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RSM plots and contour plots depicting effects of interaction between temperature, extraction time and solvent on TPC level. A, B: ethanol interaction with temperature; C, D: solvent interaction with solvent and extraction time; E, F: temperature interaction with extraction time
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Purpose: To employ response surface methodology (RSM) hinged on a central composite design (CCD) for the optimization of the extraction of polyphenols from Sorghum moench (Sorghum M). Methods: The combined influence of independent variables were assessed with RSM. Total phenolic content (TPC) determination was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu meth...
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... results indicate that the model cannot explain total variance. Figure 1 shows contour plot response surfaces of TPC. A significant influence was produced on maximization of TPC extract by the two-factor interaction between temperature and solvent concentration (AB, p < 0.05). ...
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... significant influence was produced on maximization of TPC extract by the two-factor interaction between temperature and solvent concentration (AB, p < 0.05). From the results, it is clear that 50-70% (v/v) ethanol and temperatures above 45 • C yielded high extracts of TPC (Figures 1A and 1B). ...
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... the interaction between solvent concentration and extraction time (AC) had significant effect (p < 0.05) on TPC extraction. Moreover, ethanol concentrations within the range 50 -70 % (v/v), and extraction times above 2.5 h resulted in higher TPC yields ( Figures 1C and 1D). However, no significant effect was produced on the extraction of TPC by the interaction between extraction temperature and extraction time (BC, p > 0.05). ...
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... four models shown in Table 2 were obtained by using DDPH radical scavenging ability, TPCs, catechin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid as response variables in RSM, while the fitted TPC model parameters are presented in Table 3. Statistical significance (p< 0.05) was seen in A, B and C (lines variables), and in A 2 ,B 2 and C 2 (quadratic variables), which indicated polyphenol extractability was strongly influenced by these factors. Two of the two-variable interactions AB and AC had significant influences (p <0.05) affected extraction yield, but BC interaction did not produce any significant influence (p >0.05). These are reflected in the regression equation: (B variables with negative coefficients depict decreased response, while increase in response was due to positive coefficients of the variables A and C). Table 4 depicts results of fitting models for DPPH radical scavenging activity. F-test and p value were used to assess the model significance. The p value was 0.0883, which suggests adequacy of the model for use as a predictor within the range of experimental variables. Table 5 shows the design matrix and results of ANOVA, fitness and adequacy of the models for ferulic acid content. The determination coefficient (R 2 ) obtained from variance of quadratic regression model was 0.6952. This demonstrates the inadequacy of the model for explaining total variance. In addition, the adjusted R 2 value was 0.4209 which also showed that the model lacked significance. The model was also inadequate for making predictions over the range of variables used in the experiment. The values of the regression coefficients (Table 5) indicate that C 2 was significantly different (p< 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between AB, AC and BC. Table 6 shows that the multiple correlation coefficient (r) and determination coefficient (R 2 ) were not satisfactory to describe p-coumaric acid. The value of R 2 from the quadratic regression model was 0.4397, suggesting that the model cannot explain the total variance. Table 7, the quadratic models lacked significance and fit (p>0.05) with respect to catechin. In addition, the regression model produced R 2 value of 0.5489. These results indicate that the model cannot explain total variance. Figure 1 shows contour plot response surfaces of TPC. A significant influence was produced on maximization of TPC extract by the two-factor interaction between temperature and solvent concentration (AB, p < 0.05). From the results, it is clear that 50-70% (v/v) ethanol and temperatures above 45 • C yielded high extracts of TPC (Figures 1A and ...
