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Living in a smart home is an entirely new experience, which enhances our everyday life. Many manufactures and internet of things service providers developed their own smart home services from which the customer can benefit from running a software over his smartphone or tablet. Today, it is becoming increasingly complex for the homeowner to control...
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With the introduction of diverse technology paradigms in next-generation cellular and vehicular networks, design and structural complexity are skyrocketing. The beyond-5G use cases such as mobile broadband, 5G-V2X and UAV communications require support for ultra-low latency and high throughput and reliability with limited operational complexity and...
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... The correlation matrix between the performance of the modular product family S and the customer's technical requirements is expressed as: 11 12 1 ...
Digital empowerment of home product design and manufacturing integration, to achieve the whole process of personalized customization of home products innovative design. Using big data for user analysis, we obtained functional demand data for smart home modules, and 28.5% of user demand is reflected in cell phone interconnection. Using the KANO model, user customization demands can be calculated to form basic and excitement type demand expectations represented by A and M. Then based on the fuzzy QFD method for demand raw data conversion, to get the initial weights and weighted weights of each demand item, taking A14 home space utilization efficiency as an example, the initial weights and weighted weights of A14 are 0.66 and 0.10, respectively, and the importance of demand sorted seventh. Combined with the specific application of modular design in smart homes, the modular design of smart homes is verified. Further adjustments should be made to enhance the innovation degree of smart homes.
... These surveys analyzed the possible solution to the security breaches in the communication process. Again, 40,41,42,43,39,44 are some surveys based on the SDN, NFV for enhancing the security in the IoT network. In similar research, Zhang et al. 45 inaugurated a secured method to exchange resources (SMER) between complex IoT devices. ...
As an emerging technology, Blockchain (BC) has been playing a promising role in today's Software Defined-Networking (SDN)-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Because of the salient feature of the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) techniques, SDN can ensure an IoT system runs efficiently and smoothly in a cloud-driven ecosystem. When cloud-enabled systems encounter immense security and operational challenges caused mainly by third-party dependency, large-scale data communication, and maintenance, BC offers effective and robust data transfer solutions without incorporating intermediaries over the distributed network. With the increased SDN-BC convergence in the IoT domain, the underlying challenges and perspectives deserve proper attention methodically and structurally. From the motivation of addressing such issues, this study provides necessary insights to combine those for successful plug-and-play. Therefore, the study includes purposefully investigating current state-of-the-art to extract the research trends, future directions, and perspectives in this domain. This study provides a comprehensive survey of IoT, SDN, NFV, and BC-enabled emerging technologies. More importantly, the authors intelligently integrated the four different technologies-IoT, SDN, BC, and NFV based on characteristics, scopes, challenges, taxonomies, and tables in numerous areas. Initially , the authors introduce the SDN-IoT ecosystem in brief and address the features and applications. We took a close look at the SDN's overall taxonomy based on security , environment, scopes, and challenges. We also briefly describe the integration of SDN-IoT with the NFV ecosystems. Moreover, we review the prospect of BC technology from security perspectives, its extent, challenges of practical implementation, and the possible integration of IoT regarding smart applications. Finally, this study highlights several future directions based on these technologies.
... Because the smart gateway usually has bigger storage, deals with more complex applications and services, runs a variety of communication protocols, and supports more security functions and policies, and so on, the OS should accordingly be one efficient full-featured OS. 29 Mocrii et al 29 have surveyed many OSs about the sensing devices and gateways. Unfortunately, some important OSs applicable to the smart gateways are not surveyed and reviewed, such as OpenWrt/LEDE 7,8 , Raspbian 9 , Windows CE (latterly called Windows Embedded Compact) 10 , and Google Fuchsia 11 . In Table 4, we list and compare several OSs for the smart gateway in terms of kernel architecture, requirement on random access memory (RAM), real-time, security, and license. ...
A smart gateway, which plays a crucial role in a smart home, generally bridges the inside and outside home networks, as well as collaboratively manages the intelligent Internet of things (IoT) devices equipped in the smart home, due to it can convert different communication protocols, gather generated data from surrounding devices, and even conduct some local data processing tasks. In this survey, we first review the whole smart home research area with a focus on a framework based on edge computing and multiple intelligent agents. Then, relying on the time‐line and different metrics including quality of experience (QoE), artificial intelligence support, software‐defined network, and so on, we divide the evolution of smart gateways into three generations. Considering recent smart gateways mainly belong to the second generation, we further investigate and classify them into two categories from another perspective of user‐awareness and data‐awareness. Afterward, we discussed the key enabling technologies and components of smart gateways, such as operating systems, wireless communication protocols, and security. At last, we explore the challenges and trends of smart gateways and point out that maximizing QoE as well as data‐awareness is the key feature of future gateways. This survey has practical significance for building a smart home system, broadly speaking, even for constructing the IoT and smart space. A smart home framework based on multiple intelligent agents.
