TABLE 1 - uploaded by Stephen M. Yoshimura
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RELIABILITIES ON NONVERBAL MEASURES
Source publication
Guided by interaction adaptation theory, this work continues a tradition of examining the relative effects of cognitive expectancies and actual communication behavior on communication outcomes. Communication relevant expectancies (pleasant versus unpleasant communication) and actual communication (high versus low involvement) were manipulated in th...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... training that consisted of review- ing sample tapes, practicing coding techniques, and checking preliminary reliabili- ties for consistency, actual ratings for the kinesic dimension were taken from the video-taped interactions and actual ratings for the vocalic dimension were taken from the audio-version of the video. Estimates of inter-rater and inter-item reliability appear in Table 1. While the inter-rater and inter-item reliability coefficients were acceptable on the above dimensions, one or the other were deemed insufficient to include the remaining nonverbal dimensions of kinesic and vocalic anxiety, kinesic immediacy and relaxation, adaptors, and micro-level measures of vocal expressive- ness. ...
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Citations
... EVT also notes that perceivers are particularly aware of and react especially strongly to expectancy violations (Burgoon, 1978(Burgoon, , 1993Burgoon & Jones, 1976;Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999). This reaction happens because perceivers enter a state of arousal when evaluating a party violating an expectancy. ...
... Thus, a perceiver is likely to have a more positive reaction when there is a positive expectancy violation than in cases where expectancies are fulfilled or in cases where there are no expectancies in the first place. Considerable empirical work supports these findings (e.g., Burgoon & Aho, 1982;Burgoon & Le Poire, 1993;Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999). For example, in a crowdfunding context, Seigner et al. (2022) find that chances of funding success improve more for female entrepreneurs in male-typed than in female-typed crowdfunding categories. ...
... When crowdfunders do hold this expectancy, the cue of attractiveness will become more salient for female entrepreneurs relative to male entrepreneurs (e.g., Burgoon & Jones, 1976;Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999). Moreover, because this persuasive cue is more salient and salient cues lead to stronger reactions (Burgoon, 1993;Burgoon & Jones, 1976;Darley & Gross, 1983;Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999), its positive impact on funding outcomes should apply to female entrepreneurs. ...
Plain English Summary
Among biased investors, crowdfunding pitches work best for passionate male and attractive female entrepreneurs. Crowdfunding is a way for entrepreneurs to raise funds from a large, anonymous pool of amateur investors. To raise funds on these platforms, entrepreneurs create pitch videos to present to potential investors. When crowdfunding first emerged, there was widespread hope that it would open up new sources of funding to groups of entrepreneurs who are often shut out from traditional sources of funding, such as venture capital. But has that really happened? Or do biases that are common among professional investors also work to the disadvantage of these entrepreneurs in crowdfunding? In this paper, we answer these questions by studying the pitches of both male and female entrepreneurs and their impact on funding success. Our findings offer both a cause for optimism and for concern. On the positive side, we do find that crowdfunding can be a viable source of funding for female entrepreneurs. However, this benefit primarily goes to more attractive females. Furthermore, although being passionate in a pitch is generally a good thing, we find this benefit primarily goes to men instead of women. Without being too pessimistic, we find that these results only hold among those investors who hold certain gender-based biases pertaining to passion and attractiveness. Overall, the principal implication of this study is that biases that limit accessibility to traditional sources of funding also operate within crowdfunding. However, traditionally underfunded groups of entrepreneurs may be able to use these to their advantage.
... The Chinese consider the dragon as a symbol of power, authority, and good luck (Chen, 2018). Many Chinese immigrants rely on this symbol and its extensive metaphors in their everyday lives to give cues about their culture, identity, and emotions to the people with whom they live and interact (Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999). They describe themselves as "descendants of the dragon" (Sleeboom, 2002); compare their parental expectations and parenting to "wishing for dragon children" (Wu & Singh, 2004); metaphorize their achievement of difficult as "jumping the Dragon Gate" (Craig, 2020;Curtis et al., 2018); and celebrate folk sports at festivals in terms of dragon themes, such as Dragon Boat and Dragon Dance (Harrison et al., 2012). ...