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... four models shown in Table 2 were obtained by using DDPH radical scavenging ability, TPCs, catechin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid as response variables in RSM, while the fitted TPC model parameters are presented in Table 3. Statistical significance (p< 0.05) was seen in A, B and C (lines variables), and in A 2 ,B 2 and C 2 (quadratic variables), which indicated polyphenol extractability was strongly influenced by these factors. Two of the two-variable interactions AB and AC had significant influences (p <0.05) affected extraction yield, but BC interaction did not produce any significant influence (p >0.05). These are reflected in the regression equation: (B variables with negative coefficients depict decreased response, while increase in response was due to positive coefficients of the variables A and C). Table 4 depicts results of fitting models for DPPH radical scavenging activity. F-test and p value were used to assess the model significance. The p value was 0.0883, which suggests adequacy of the model for use as a predictor within the range of experimental variables. Table 5 shows the design matrix and results of ANOVA, fitness and adequacy of the models for ferulic acid content. The determination coefficient (R 2 ) obtained from variance of quadratic regression model was 0.6952. This demonstrates the inadequacy of the model for explaining total variance. In addition, the adjusted R 2 value was 0.4209 which also showed that the model lacked significance. The model was also inadequate for making predictions over the range of variables used in the experiment. The values of the regression coefficients (Table 5) indicate that C 2 was significantly different (p< 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between AB, AC and BC. Table 6 shows that the multiple correlation coefficient (r) and determination coefficient (R 2 ) were not satisfactory to describe p-coumaric acid. The value of R 2 from the quadratic regression model was 0.4397, suggesting that the model cannot explain the total variance. Table 7, the quadratic models lacked significance and fit (p>0.05) with respect to catechin. In addition, the regression model produced R 2 value of 0.5489. These results indicate that the model cannot explain total variance. Figure 1 shows contour plot response surfaces of TPC. A significant influence was produced on maximization of TPC extract by the two-factor interaction between temperature and solvent concentration (AB, p < 0.05). From the results, it is clear that 50-70% (v/v) ethanol and temperatures above 45 • C yielded high extracts of TPC (Figures 1A and ...
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... the interaction between solvent concentration and extraction time (AC) had significant effect (p < 0.05) on TPC extraction. Moreover, ethanol concentrations within the range 50 -70 % (v/v), and extraction times above 2.5 h resulted in higher TPC yields ( Figures 1C and 1D). However, no significant effect was produced on the extraction of TPC by the interaction between extraction temperature and extraction time (BC, p > 0.05). ...
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... four models shown in Table 2 were obtained by using DDPH radical scavenging ability, TPCs, catechin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid as response variables in RSM, while the fitted TPC model parameters are presented in Table 3. Statistical significance (p< 0.05) was seen in A, B and C (lines variables), and in A 2 ,B 2 and C 2 (quadratic variables), which indicated polyphenol extractability was strongly influenced by these factors. Two of the two-variable interactions AB and AC had significant influences (p <0.05) affected extraction yield, but BC interaction did not produce any significant influence (p >0.05). These are reflected in the regression equation: (B variables with negative coefficients depict decreased response, while increase in response was due to positive coefficients of the variables A and C). Table 4 depicts results of fitting models for DPPH radical scavenging activity. F-test and p value were used to assess the model significance. The p value was 0.0883, which suggests adequacy of the model for use as a predictor within the range of experimental variables. Table 5 shows the design matrix and results of ANOVA, fitness and adequacy of the models for ferulic acid content. The determination coefficient (R 2 ) obtained from variance of quadratic regression model was 0.6952. This demonstrates the inadequacy of the model for explaining total variance. In addition, the adjusted R 2 value was 0.4209 which also showed that the model lacked significance. The model was also inadequate for making predictions over the range of variables used in the experiment. The values of the regression coefficients (Table 5) indicate that C 2 was significantly different (p< 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between AB, AC and BC. Table 6 shows that the multiple correlation coefficient (r) and determination coefficient (R 2 ) were not satisfactory to describe p-coumaric acid. The value of R 2 from the quadratic regression model was 0.4397, suggesting that the model cannot explain the total variance. Table 7, the quadratic models lacked significance and fit (p>0.05) with respect to catechin. In addition, the regression model produced R 2 value of 0.5489. These results indicate that the model cannot explain total variance. Figure 1 shows contour plot response surfaces of TPC. A significant influence was produced on maximization of TPC extract by the two-factor interaction between temperature and solvent concentration (AB, p < 0.05). From the results, it is clear that 50-70% (v/v) ethanol and temperatures above 45 • C yielded high extracts of TPC (Figures 1A and ...
