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RP-HPLC chromatogram and positive ESI-MS spectrum of the crude model compound tripeptide 11 a, b. Chromatographic conditions: C18 symmetry shield column (4.6 150 mm). Flow rate: 1 mL min À1 , buffer A: 0.1 % aqueous TFA, buffer B: 0.1 % TFA in CH 3 CN, gradient: 0100 % B over 60 min, detection: l = 220 nm.
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Citations
The laminar-turbulent transition of hypersonic boundary layers has a significant effect on drag calculation and aerothermal analysis of hypersonic vehicles. Surface roughness has been shown to have profound effects on boundary layer transition. Recent research has shown that one possible explanation to roughness induced bypass transition is the transient growth theory. However, there has been very few direct numerical simulation studies on transient growth in hypersonic boundary layers. This paper presents some results in on-going numerical simulation study on the transient growth of a Mach 5.92 flat-plate boundary layer to small three-dimensional surface roughness. The main objective is to study the effects of nonparallel flow and spanwise wave on transient growth. The freestream flow conditions are the same as those used in our previous study [1]. The responses of the boundary layer to surface roughness are computed by solving three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with a fifth-order shockfitting method and a Fourier collocation method. The numerical results show that no transient growth is observed when surface roughness is located in parallel flow region, which indirectly demonstrates that nonparallel flow effects enhance transient growth. It is also shown that surface roughness with a smaller spanwise wave number is more efficient in inducing disturbances with respect to energy norm. © 2010 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
Accurate stream discharge measurements are important for many hydrological studies. In remote locations, however, it is often difficult to obtain stream flow information because of the difficulty in making the discharge measurements necessary to define stage-discharge relationships (rating curves). This study investigates the feasibility of defining rating curves by using a fluid mechanics-based model constrained with topographic data from an airborne LiDAR scanning. The study was carried out for an 8m-wide channel in the boreal landscape of northern Sweden. LiDAR data were used to define channel geometry above a low flow water surface along the 90-m surveyed reach. The channel topography below the water surface was estimated using the simple assumption of a flat streambed. The roughness for the modelled reach was back calculated from a single measurment of discharge. The topographic and roughness information was then used to model a rating curve. To isolate the potential influence of the flat bed assumption, a ‘hybrid model’ rating curve was developed on the basis of data combined from the LiDAR scan and a detailed ground survey. Whereas this hybrid model rating curve was in agreement with the direct measurements of discharge, the LiDAR model rating curve was equally in agreement with the medium and high flow measurements based on confidence intervals calculated from the direct measurements. The discrepancy between the LiDAR model rating curve and the low flow measurements was likely due to reduced roughness associated with unresolved submerged bed topography. Scanning during periods of low flow can help minimize this deficiency. These results suggest that combined ground surveys and LiDAR scans or multifrequency LiDAR scans that see ‘below’ the water surface (bathymetric LiDAR) could be useful in generating data needed to run such a fluid mechanics-based model. This opens a realm of possibility to remotely sense and monitor stream flows in channels in remote locations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
