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RFID system components [5].
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Nowadays, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a popular automatic wireless identification technology, and provides promising benefits in a number of application areas such as supply chain management. Though RFID technology has attracted a significant attention due to the convergence of lower cost and increased hardware capabilities, there stil...
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Context 1
... of sight has given RFID technology an edge over other automatic identification approaches such as the barcode based systems [1] and optical character recognition systems (OCR) [3]. As an example, RFID technology integration in the SCM systems has resulted in the reduced losses, and improved visibility in various stages of SCM [4]. As shown in the Fig. 1, the RFID systems basically consist of three elements: a tag/transponder, a reader and a middleware deployed at a host computer. The RFID tag is a data carrier part of the RFID system which is placed on the objects to be uniquely identified. The RFID reader is a device that transmits and receives data through radio waves using the ...
Context 2
... deployed at a host computer. The RFID tag is a data carrier part of the RFID system which is placed on the objects to be uniquely identified. The RFID reader is a device that transmits and receives data through radio waves using the connected antennas. Its functions include powering the tag, and reading/writing data to the tag. As shown in the Fig. 1, the signals sent by the reader's antennas form an interrogation zone made up of an electromagnetic field. When a tag enters this zone, it gets activated to exchange data with the reader [6]. Later, the identification data read by the RFID reader is processed by the software system, known as the RFID middleware. The RFID middleware ...
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Citations
... M. Ajana et al. [20] proposed a new middleware architecture called FlexRFID at Alakhawayn University and has been tested in two applications Library and SCM & logistics scenarios. ...
... FlexRFID is middleware that is part of the Multilayer Middleware family. It consists of four layers: DAL, BEDPL, BRL, and AAL (Ajana et al., 2009b). This is illustrated in Figure 16. ...
... Flex RFID architecture (Ajana et al., 2009b). ...
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a contactless technology that has developed over the 90s and 20th centuries. It employs electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify traceable objects, and is widely used in various sectors (e.g., medical, Supply Chain Management, transportation, and IoT applications.). Through the supply of real-world monitoring and context information about things, the integration of this technology in such areas delivers various benefits in the future of ubiquitous computing. However, one of the primary challenges will be the capacity to manage data since RFID events have specific characteristics and requires special treatment, such as the large volume of data flow, inaccuracy, temporal and spatial data, are typical examples of RFID event data. The goal of this research is to first highlight the concerns and limitations of existing middleware architectures before introducing and implementing a new Middleware architecture to address the identified issues, specifically real-time processing of massive volumes of data coming from physical RFID infrastructure. This middleware combines role-based access control with an encryption algorithm to increase security, a NoSQL database for storing large amounts of data, complex event processing (CEP) to provide high-volume data stream processing, and improved interoperability via the Data Transformation Module. Finally, our architecture is evaluated and compared to several middleware architectures based on standard ISO/IEC 9126 metrics.
... RFID Tag, or transponder, includes a microchip and an antenna [14], sometimes it can contain embedded power source and some other sensors connected to the basic circuit. A microchip can store unique sequence of numbers. ...
... RFID tags can be classified according to several parameters. Taking as an example the type of memory, the tags can be read-only, read-write, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, Static Random Access Memory, and Write-once read-many [14]. Regarding to powering, tags may be passive, semi-passive, and active. ...
... Systems that utilize a microprocessor identity structure on a tag and enable radio frequency monitoring are called RFID (Gan et al., 2019). The RFID system basically consists of three main components (Ajana et al., 2009): the RFID tag (transponder), which contains the identification data; the RFID reader (transceiver), which takes from the tag the recorded data; and the server system, which processes the data collected through the RFID reader. The radio frequency waves sent from the RFID antenna are detected by the RFID tag antenna and transmitted to the microchip. ...
Today, the continuous growth of electronic commerce volume increases the importance of point-to-point shipment transportation. For this reason, it is extremely important that shipment management systems provide effective, efficient and fast service. A study of the literature shows that the improvements made in the field of transportation have been generally aimed at global logistics networks. In this study, unlike the existing literature, a blockchain-based solution is developed for local cargo networks. With this approach using Ultra High Radio Frequency (UHF-RFID), Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and blockchain-based smart contracts, a fast shipping management architecture that ensures security between the parties is provided. In this context, an automatic payment and approval mechanism is established between the parties using ethereum-based smart contracts. In addition, shipments equipped with RFID tags are automatically tracked and traceable using UHF-RFID antennas. The IoT data collected in the study are stored on a cloud-based server, which is a cost-effective solution. Smart contracts that enable communication between the parties are written in the Solidity language using the Ganache, Truffle and Metamask platforms. It was observed that the integration between the technologies is ensured and the communication between the parties works successfully in the test processes.
... Using these values, tests were made for five different scenarios, and results were given. There are many different methods in the literature for location detection and tracking using RFID and other technologies [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. ...
... It cannot determine whether the book is in the correct position. Ajana et al. [18] used the closest neighbour algorithm and Bayesian classifier K for RFID-based location detection in the indoor environment. It determines the location according to RSSI data received from RFID tags placed on the ground. ...
In this study, a method is proposed for ultra high frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID)‐based book positioning and counting developed for smart libraries. In the experimental setup created, RFID tags placed in books were automatically detected using three RFID antennas. Using received signal strength indicator information from each antenna for each book, the locations of the books are determined. In addition, classification was made by using machine learning approaches for the study. For this purpose, the best result for sequence determination in the classification study using ensemble trees, K nearest neighbours (KNN), and support vector machine algorithms was obtained with the ensemble subspace KNN algorithm with 94.1%. The best result for cabinet detection was obtained in the study using the ensemble subspace KNN algorithm and a 78.5% accuracy rate was achieved. The best result for rack detection was obtained with the ensemble subspace KNN algorithm with 95.4%. The study is thought to be useful in the automatic determination of the row, cabinet, and rack of books in smart libraries.