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... four models shown in Table 2 were obtained by using DDPH radical scavenging ability, TPCs, catechin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid as response variables in RSM, while the fitted TPC model parameters are presented in Table 3. Statistical significance (p< 0.05) was seen in A, B and C (lines variables), and in A 2 ,B 2 and C 2 (quadratic variables), which indicated polyphenol extractability was strongly influenced by these factors. Two of the two-variable interactions AB and AC had significant influences (p <0.05) affected extraction yield, but BC interaction did not produce any significant influence (p >0.05). These are reflected in the regression equation: (B variables with negative coefficients depict decreased response, while increase in response was due to positive coefficients of the variables A and C). Table 4 depicts results of fitting models for DPPH radical scavenging activity. F-test and p value were used to assess the model significance. The p value was 0.0883, which suggests adequacy of the model for use as a predictor within the range of experimental variables. Table 5 shows the design matrix and results of ANOVA, fitness and adequacy of the models for ferulic acid content. The determination coefficient (R 2 ) obtained from variance of quadratic regression model was 0.6952. This demonstrates the inadequacy of the model for explaining total variance. In addition, the adjusted R 2 value was 0.4209 which also showed that the model lacked significance. The model was also inadequate for making predictions over the range of variables used in the experiment. The values of the regression coefficients (Table 5) indicate that C 2 was significantly different (p< 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between AB, AC and BC. Table 6 shows that the multiple correlation coefficient (r) and determination coefficient (R 2 ) were not satisfactory to describe p-coumaric acid. The value of R 2 from the quadratic regression model was 0.4397, suggesting that the model cannot explain the total variance. Table 7, the quadratic models lacked significance and fit (p>0.05) with respect to catechin. In addition, the regression model produced R 2 value of 0.5489. These results indicate that the model cannot explain total variance. Figure 1 shows contour plot response surfaces of TPC. A significant influence was produced on maximization of TPC extract by the two-factor interaction between temperature and solvent concentration (AB, p < 0.05). From the results, it is clear that 50-70% (v/v) ethanol and temperatures above 45 • C yielded high extracts of TPC (Figures 1A and ...
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... the interaction between solvent concentration and extraction time (AC) had significant effect (p < 0.05) on TPC extraction. Moreover, ethanol concentrations within the range 50 -70 % (v/v), and extraction times above 2.5 h resulted in higher TPC yields ( Figures 1C and 1D). However, no significant effect was produced on the extraction of TPC by the interaction between extraction temperature and extraction time (BC, p > 0.05). ...
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This study aims to optimize the formulation of composite films based on chicken skin gelatin with incorporation of rice starch (10–20%, w/w) and curcumin (0.03–0.10%, w/v). The effect of their interaction on film's tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), water vapor permeability (WVP) and antioxidant properties (DPPH%) were invest...
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... Sorghum was the sixth most produced cereal in the world in 2020, with a total production of almost 59 million tons (FAOSTAT, 2022). In semi-arid zones of Africa, South America, and Asia, sorghum is consumed as a staple food (Proietti et al., 2015;Queiroz et al., 2011), but its production is mainly intended for industrial conversion into alcohol and for animal feed (Liu et al., 2018). In some countries, such as Japan, the United States and Brazil, this grain has been studied and recommended as a good alternative for food applications. ...
... The microwave power (MP), S-S ratio, solvent concentration, and time were optimized in response to EY, extractable phenolic content (EPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity by RSM based on a central composite design (CCD). The RSM is well established for optimizing the extraction process and CCD is the frequently used form of RSM (Liu et al., 2018). CCD is used in the elucidation of factor interactions since it is an accurate approach for process design and product development. ...
... Assessment of sorghum phenolic compounds:Total phenolic content (TPC) can be determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method(Liu et al., 2018;Devi et al., 2012;Shen et al., 2018). By Folin-Ciocalteu method,several scientists have reported varied range of total phenolic content of sorghum grains.Shen et al., 2018 reported that, the TPC showed obvious variations among different varieties ranging from 174.40 ± 4.09 to 1238.83 ± 31.67 mg GAE/100 g grain. ...
Sorghum is one of the important dryland C4 crops mainly grown in sub-saharan Africa and Asia and serves as a source of food, feed, fodder and biofuel. It is the main source of dry season ration to the livestock and provides nutrition and security for livelihood of poor farmers in rural areas. Sorghum can withstand drought and comes up well in adverse climatic conditions and hence, it is considered as an important climate resilient crop. Sorghum possesses diverse phytochemicals especially in the bran layer which represents a promising opportunity to be exploited as a functional food and to reduce the risk of non – communicable chronic diseases. Owing to high phenolic content and gluten free nature of sorghum and low glycemic index the grains are increasingly utilized for human consumption realising concept of eat right food for good health. Red sorghum bran is known as a rich source of anthocyanins. The bran and flour extracts analysis using various colorimetric methods including HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) found with presence of several phenolic compounds like anthocyanins particularly 3-deoxyanthocyanin that includes apignenidin and luteolinidin, condensed tannin, ferulic acidetc., which provide the therapeutic properties of antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The data collected from recent studies indicate that these molecules have a promising future as natural biofood agents for the treatment of various diseases, and this is particularly due to their strong antioxidant properties, in addition to modulating the intestinal microbiota. This review is made to understand the bioactive substances present in sorghum grains, their extraction and their potential therapeutic effects.