... They envisage that a similar background and common transnational experiences may enable other Chinese immigrants to understand the multifaceted self-referential metaphor of the Phoenix. Individuals rely on verbal, nonverbal, and visual communication in their everyday lives to transmit cues about the people in their environment and with whom they are interacting (Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999). The presumption that other people can understand their metaphorical expressions forms a special type of communication. ...
This article focuses on the psychocultural perceptions and social interactions among a sample of 58 Chinese immigrant women in the Maricopa County, the metro area of the city of Phoenix, Arizona, and the manner in which they are able to negotiate multiple identity markers that in part influence and define their capacity to achieve and maintain self-referential growth. The sample of Chinese women living in the Phoenix area not only apply the metaphor of the phoenix to themselves, but also reference this mythical bird in their social media ID, clubs names, and themed events, and include it in oral traditions passed on to children. In comparison, they reject, negotiate, or resist the stigma and stereotypes attached to the “dragon” symbol which often convey qualities of overpowering and irrational oppression. Instead, they associate themselves with the heuristic of the phoenix as a tool for self-empowerment, virtue, well-being, and ethnic- self-representation. These spontaneous reconstructions of ethnic symbols and metaphors based on traditional cultural consensus allowed immigrants to develop cultural self-confidence because they believed that they had eliminated the possibility of discrimination, and eventually contribute to feasible solutions of silent symbolic violence.
... In contrast, confederates in the Bored condition were instructed to display disengaged affect, posture, gestures, and eye contact, and to provide terse responses to participants. Thus, the confederate's behavior in the Interested condition represents expected friendliness, while the Bored condition represents a violation of social expectations (Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999;Ratto et al., 2011). Following the CASS procedures, the Interested condition was administered first and the Bored condition second, with less than 1 min between conversations. ...
Successful social communication is complex; it relies on effectively deploying and continuously revising one's behavior to fit the needs of a given conversation, partner, and context. For example, a skilled conversationalist may instinctively become less talkative with a quiet partner and more talkative with a chattier one. Prior research suggests that behavioral flexibility across social contexts can be a particular challenge for individuals with autism spectrum condition (ASC), and that difficulty adapting to the changing needs of a conversation contributes to communicative breakdowns and poor social outcomes. In this study, we examine whether reduced conversational adaptation, as measured by talkativeness, differentiates 48 verbally fluent children and teens with ASC from 50 neurotypical (NT) peers matched on age, intelligence quotient, and sex ratio. Participants completed the Contextual Assessment of Social Skills with two novel conversation partners. The first acted interested in the conversation and talked more (Interested condition), while the second acted bored and talked less (Bored condition). Results revealed that NT participants emulated their conversation partner's behavior by being more talkative in the Interested condition as compared to the Bored condition ( z = 9.92, p < 0.001). In contrast, the ASC group did not differentially adapt their behavior to the Bored versus Interested context, instead remaining consistently talkative in both ( p = 0.88). The results of this study have implications for understanding social communication and behavioral adaptation in ASC, and may be valuable for clinicians interested in improving conversational competence in verbally fluent individuals with autism.
Lay Summary
Social communication—including everyday conversations—can be challenging for individuals on the autism spectrum. In successful conversations, people tend to adjust aspects of their language to be more similar to their partners'. In this study, we found that children and teens with autism did not change their own talkativeness in response to a social partner who was more or less talkative, whereas neurotypical peers did. These findings have clinical implications for improving conversational competence in verbally fluent individuals with autism.