... Apart from this an architecture on e-health care is also proposed in [35]. FlexRFID, a middleware architecture of IoT was also implemented on different application domains like supply chain management, smart library management and healthcare sector [36][37][38]. ...
In the modern business world, business management techniques are continuously increased and governed by smart devices and innovative technologies. These devices are associated with internet can be called as a device of Internet of Things (IoT). Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared and Hotspot technologies are the connecting medium for these devices. Somehow, these devices are connected to the servers for processing the user request. These sensing devices are producing enormous amount of data in structured or semi-structured or unstructured form otherwise known as big data. The data are stored, manipulated and analyzed with the help of big data techniques for taking well-defined decisions. Thus, the top management people of the business world are able to drive their business in real time. The uses of smart devices are rapidly increased in different application categories of IoT known as Personal, Group, Community and Industrial. Due to easy access to internet, independent power source and sensing without human intervention makes smart devices as an important component of IoT. This chapter first gives a brief introduction on IoT with its structure. Then different technologies are discussed in the field of IoT. The different application areas of IoT are also presented. Finally, Big Data and the importance of IoT based sensor devises in Big Data is presented.
... The FlexRFID middleware in [10] serves getting data from the heterogeneous automatic identification devices and sensors, processing them, applying the business rules specified by the connected applications, and disseminating the processed data to the interested applications. Our middleware, that is, FlexRFID was tested with multiple application domains, such as smart library management [27], supply chain management [28], and healthcare scenarios [29]. ...
... Recently, the application of radiofrequency identification (RFID) systems became more popular in different sectors such as industries, distribution logistics, libraries, and merchandise [1,2]. The basic function of RFID systems is to retrieve automatically the information through a reader that has been previously inserted in a passive tag [3,4]. ...
A meandered-dual-antenna structure is proposed for UHF radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag. It is composed of two independent antennas printed on the one side of the substrate board. One of the antennas is exclusively used for receiving and harvesting sufficient energy to the tag chip having the complex conjugate impedance of the receiving antenna. The other is for backscatter to enhance maximum differential radar cross-section with purely real input impedance, to enhancement the read range. The receiving antenna is formed by a rectangular loop and a parasitic meandered line. The rectangular loop is used as a feeding element for the meandered line. The backscattering antenna is made using a meandered dipole along with a thin rectangular strip. The input impedance of the receiving antenna is designed to be conjugate matched to the chip impedance (13.5-j110 Ω), whereas the input impedance of backscattering antenna alternatively switched to open and short circuit for modulating the backscattered field. The input impedance of receiving and backscattering antennas is measured using differential probe technique. The simulated and measured results are found in good agreement. It is also demonstrated that the read range of UHF RFID system increased considerably by using the dual-antenna structure.
... We have designed our policy-based FlexRFID middleware (Ajana, et al., 2011) to support simultaneous communication of multiple applications with the heterogeneous hardware, and provide all data processing capabilities like filtering, grouping, dissemination, and duplicate removal. FlexRFID middleware design allows it to be connected to various kinds of backend applications such as Library Management (Ajana, et al., 2009a), Supply Chain Management and Inventory Control (Ajana, et al., 2009b;, and Healthcare (Ajana, et al., 2012). We gave an overview about the existing middleware solutions for FRID, WSN, healthcare, and ubiquitous computing in (Ajana, et al., 2014), and present the architecture of FlexRFID focusing more on the policy-based Business Rules Layer (BRL) components. ...
... The FlexRFID middleware [3] is integrated into a three-tier architecture consisting of hardware layer, middleware layer, and backend applications layer. The hardware layer referred to as the Diverse Types of Sensors and Devices layer comprises RFID readers, sensors and other industrial automation devices. ...
... The Device Abstraction Layer (DAL) is responsible for interaction with various devices and data sources independent of their characteristics. The DAL has three other sub-layers; the Data Source Abstraction Module (DSAM), the Device Abstraction Module (DAM), and the Device Management and Monitoring Module (DMMM) [3]. ...
... Similarly the raw data are carried from the DAL, processed, and passed on to the AAL by this layer. Services provided by the BEDPL include the following: data dissemination, data aggregation, data transformation, data filtering, duplicate removal, data replacement, data writing, security, and privacy [3]. ...
Sensors integrated into the environment, machinery, and structures, and coupled with the efficient delivery of sensed information could provide tremendous benefits in a wide range of applications such as improved manufacturing productivity, enhanced homeland security, fewer catastrophic failures, and improved emergency response. The design and development of these applications should address the challenges dictated by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) characteristics on the one hand and the targeted applications on the other hand. One of the novel emerging approaches used to address these challenges is the design of middleware for WSN. Middleware refers to distributed software that can bridge the gap and remove impediments between the heterogeneous hardware platform and the backend applications requirements. In recent years, research has been carried out on WSN middleware from different aspects and for different purposes. WSN can be used with other identification technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). In an integration system of RFID and WSN, RFID is used to identify objects while WSN can provide context environment information about these objects. This integration increases system intelligence in pervasive computing. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the existing middleware for WSN, seeking for a better understanding of the current issues and future directions in this field. It also examines the various approaches of middleware design, compares and suggests different types of applications where each approach can be used. Finally, it proposes an enhanced middleware framework; FlexRFID for the integration of RFID and WSN.