... Therefore, it is necessary to optimize extraction conditions to obtain the highest extract yield. RSM is a mostly used statistical tool to evaluate the effects of various factors and interactions between them (Liu et al., 2018). Recently, there has been growing interest in the use of novel electrotechnologies such as the application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) or ohmic heating (OH) in order to enhance the extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from different plant materials (El Darra et al., 2013). ...
The purpose of this study was to optimize ohmic heating (OH) conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) for maximum recovery of polyphenols from industrial chestnut peel waste. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to investigate the effects of three independent variables, namely electric field (V/cm), heating time (sec) and salt concentration (%). From RSM, optimum pretreatment conditions were obtained as 20 V/cm, 100 sec and salt concentration of 0.32%. Three chestnut peels were pretreated by these optimal conditions and their polyphenols were extracted using different solvents. Polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities of peel extracts were dependent on the variety and extraction solvents used. HPLC analyses showed that ellagic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound in all varieties. OH pretreatment had a positive effect on extraction. Additionally, alcoholic extraction had a better recovery effect compared to water. The peel waste of Kiraz variety was found to be a good source for polyphenols.
... concentration, a similar trend to extraction yield. These observations of the various extraction concentrations were consistent with a previous study affecting the yield and phenolic compounds [22]. Moreover, these results are comparable to previous research in which sorghum bran was effective for extracting the phenolic compounds at 50% ethanolic extraction [23]. ...
Sorghum is an important cereal source of phenolic compounds, with potential health-promoting benefits. This study evaluated the phenolic content and antioxidant and anti-obesity effects of sorghum extract (SE) prepared using three solvent systems: 50% (SE50), 80% (SE80), and 100% (SE100) ethanol. The results showed that SE50 exhibited the highest total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content. In addition, SE50 showed significantly higher antioxidant capacity than the other extracts, as determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. Interestingly, the SE50 significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes; however, extracts using SE80 and SE100 had no such beneficial effects. Furthermore, SE50 significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of adipogenic genes ( Cebpα , Pparγ , and Fabp4 ) and lipogenic genes ( Srebp1c , Fas , and Scd1 ). These results suggest that the phenolic contents, antioxidant, and anti-obesity activities of 50% ethanol extract are superior to those of other extracts, and it could be used as a functional food ingredient for anti-obesity.
... The extraction of polyphenols from agricultural materials depends mostly on the polarity of the extraction solvent (Gunathilake et al., 2019;Haya et al., 2019). Our results are in accordance with previous studies (Turkmen et al., 2006;Vázquez et al., 2012;Ćujić Liu et al., 2018;Strati et al., 2018). ...
In the present work, solvent concentration, extraction time, and solid to solvent (S/S) ratio
were evaluated in order to recover the majority of polyphenols from chestnut peel waste using ethanol and methanol. Extraction method for polyphenols from peel pre-treated by ohmic heating (OH) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of these independent variables on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) was studied using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). A second-order polynomial model provided a satisfactory fit to the experimental data with a high coefficient of determination (R2 ) value. Results showed that S/S ratio and solvent concentration were generally significant variables during extraction in terms of TPC and AC. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as 1/10 of S/S ratio and 60% of solvent concentration for both solvents. As the optimum extraction time, 82.41 min for ethanolic extraction and 116.97 min for methanolic extraction were selected. Under these optimal conditions, TPC values of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts were found to be 39.02 and 38.79 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter (mg GAE/g DM), respectively, thus indicating highly close agreement to the predicted values. Consequently, the effectiveness of the solvents used was found to be very similar to each other. The OH pre-treatment appeared to be a promising technique for polyphenolic extraction from industrial wastes.
... mg gallic acid equivalents/g of grain, embedded in its pericarp [5]. Sorghum grain has been proven to contain some advantageous phytochemical compounds as antioxidant include polyphenols, tannins, sterols and anthocyanins [6]. The phenolic compound is recognized for its antioxidant activity [7]. ...
... Further, an enzyme pretreatment followed by ultrasonication (XUA, CUA) enhanced the yield 2.2 fold in XUA and 1.8 fold in CUA against the conventional HR process. Results of Liu et al. (2018) also showed the efficiency of ultrasonication and enzyme treatment in effectively extracting the polyphenols from Trapa quadrispinosa (floating leaved macrophyte) three-fold than the conventional process heat extraction. ...
... The higher radical scavenging potential of enzyme treated samples may be due to the hydrolytic release of bound phenolics (Mushtaq et al. 2015). Liu et al. (2018) also observed highest antioxidant activity by T. quadrispinosa stem residues which were attributed to the polyphenols extracted efficiently by enzyme pretreated ultrasonication. A significantly high correlation (p \ 0.05) between different extracted concentrations of polyphenols and the corresponding antioxidant activity was observed (r = 0.981 for HR, 0. 986 for UA, 0.988 for XUA) in FMSC. ...
