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Radiation pattern of circularly polarized Micro strip antenna. III. COMPARISION OF TECHNIQUES THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES ARE ABBREVIATED AS UNDER: 1. Circular polarization technique. 2. Cavity etching and silicon micromachining technique. 3. Rotational motion of antenna technique. 4. Ultra wide band angled dipole antenna technique. 5. Wideband U slot micro strip antenna technique. 6. Variation of the operating frequency technique. 7. Dual band access point antenna technique. Integrating the wideband and narrowband antenna with the variation of operating frequency among the above mentioned techniques the wideband phased array antenna provides the of best scanning range. The ultra wideband antenna fabricated on silicon with cavity etching provides the highest efficiency among all the different techniques used for the improvement of antenna parameters. Further it provides an improvement in the overall gain of the antenna by 6 to 8 db. Further wideband U slot micro strip antenna provides the broadening of the antenna bandwidth and the overall improvement in the directivity of the antenna. Ultra band dipole antenna and circularly polarized antenna provides the best Omni directional radiation pattern. Also the techniques such as angled dipole and vertical copper plates on ground plane are used for the further improvement of the radiation pattern of the antenna. Also the antenna operated in the dual TEM mode is used for ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications. The circularly polarized microstrip antennas are the one providing the highest
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Various papers on different configurations of wideband and narrow band antenna have been studied and thereby the different antenna parameters have been verified.
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The use of photonic band gap (PBG) substrates with noncylindrical holes in microstrip antennas is little reported in the literature. In this article, a 3D printer was used to produce two PBG antennas in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) substrate: one with cylindrical holes and the other with quadratic prism holes, both with the same volume in the holes and in the total composition. The proposed PBG antenna with quadratic prism holes maintains the same resonance frequency of antenna with cylindrical holes, that is, 2.64 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna greatly reduces the project time in the simulation phase, which is very onerous in conventional PBG antennas. The PBG antennas improved the distribution of surface current and increased the gain in relation to the antenna without PBG. Thus, the obtained results were as follows: the gain and efficiency of radiation were 3.75 dB and 55% for the antenna without PBG, 4.5 dB and 60% for the antenna with cylindrical holes, and 5 dB and 62% for the antenna with quadratic holes. All antennas maintained an approximate bandwidth of 3%. These antennas were built, simulated, and measured. A schematic of the build structures, return loss, Smith's chart, radiation diagrams, and computational simulation time was analyzed throughout this article.