... Individuals who conform to these expectancies elicit more positive reactions from others than when no expectancies are held (Burgoon, 1993;Burgoon and Jones, 1976). However, violations of an individual's expectations result in even stronger reactions from those individuals because they enter into a state of high emotional arousal in order to evaluate the violation (Burgoon, 1978(Burgoon, , 1993Burgoon and Jones, 1976;Darley and Gross, 1983;Le Poire and Yoshimura, 1999). Such reactions can be positive when the violation is positive (i.e., when the person displays a positively valued behavior that is counter to what was expected) or negative (i.e., when the person displays a negatively valued behavior that is counter to what was expected) (Burgoon, 1978(Burgoon, , 1993. ...
Entrepreneurs face considerable obstacles in accruing funding and other resources when starting a new venture; problems that are likely compounded when starting a new venture after experiencing failure. In particular, it is unclear how early-stage investors react to entrepreneurs with prior failure experiences in terms of how they perceive the entrepreneur's capabilities and how they evaluate the new venture. Leveraging expectancy violation theory, we theorize that prior failure will lead to more negative outcomes than prior success, but more positive outcomes than those with no prior entrepreneurial experience, and that this effect will be further attenuated by whether the entrepreneur learned or not from their prior experience. We test our model using a scenario-based experiment of 828 decisions made by 69 early-stage investors. We contribute to the literature on early stage investor decision making, entrepreneurial failure and learning, and discuss implications and future research directions given our findings.
... IAT predicts complementary behavior will occur when a receiver's desired and expected levels are incongruent with the partner's manipulated performed behavior. This is theorized because when expectations are not met, feelings of discomfort and fear increase, making it more likely for people to complement their partner's behavior (Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999). Therefore, we hypothesize: ...
Theoretically framed by interaction adaptation theory (IAT), an experiment was conducted to explore the effects of expectations and partner behavior on participants’ responses during romantic conflict. Participants (N = 360) were randomly assigned a conflict scenario and a partner’s manipulated conflict behavior. Results revealed that expecting, desiring, and receiving a constructive strategy yielded more symmetrical responses, whereas expecting and desiring a constructive strategy, but receiving a destructive or an avoidant strategy, yielded more complementary responses. However, regardless of expectations for romantic partner’s conflict behavior, participants who desired and received a constructive strategy were more likely to respond symmetrically to their partner. Results suggest that a partner’s initial conflict communication has a strong impact on partner’s responding communicative behavior.
... It explains the relative effect of cognitive expectation from communication and the associated individuals' behavioral outcomes. The violation of language norms and the lexical complexity of language affects receivers' expectations that produce unpleasant meanings and poor interaction adaptation (Le and Yoshimura, 1999). The Burgoon's model is an extension of expectancy violation theory (White, 2008). ...
Purpose
To address critical research gaps in the extant literature, the present study develops a model that links language constraints in hotel attributes—core and facilitating––with consumers' offendedness (CO) and examines the consequent behavioral intentions of an offended consumer. For this purpose, it investigates (1) the role of language constraints in core and facilitating attributes in shaping CO, (2) how CO relates to adverse behavioral outcomes and (3) the moderating role of attribution of service failure (ASF) between language constraints and CO.
Design/methodology/approach
The present research used convenience sampling and collected data from 398 inbound tourists in Beijing through a survey questionnaire. The study performs measurement and structural evaluation by employing Amos Graphics 24.0 and moderation analysis through IBM SPSS 25.0.
Findings
The study examines language constraints in China's hospitality context, which restricts its generalizability. However, it serves as a better approach to examine the tourists who visit other Western hotels in China and unveils the factors contributing to CO.
Research limitations/implications
The study examines language constraints in Chinese hotels, which restrict its generalizability. It serves as a better approach to examine the tourists who visit other Western hotels in China and unveils the factors contributing to CO.
Originality/value
Few studies validate communication barriers in service encounters in hotel services and apprehend related outcomes. The present study takes a unique initiative in the context of China and examines the role of language constraints in core and facilitating hotel attributes in service encounters at Chinese hotels. This study informs the Chinese hotel industry and international destination firms to understand the language constraints in service encounters to further their strategies to overcome threats and tap potential opportunities.
