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ROC Curve from the Testing Set The sensitivity and specificity of the model are indicated in the text.
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Abstract Background Data from the UK COVID-19 outbreak are emerging, and there are ongoing concerns about a disproportionate effect on ethnic minorities. There is very limited information on COVID-19 in the over-80s, and the rates of hospital-onset infections are unknown. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study from electronic case records of...
Citations
... All 12 studies were retrospective cohort hospital-based studies published between January 2020 and December 2021. Ten studies were from China [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and two were from Turkey [19,20]. The study sample consisted of 5369 COVID-19 patients, of which 3956 (46% male) had non-severe disease and 1513 (59% male) had severe disease at follow-up. ...
Abstract
Introduction: The severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to lower levels of lipid profile, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, the relationship between triglycerides and COVID-19 severity is still controversial. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the association between triglyceride concentration and COVID-19 severity.
Methods: The systematic review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Heterogeneity was assessed using Thompson’s I 2 and Tau2 statistics, and the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in triglyceride levels were calculated using random-effects models. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s test.
Results: Our meta-analysis included 12 observational studies with a total of 5,369 confirmed COVID-19 patients. Of these, 3,956 (46%males) had non-severe COVID-19, and 1,513 (59% males) had severe COVID-19 during follow-up. The SMD in triglyceride levels was 0.110 (95% CI=[0.004, 0.217], P=0.042), indicating a significant difference between the non-severe and severe groups. The studies exhibited moderate heterogeneity in the triglyceride levels (I2 =50.7%). A meta-regression analysis showed that the SMD of triglyceride was significantly associated with the risk ratio of hyperlipidemia (coefficient=-1.40, P=0.007). No publication bias was detected in the studies according to Egger’s test.
Conclusion: Our systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that lower serum triglyceride concentrations were associated with severe COVID-19 in patients. Further investigation is needed to determine whether lower triglyceride levels increase COVID-19 severity in larger populations.
Keywords: COVID-19; Lipids; Prognosis; Severity; Triglycerides
... Furthermore, our multivariable logistic regression model revealed that patients with presentation symptoms such as fever and shortness of breath/dyspnea had a significantly higher risk of severe COVID-19 as compared to patients with no such symptoms. Our results are in accordance with the studies that have identified fever as a risk factor of severe disease and poor patient outcomes [33,34], likewise with studies that reported dyspnea as an indicator for progression to severe disease [35,36]. However, we also report that patients with mild presentation symptoms such as fatigue, nausea or vomiting were less likely to develop severe disease. ...
Data on the clinical characteristics, severity and management of COVID-19 from the Middle East region, especially the United Arab Emirates (UAE), is very limited. We studied the clinical characteristics, laboratory biomarkers, risk factors for severity and pharmacotherapy of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in this single-center, analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a secondary care hospital of the UAE. A total of 585 patients were included in the study (median age, 49 years (IQR, 39–59); 66% male). Age > 45 years (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.04–4.14, p = 0.040), male gender (OR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.52–6.51, p = 0.002), presentation symptoms such as fever (OR = 3.68, 95% CI:1.34–10.11, p = 0.011) and shortness of breath/dyspnea (OR = 5.36, 95% CI: 2.69–10.67, p < 0.001), Hb < 13 g/dL (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.51–6.65, p = 0.002), neutrophils > 7 × 103/mcL (OR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.66–14.37, p=0.004), lymphocytes < 1 × 103/mcL (OR = 7.78, 95% CI: 1.01–60.19, p = 0.049), sodium < 135 mmol/L (OR = 5.42, 95% CI: 1.05–27.95, p = 0.044), potassium < 3.6 mmol/L (OR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.03–11.01, p = 0.045), urea > 6.5 mmol/L (OR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.69–6.73, p = 0.001) and LDH > 227 IU/L (OR = 6.26, 95% CI: 1.61–24.32, p = 0.008) were independent predictors of the severity of COVID-19. Antivirals (524, 89.6%) and corticosteroids (358, 61.2%) were prescribed for the management of COVID-19. In conclusion, older age, male gender, presentation symptoms such as fever and dyspnea, low hemoglobin, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, elevated levels of urea and lactate dehydrogenase were found to be independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. The pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 patients in our study was diverse, and the medications were prescribed based on the clinical condition of the patients.
... Complementarily, [56], identified chest X-ray imagery knowledge as a useful tool for finding Chest Xray imaging is used to demonstrate Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which employs radio waves and magnets to examine stuff inside the body. They are widely used to diagnose problems with the heart, brain, blood vessels, breast, joints, and breast tissue. ...
... Similarly, the need for early COVID-19 diagnosis and the identification of risky patients with a poor prediction for early inhibition and therapeutic resource optimization was stressed in [56]. The researchers suggested a completely automated DL approach for COVID-19 diagnosis and predictive investigation using regular computed imaging. ...
