water management (AWM) is the adaptation strategy for increasing agricultural production through enhancing water resources availability while maintaining ecosystem services. This study characterizes groundwater hydrology in the Kothapally agricultural watershed, in hard rock Deccan plateau area in India and assesses the impact of AWM interventions on groundwater recharge using a calibrated and validated hydrological model, SWAT, in combination with observed water table data in 62 geo-referenced open wells. Kothapally receives, on average, 750 mm rainfall (nearly 90% of annual rainfall) during the monsoon season (June to October). Water balance showed that 72% of total rainfall was converted as evapotranspiration (ET), 16% was stored in aquifer, and 8% exported as runoff from the watershed boundary with AWM interventions. Nearly 60% of the runoff harvested by AWM interventions recharged shallow aquifers and rest of the 40% increased ET. Water harvesting structures (WHS) contributed 2.5 m additional head in open wells, whereas hydraulic head under natural condition was 3.5 m, resulting in total 6 m rise in water table during the monsoon. At the field scale, WHSs recharged open wells at a 200 to 400 m spatial scale.
... For scaling-out same technology in farmers' field, ICRISAT consortium with national partners, local NGOs, and farmers started watershed development program in Kothapally village of Musi sub-basin in 1999 ( Figure 1). The Kothapally watershed was facing severe water scarcity; crop yields were low and 80% area was under single cropping till 1998 (Wani and Shiferaw 2005). Groundwater table was poor and several wells were drying-up soon after the monsoon period. ...
Agricultural water management (AWM) is the adaptation strategy for increasing agricultural production through enhancing water resources availability while maintaining ecosystem services. This study characterizes groundwater hydrology in the Kothapally agricultural watershed, in hard rock Deccan plateau area in India and assesses the impact of AWM interventions on groundwater recharge using a calibrated and validated hydrological model, SWAT, in combination with observed water table data in 62 geo-referenced open wells. Kothapally receives, on average, 750 mm rainfall (nearly 90% of annual rainfall) during the monsoon season (June to October). Water balance showed that 72% of total rainfall was converted as evapotranspiration (ET), 16% was stored in aquifer, and 8% exported as runoff from the watershed boundary with AWM interventions. Nearly 60% of the runoff harvested by AWM interventions recharged shallow aquifers and rest of the 40% increased ET. Water harvesting structures (WHS) contributed 2.5 m additional head in open wells, whereas hydraulic head under natural condition was 3.5 m, resulting in total 6 m rise in water table during the monsoon. At the field scale, WHSs recharged open wells at a 200 to 400 m spatial scale.
... A large variety of different sources has been tabbed in order to meet the data requirements as listed in table 4.1. As mentioned before, some data was provided and some was taken from published work on the study site such as (Garg et al. 2011, Pathak et al. 2002, Sreedevi et al. 2004, Wani et al. 2003, Wani & Shiferaw 2005. As indicated in table 4.1 some distributed variables can be set to constant values for simplicity reasons. ...
... Kothapally village situated on the Southern boundary of the Kothapally watershed as described inGarg et al. (2011) is located at 17°22'30" North latitude and 78°7'8" East longitude (seefigure 5.1). The village belongs to Shankarpally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, India(Wani & Shiferaw 2005). It lies about 40 km West of the center of Hyderabad and about 20 km Southwest of the ICRISAT headquarters in Patancheru.The area given by the political boundary of the village and mostly considered in previous studies(Pathak et al. 2002, Sreedevi et al. 2004, Wani & Shiferaw 2005 is 465 ha. ...
... The village belongs to Shankarpally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, India(Wani & Shiferaw 2005). It lies about 40 km West of the center of Hyderabad and about 20 km Southwest of the ICRISAT headquarters in Patancheru.The area given by the political boundary of the village and mostly considered in previous studies(Pathak et al. 2002, Sreedevi et al. 2004, Wani & Shiferaw 2005 is 465 ha. ...