... The acceptance of NLFS is potentially promising with the recent growth of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) that enables programmable control and data planes. 5,[11][12][13] With SDN, a network operator can choose to run the proposed scheme on the network switches without concerns about backward compatibility or standard body ratifications. This is the power and freedom that SDN networking provides network operators. ...
This paper studies how high‐performance computer servers, equipped with Field‐Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), can perform high‐speed routing. In particular, routing table lookup is considered since it is a key packet processing bottleneck for future routers that need to operate at Petabits‐per‐second. The paper defines and evaluates three routing lookup schemes used by routers/switches, using Xilinx NetFPGA SUME programmable data plane hardware boards. Two existing schemes, namely IP address‐based Longest Prefix Matching and Multi‐Protocol Label Switching tag‐based exact matching are implemented. In addition, the paper presents a new routing scheme called No Lookup Forwarding Scheme (NLFS) that does not use conventional lookup tables. The NLFS approach adds a custom routing tag that does not require any form of (forwarding) table lookup, and independent of the Binary/Ternary Content Associate Memory (CAM) capacity in the switch/router. The experimental results show that the NLFS scheme utilizes less FPGA resources, while reducing packet lookup latency by up to 18% against longest prefix match which is the de facto lookup mechanism used in switches. The key contribution of this work is that it enables the use of NetFPGAs to reduce CAM capacity requirements in switches/routers to help reduce memory costs. The proposed scheme has several use cases, including provision of on‐demand increase of packet routing capacity in data center networks and support for Network Function Virtualization‐based systems.
... Authors in [66] discuss a new approach of infusing SDN and NFV with IoT infrastructures by slicing end-to-end multiple networks segments and building an application that holds the capability to recover IoT services once out of order. In this model, applications are deployed as SDN controllers on top of the SDN network to bring about a high degree of interoperability, security, privacy, quality, flexibility, network slicing, energy efficiency, and virtualization [67,68]. Edge computing and AI can improve performance by reducing the bandwidth requirement in the backbone network. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a mesh network of interconnected objects with unique
identifiers that can transmit data and communicate with one another without the need for human
intervention. The IoT has brought the future closer to us. It has opened up new and vast domains
for connecting not only people, but also all kinds of simple objects and phenomena all around
us. With billions of heterogeneous devices connected to the Internet, the network architecture
must evolve to accommodate the expected increase in data generation while also improving the
security and efficiency of connectivity. Traditional IoT architectures are primitive and incapable of
extending functionality and productivity to the IoT infrastructure’s desired levels. Software-Defined
Networking (SDN) and virtualization are two promising technologies for cost-effectively handling
the scale and versatility required for IoT. In this paper, we discussed traditional IoT networks and the
need for SDN and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), followed by an analysis of SDN and NFV
solutions for implementing IoT in various ways.
... Virtualization can be used between the data and control planes in such a way that SDN controllers work with abstractions of network resources [63]. In this way, the work of controllers becomes simpler and is performed by slices [64], which makes every SDN application focus on its targets, handling only one slice of the network's physical resources. ...
The use of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in the communications of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) demands more comprehensive solutions than those developed to date. The lack of an SDN solution applicable in diverse IIoT scenarios is the problem addressed in this article. The main cause of this problem is the lack of integration of a set of aspects that should be considered in a comprehensive SDN solution. To contribute to the solution of this problem, a review of the literature is conducted in this article, identifying the main requirements for industrial networks nowadays as well as their solutions through SDN. This review indicates that aspects such as security, independence of the network technology used, and network centralized management can be tackled using SDN. All the advantages of this technology can be obtained through the implementation of the same solution, considering a set of aspects proposed by the authors for the implementation of SDNs in IIoT networks. Additionally, after analyzing the main features and advantages of several architectures proposed in the literature, an architecture with distributed network control is proposed for all SDN network scenarios in IIoT. This architecture can be adapted through the inclusion of other necessary elements in specific scenarios. The distributed network control feature is relevant here, as it prevents a single fault-point for an entire industrial network, in exchange for adding some complexity to the network. Finally, the first ideas for the selection of an SDN controller suitable for IIoT scenarios are included, as this is the core element in the proposed architecture. The initial proposal includes the identification of six controllers, which correspond to different types of control planes, and ten characteristics are defined for selecting the most suitable controller through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The analysis and proposal of different fundamental aspects for the implementation of SDNs in IIoT in this article contribute to the development of a comprehensive solution that is not focused on the characteristics of a specific scenario and would, therefore, be applicable in limited situations.