Following the identification of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China in December 2019, AI researchers have teamed up with a health specialist to combat the virus. This study explores the medical and non-medical areas of COVID-19 that AI has impacted: the prevalence of the AI technologies adopted across all stages of the pandemic, the collaboration networks of global AI researchers, and the open issues. 21,219 papers from ACM Digital, Science Direct and Google Scholar were examined. Adherence to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework and utilizing the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome) paradigm, guided the inclusion of researches in the review. Tables and graphs were utilized to display the results. Analysis revealed that AI has impacted 4 molecular, 4 clinical, and 7 societal areas of COVID-19. Deep Learning among other AI technologies was traced to all aspects of the pandemic. 2173 authors and co-authors were traced to these achievements, while 32 of the most connected 51 authors were affiliated with institutions in China, 18 to the United States, and 1 to Europe. The open issues identified had to do with the quality of datasets, AI model deployment, and privacy issues. This study demonstrates how AI may be utilized for COVID-19 diagnosis, prediction, medication and vaccine identification, prognosis, and contact person monitoring. This investigation began at the beginning of the epidemic and continued until the first batch of vaccinations received approval. The study provided collaboration opportunities for AI researchers and revealed open issues that will spike further research toward preparing the world for any future pandemic Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, COVID-19, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Contact Tracing
... The traditional epidemiological research methods which include statistics on the prevalence of large group, retrospective analysis have played an important role in clarifying the epidemic pattern, formulating prevention and control countermeasures of emerging infectious diseases (Cho, 2020;Qiu et al., 2020). However, its traceability analysis is often restricted by tedious and limited sample collection and testing work which may expend much manpower and financial resources (Chen et al., 2020b;Hao et al., 2020). The invasion of zoonotic coronaviruses to human cells is mediated by spike protein binding to various cell surface receptors, including ACE2, ANPEP, and DPP4. ...
Coronaviruses are a great source of threat to public health which could infect various species and cause diverse diseases. However, the epidemic's spreading among different species remains elusive. This study proposed an in silico infection analysis (iSFA) system that includes pathogen genome or transcript mining in transcriptome data of the potential host and performed a comprehensive analysis about the infection of 38 coronaviruses in wild animals, based on 2,257 transcriptome datasets from 89 mammals' lung and intestine, and revealed multiple potential coronavirus infections including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in Equus burchellii. Then, through our transmission network analysis, potential intermediate hosts of five coronaviruses were identified. Notably, iSFA results suggested that the expression of coronavirus receptor genes tended to be downregulated after infection by another virus. Finally, binding affinity and interactive interface analysis of S1 protein and ACE2 from different species demonstrated the potential inter-species transmission barrier and cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile, the iSFA system developed in this study could be further applied to conduct the source tracing and host prediction of other pathogen-induced diseases, thus contributing to the epidemic prevention and control.
... Karagiannidis et al. 2021;Kluge et al. 2021;Wilkinson 2020). Clinical course and laboratory values in cases 2-4 showed dramatic increases in IL-6, often as part of the cytokine storm and predictor of poor survivalChen et al. 2020;Mehta et al. 2020;Moore and June 2020;Tan et al. 2020;Webb et al. 2020). ...
Background
Since fall 2019, SARS-CoV-2 spread world-wide, causing a major pandemic with estimated ~ 220 million subjects affected as of September 2021. Severe COVID-19 is associated with multiple organ failure, particularly of lung and kidney, but also grave neuropsychiatric manifestations. Overall mortality reaches > 2%. Vaccine development has thrived in thus far unreached dimensions and will be one prerequisite to terminate the pandemic. Despite intensive research, however, few treatment options for modifying COVID-19 course/outcome have emerged since the pandemic outbreak. Additionally, the substantial threat of serious downstream sequelae, called ‘long COVID’ and ‘neuroCOVID’, becomes increasingly evident.
Main body of the abstract
Among candidates that were suggested but did not yet receive appropriate funding for clinical trials is recombinant human erythropoietin. Based on accumulating experimental and clinical evidence, erythropoietin is expected to (1) improve respiration/organ function, (2) counteract overshooting inflammation, (3) act sustainably neuroprotective/neuroregenerative. Recent counterintuitive findings of decreased serum erythropoietin levels in severe COVID-19 not only support a relative deficiency of erythropoietin in this condition, which can be therapeutically addressed, but also made us coin the term ‘hypoxia paradox’. As we review here, this paradox is likely due to uncoupling of physiological hypoxia signaling circuits, mediated by detrimental gene products of SARS-CoV-2 or unfavorable host responses, including microRNAs or dysfunctional mitochondria. Substitution of erythropoietin might overcome this ‘hypoxia paradox’ caused by deranged signaling and improve survival/functional status of COVID-19 patients and their long-term outcome. As supporting hints, embedded in this review, we present 4 male patients with severe COVID-19 and unfavorable prognosis, including predicted high lethality, who all profoundly improved upon treatment which included erythropoietin analogues.