... A significantly high correlation (p \ 0.05) between different extracted concentrations of polyphenols and the corresponding antioxidant activity was observed (r = 0.981 for HR, 0. 986 for UA, 0.988 for XUA) in FMSC. Such a positive correlation was also observed by Liu et al. (2018) in sorghum polyphenols and d' Alessandro et al. (2012) in ultrasonic extracted black chokeberry polyphenols. ...
Polyphenols from plant sources are increasingly recognized as functional ingredients with multiple health benefits. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), a major millet grown in Asia and Africa is a significant source of polyphenols. The extraction of polyphenols from millets which are under-utilized has received less research attention compared to other plant matrices. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify an effective method of extracting the polyphenols from finger millet (v. GPU 28) seed coat (FMSC). Two eco friendly methods namely ultrasonication (UA) and enzyme treatment followed by ultrasonication (EUA) were compared with the conventional heat reflux method (HR). The polyphenolic profile and content along with the antioxidant potential of the extract were evaluated. Phenolic yield increased 2.3 fold using EUA with xylanase (XUA) compared to heat reflux extraction (HR). However, yield with UA was equivalent to the conventional method. Total flavonoids increased 1.4 fold in UA and 1.3 fold in XUA, similarly, tannins also showed a significant increase (1.1 fold in UA and 1.2 fold in XUA). FTIR spectra revealed the presence of all phenolic functional groups and ESI–MS showed 80% similarity in the individual polyphenols in the extracts. Catechins, luteolin and cyanidin were identified in the UA and XUA treated samples, whereas, shikimic acid derivatives- caffeoyl and di caffeoyl were present only in XUA extracts. This is the first report on enhanced extraction of polyphenols from FMSC using a combination of enzyme treatment and ultrasonication, providing a green technology for utilization of polyphenols in nutraceuticals and functional foods.
There is a growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in the textile industry, particularly in search of natural colourants derived from plants. This research study investigates the extraction and characterization of natural colourant from the leaf of D. edulis and explores its application to polyamide fabrics. Laboratory experiments, such as solvent extraction was performed to obtain the colourant. The extraction process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM). The dye was isolated and characterized using vacuum liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Physical properties such as light fastness, perspiration fastness, rubbing fastness and wash fastness were assessed to determine the durability and stability of the natural colourant on the fabrics. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for dye extraction are 65.9 ℃ and 2 hours, providing feasible parameters for replication. Examination of the natural dye obtained from the isolated fraction, revealed the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C), carbonyl (C=O), ester (-COO), aldehyde (CHO) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups; with rutin, isoquercetin and tannic acid as its major compounds. The isolated dye exhibited an absorption peak at 403 nm. The ratings for the treated fabrics varied from fair to good and very good. The light fastness ranged from 4 to 6, perspiration fastness and wash fastness ranged from 2-4, and rubbing fastness ranged from 3-5. On the other hand, the untreated fabrics had ratings, with a range of 2-5 for light fastness, 2-4 for perspiration fastness and wash fastness and 1-4 for rubbing fastness, it was also observed that the colour strength values of mordanted fabrics were deeper than those of the unmordanted fabrics. These results indicate that the dye obtained from D. edulis leaf has considerable potential as a source of natural dyes. These findings contribute valuable insights into the extraction, characterization and application of natural colourants, promoting a shift towards more sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the textile industry.
The aim of this study was to investigate the use of sweet potato as a local source of enzymatic extract for the saccharification of sorghum mash. Box-Behnken designs were employed to determine the optimal conditions for extracting crude enzymes and saccharifying Safrari sorghum mash. The optimal conditions for maximizing enzymatic activity were found to be a mass-to-volume ratio of 0.1, an extraction time of 210 min, and a temperature of 60°C. The theoretical and experimental enzymatic activities under these conditions were 23.83 U/mg and 23.49 U/mg, respectively. The extraction of enzymes under these optimal conditions resulted in wort with physicochemical parameters within the following ranges: turbidity (0.79 to 4.52 NTU), pH (5.40 to 8.85), brix (14.80 to 17.50°B), reducing sugars (0.17 to 0.2114 mg/mL), and titratable acidity (3.54 to 5.24 g/L). These findings demonstrate that the extract from Ipomoea batatas contains enzymes that can be effectively used in the mashing process of malted Safrari sorghum.