... http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2021, 5 (1): [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] There are also instances in which the attackers create their controllers as per their set of policies and protocols and trick the network elements through the same. The network elements trust the fake controller as the original and various attacks are executed. ...
... In contrast, the technical controls shall include the use of technically advanced mechanisms such as multistep authentication, single sign-on, and likewise for the control of access. [21] Advanced Tools ...
Cloud networks are being used in most industries and applications in the current era. Software-defined networking has come up as an alternative tool and mechanism to follow and implement in a cloud networking environment in place of the traditional networking approaches. This paper includes the security aspects of computer networking concerning the cloud networking environment and software-defined networks. The security risks and vulnerabilities have been listed and described in this work, and the measures that may be adapted to detect, prevent, and control the same. The use of figures, diagrams, and codes has been done as applicable.
... In mobile networks, the concept of SDN was applied to achieve various goals, such as enabling seamless mobility of users, 32 providing virtualization in the LTE networks, 32,33 and managing interferences. 32,34 In 5G networks, the deployment of SDN brings many advantages, such as delivering IoT services, 35,36 network slicing, 37 and intelligent transportation systems' applications 38,39 with respect to their QoS requirements. Several SDN-enabling technologies are used to ensure efficient deployment of SDN, which are network function virtualization (NFV), multi-access edge computing (MEC), and network slicing. ...
Software‐defined networking (SDN) is a new paradigm that consists in decoupling the control plane from the data plane, which offers the flexibility of configuring and managing networks. Recently, an extension of SDN to vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), named software‐defined vehicular networks (SDVN), has been emerged to expand the capabilities of VANET in terms of the provided services and to overcome the VANET issues. Also, SDN has gained a lot of interest to be involved in the extensions of VANET, which are vehicular cloud and vehicular fog. In this paper, we overview the use of SDN in VANET. We survey its deployment in the classic vehicular networks, 5G‐VANET, vehicular cloud, and vehicular fog. Thereafter, we discuss some case studies of SDN in the vehicular context. Then, we present a taxonomy of the existing architectures followed by the major challenges in the implementation of SDN in the vehicular context. Next, we review the tools used to simulate SDN‐based VANET scenarios. Finally, we give some future research directions. This paper presents an overview of the concept of software‐defined networking in the context of vehicular networks. A classification of the software‐defined vehicular network architectures, benefits, challenges, use cases, simulation tools, and open issues are presented in this work.
... Recent surveys have shown that the proliferation of SDN across different domains is widespread [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] even reaching emerging areas such as machine learning [43,42,45], Internet of Things (IoT) [46,47,48] and blockchains [49,50]. Our extensive research of the literature has identified that none of the surveys in the recent two years have collated and studied FTE representations and classified them as we have done in this survey. ...
The packet forwarding behaviour of a network relies on the forwarding rules residing in the networking element (e.g. switches and routers) to forward packets. This applies to both traditional networking and software-defined networking (SDN). These forwarding rules vary in their structures and sizes, but they represent the same fundamental functionality: to match incoming packets against rules and determine its forwarding behaviour. All these rules in a network device constitute a packet forwarding pipeline. This survey paper presents a new taxonomy for the representation of the forwarding pipeline in SDN based on core networking functionality. The new taxonomy uses a typology and attributes of the forwarding behaviour to establish a cohesive vocabulary and a classification system to study and characterise the interactions of FTE along an end-to-end path in SDN. The survey also shows that Boolean algebra is most widely used for the low-level representation of FTEs and facilitates the assessment of “equivalence” between FTEs and has practical uses in traffic monitoring and packet classification within SDN, among others.
... The devices include sensors and actuators assembled with a telecommunication interface, a processing unit, memory unit, and an operating system. 1,2 IoT facilitates the amalgamation of objects into the internet and constituting the interface between people and devices. 2 The integration of IoT with smart homes technology is one of the major applications of IoT, which is getting rapid projection and popularity in today's market place. 3 IoT based smart homes have highly developed systems beyond the basic functionality such as automatic door opening and locking, access control and identification, light and heat control in terms of energy efficiency, video surveillance through IP-enabled cameras, security alarms, object motion sensors, e-health, and broadband wireless connectivity to provide better living standards, comfort, and quality of life. ...
We propose a bidirectional ultra‐wideband (UWB) over multi‐mode fiber link for internet of things based smart home applications that is compatible with globally emerging green radio trend. Employing direct modulation and coupled with carrier‐reuse makes the proposed architecture cost efficient. UWB signals are all‐optically generated by converting phase modulation to intensity modulation by using a shaping filter that has a Gaussian profile. Bidirectional data at the rate of 2 Gbps is transmitted while achieving low receiver sensitivities.