Short conclusion
Substitution of EPO may—among other beneficial EPO effects in severe COVID-19—circumvent downstream consequences of the ‘hypoxia paradox’. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial for proof-of-concept is warranted.
... In order to optimize allocations of limited health care resources to the neediest patients, it is crucial to accurately predict the progress and prognosis of patients with this disease. In addition, targeted management of high-risk patients will contribute to a further reduction in mortality 3,4 . ...
... For this purpose, pinpointing novel biological indicators that can serve as precise prognostic biomarkers is necessary to help clinicians make better clinical decisions and provide appropriate therapeutic strategies during earlier stages of the disease. To date, several clinical and biochemical parameters have been used to predict the severity of COVID-19, including the following: C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin (IL)-6, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), white blood cell count, d-dimer, cardiac troponin and platelet count 3,5 . In addition, multiple serological factors involved in the severity of COVID-19 have been identified by studies using a proteomic approach to analyze patient serum [6][7][8][9][10] . ...
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented threat to humanity that has provoked global health concerns. Since the etiopathogenesis of this illness is not fully characterized, the prognostic factors enabling treatment decisions have not been well documented. Accurately predicting the progression of the disease would aid in appropriate patient categorization and thus help determine the best treatment option. Here, we have introduced a proteomic approach utilizing data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) to identify the serum proteins that are closely associated with COVID-19 prognosis. Twenty-seven proteins were differentially expressed between severely ill COVID-19 patients with an adverse or favorable prognosis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that 15 of the 27 proteins might be regulated by cytokine signaling relevant to interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and their differential expression was implicated in the systemic inflammatory response and in cardiovascular disorders. We further evaluated practical predictors of the clinical prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients. Subsequent ELISA assays revealed that CHI3L1 and IGFALS may serve as highly sensitive prognostic markers. Our findings can help formulate a diagnostic approach for accurately identifying COVID-19 patients with severe disease and for providing appropriate treatment based on their predicted prognosis.
... Clearly, IL-33 is vital for modulating synaptic plasticity and age-related decline in cognition 74 . Consistently, the administration of IL-33 to animals has also been demonstrated to increase cognitive function 75 . It is still unclear whether the cognitive improvements seen in these experiments are due to independent effects of microglia and ILC2s or a combination of their effects after activation. ...
Recent research into meningeal lymphatics has revealed a never-before appreciated role of type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in modulating neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). To date, the role of ILC2-mediated inflammation in the periphery has been well studied. However, the exact distribution of ILC2s in the CNS and therefore their putative role in modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) remain highly elusive. Here, we review the current evidence of ILC2-mediated modulation of neuroinflammatory cues (i.e., IL-33, IL-25, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, TNFα, and CXCL16-CXCR6) within the CNS, highlight the distribution of ILC2s in both the periphery and CNS, and discuss some challenges associated with cell type-specific targeting that are important for therapeutics. A comprehensive understanding of the roles of ILC2s in mediating and responding to inflammatory cues may provide valuable insight into potential therapeutic strategies for many dementia-related disorders.
... Compared with young people, the frail middle-aged population has higher risks of severe COVID-19 and a higher mortality rate, and the virus replicates more efficiently in their lungs and other organs. 44,45 Therefore, the development of vaccines that offer protection to middle-aged and frail people is particularly valuable. Thus, our vaccination group included a frail macaque (#140829, 6 years old, 4.8 kg), which was only half the weight of macaques of the same age. ...
A safe and effective vaccine is critical to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we developed a trimeric SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) subunit vaccine candidate that simulates the natural structure of the spike (S) trimer glycoprotein. Immunization with the RBD-trimer induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses, and a high level of neutralizing antibodies was maintained for at least 4.5 months. Moreover, the antibodies that were produced in response to the vaccine effectively cross-neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variant (B.1.351). Of note, when the vaccine-induced antibodies dropped to a sufficiently low level, only one boost quickly activated the anamnestic immune response, conferring full protection against a SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques without typical histopathological changes in the lung tissues. These results demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-trimer vaccine candidate is highly immunogenic and safe, providing long-lasting, broad, and significant immunity protection in nonhuman primates, thereby offering an optimal vaccination strategy against COVID-19.
... Clinical biomarkers and dynamic changes in laboratory parameters were noted by researchers in early observational studies. Patients' preconditions including age and comorbidities (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic renal insufficiency) predicted high risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ventilator requirements, and mortality [60] . Different combinations of clinical and laboratory parameters were used in a logistic regression model that performed well in predicting severity progression [61][62] . ...
During the highly infectious pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), artificial intelligence (AI) has provided support in addressing challenges and accelerating achievements in controlling this public health crisis. It has been applied in fields varying from outbreak forecasting to patient management and drug/vaccine development. In this paper, we specifically review the current status of AI-based approaches for patient management. Limitations and challenges still exist, and further needs are highlighted.
... So, hyperferritinemia can be used as prognostic markers for tissue injury or acute infections. Also, it is a marker for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which is a known complication of viral infections [19]. ...