... The observation of students' reactions may thus be useful for optimising this communication (Moore, 1996). As such, there is good cause why communication is regarded as an indicator of the communicator's emotional, as well as symbolic experiences (Le Poire, 1999). Symbolic communication is intentional communication that uses learned, socially-shared signal systems of propositional information transmitted via symbols. ...
The purpose of the present chapter is to describe how a systemic approach can be combined with the empirical detection of behaviour patterns by means of a systematic methodology and its utility of observing pedagogic communication. Of course, each teacher has his or her own paraverbal communicative style. However, the objective of this chapter is not to compare styles but, rather, to reveal the trends in this dimension of communication among teachers working in a similar naturalistic context. The observation of a natural context requires the use of the observational instrument, as well as the detection of temporal patterns in the transcribed actions. Therefore, despite the concrete and unique nature of each body it is possible to identify certain kinesic and proxemic functions and morphologies that are sufficiently generalised and which are of great interest with respect to teaching.
... The observation of students' reactions may thus be useful for optimising this communication (Moore 1996). As such, there is good cause why communication is regarded as an indicator of the communicator's emotional, as well as symbolic experiences (Le Poire and Yoshimura 1999). Symbolic communication is intentional communication that uses learned, socially-shared signal systems of propositional information transmitted via symbols. ...
Social forms of language use such as communication, information transmission without communicative intention, and manipulation may be distinguished on the basis of language users’ intentions. Language users’ perspectives get tied up with their intentions. Identifying intentions in language use is not an easy task. Usually language users provide various clues to make it possible for their partners to take their perspectives and infer their intentions. The present chapter seeks to investigate these clues, concentrating on the role of some linguistic devices and contextual clues. Before discussing intentionality and perspectivity, the chapter overviews the main types of human communication models and examine whether they are suitable for handling the multimodality, temporal sequentiality, perspectivity, and intentionality of human communication. Then, following a thorough analysis of some data from a thought experiment and a corpus, first, the chapter analyzes how speakers can realize their intentions and what perspectives speakers attempt to develop in their partners in order to achieve that their partners infer the intentions the speakers wish to convey. Second, it examines how partners can infer speakers’ intentions based on the clues provided by the speakers. And, third, it extends the analysis to information transmission without communicative intention and manipulation.
... Burgoon's theory also examines the effect of cognitive expectations of communication behavior and outcomes after interaction adaptation. The violation of expectations produces unpleasant communication and results in the greatest effect on interaction adaptation (Le Poire & Yoshimura, 1999). This interaction adaptation theory is an extension of prior work on expectancy violations theory (White, 2008). ...
... Following arrival, participants first completed the TSST-F, followed by the TSST. The order of the paradigms was chosen to prevent possible changes in social behavior during the more friendly social interaction (TSST-F) due to violation of social norms and expectations in the TSST ( LePoire & Yoshimura, 1999). All participants completed both social paradigms in one visit to the lab. ...
Response to psychological stress can vary based on the extent to which the context is perceived as stressful, especially under different social conditions. The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare physiological stress (cortisol) and regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) of 10–12 year old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 31) or typical development (TD, n = 25) when exposed to two social stress protocols. The extent to which perceived emotion (affect recognition) and anxiety (state and trait) mediate the stress response was also explored. Results revealed different patterns of stress responses dependent on the type of stressor. During a friendly social interaction, both groups generally showed an adaptive, synergistic response between cortisol and RSA. In response to social evaluation, however, the ASD group did not show correlating responses between physiological systems, which was likely due to a blunted stress response to the social evaluative stressor. The ability to recognize neutral faces mediated the relationship between diagnostic group and physiological response to social evaluation, indicating that perception of threat is essential to triggering a stress response. The current study emphasizes the need to consider the important role of social context, social perception, and perceived anxiety when examining social interaction and stress.