It is becoming increasingly apparent that Watershed Development (WSD) programs, aimed at enhancing water and soil conservation, do not always have the intended hydrological impacts. To assess the performance and suitability of such programs, new approaches are needed. The goal of this research study is to develop and test a hydrological model approach to assess Watershed (WS) interventions based on simple balance principles, coupling surface and groundwater processes applicable at any scale. The model was specifically constructed for this research. It incorporates the possibility of capturing effects of land use change, WS interventions as well as climate change. A spatial discretization using uniform grids of any size and a monthly temporal resolution for the main calculations were chosen. Four cell types including vegetated, retention and recharge, drainage and impervious cells are differentiated. For each cell type the water balance is assessed calculating the inherently different flow and storage components. The model was implemented in Matlab and then applied to the small-scale research/model WS at Kothapally, Andhra Pradesh, India. The surface/sub-surface module was compared to available SWAT simulation data, whereas the groundwater module of the model was tested against PMWIN simulations as well as measured Groundwater Table (GWT) readings. The given flow components of the SWAT simulations could be reproduced well by the model developed for this study, both in an uncalibrated and a calibrated state. All simulations produced very high goodness of fit values. The good performance achieved is even underlined by the fact that considerable uncertainties about the used assumption of the SWAT model existed. The results from the groundwater module agree well with those from the corresponding PMWIN simulations (which for this purpose has been taken as a benchmark). The simulated GWTs capture much of the dynamic process of the observed GWT data but the goodness of fit is considered unsatisfactory. Different reasons have been proposed. Deviations are likely due to the inappropriate simulation of the aquifer as a single layered system together with a possible overestimation of calculated recharge. Further work is recommended to more clearly reveal the reasons and improve the fit between observed and modeled data. It is concluded that the chosen approach might form a base from where the model can be improved to a state where it could play a valuable and integral part in assessments of WSD interventions in order to ensure the success of present and future WSD programs improving the livelihood of the rural poor in India's rainfed areas and elsewhere.
Adarsha watershed is a successful scientific narrative of sustainable integrated watershed programme conceptualized by ICRISAT team for efficient management of natural resources. Creating a proof of concept and a learning site for extension agents, NGOs, the national agricultural research system, policy makers and farmers was one of the main objectives of ICRISAT team when the institute started its work in the Adarsha watershed in Kothapally village, Ranga Reddy district, Telangana, India, in 1999. Water harvesting structures, 14 check dams, 97 gully control structures of loose stones, 1 gabion structure and others together have created a net storage capacity of 21,000 m³ which harvested nearly 70,000 m³ runoff water per year and have brought an additional area of 55 ha into irrigation by improving the groundwater table from 2.5 to 6.0 m. With improved technologies, farmers obtained high maize yields (28%) than the base year. Cotton has observed major yield gain (387%), major because of both technological change (Bt cotton) and assured water availability. Pigeon pea has recorded an increased productivity over the timeline (61%). Watershed has contributed to improve resilience of agricultural income despite the high incidence of drought in the watershed in 2002. Whilst drought-induced shocks reduced the average share of crop income in the non-watershed area from 44% to 12%, this share remained unchanged at about 36% in the watershed area. Livestock sector also contributed significantly to the total household income in watershed villages even during drought situations. Reduction in marginal cost due to supply shift has improved the cost-benefit ratio across the crops and ranged from 1.72 in cotton to 4.1 in pigeon pea. The BCR is worked out to be more than 2 and IRR 31%, implying that the returns to public investment such as watershed development activities were feasible and economically remunerative. The NPV worked out to be Rs. 141 lakh INR for the entire watershed. The total treated area in the watershed was around 465 ha, and the NPV per ha worked out to be Rs. 30,000 INR which implied that the benefits from watershed development were higher than the cost of investment of the watershed development programs. The study revealed that the watershed development has the potential for poverty reduction by generating impressive returns on investment even during drought year. The new generation watershed intervention emphasizes achieving the food and income security of farmers while maintaining the integrity of the eco-hydrology and other natural systems in the watershed.
Asia emerges as the hot spot for poverty, malnutrition and also for severe land degradation in the world. In India, the situation is similar as out of 852 million poor 221million are in India and 108.6 Mha are degraded. There is an urgent need to break the unholy nexus between drought, land degradation and poverty using community watersheds to manage the natural resources such as water and land sustainably for improving livelihoods. Watershed approach is adopted by .Government of India as a growth engine for development of rainfed areas. Although these programmes are silently revolutionalizing the drylands all is not well. There is need to address the issues of gender, equity to enhance participation and associated impact and sustainability of these programmes. Three selected watershed case studies in India were analyzed to study the impacts, the approaches adopted and most importantly gender analysis for identifying the strategies to harness the gender power for enhancing the collective action.
