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The seed and peel of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), a very commonly
consumed fruit were examined for metals and phytochemicals. The metals were
examined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer while the phytochemicals
were determined through standard methods of phytochemical analysis after
extraction of the Citrullus lanatus with ethyl acetate an...
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Context 1
... metals examined in this work have both negative and positive roles they perform in the body depending on their concentrations [9]. All the metallic elements observed in the C. lanatus (watermelon) were lower than the recommended daily dietary intake by RDA (Table 2). ...
Context 2
... in the peel. These values were lower than the RDA recommended daily intake value (Table 2). At high concentration, nickel inhibits mitosis in plant and reduces plant growth as well as reduction in fruit yield and quality [32][33][34]. ...
Context 3
... in the seed and peel respectively. These values were lower than the required value recommended by RDA (Table 2). These values were however higher than those obtained for different fruits and leafy vegetables sold in Lagos, Nigeria markets [36], but were either higher or lower than those obtained from leaves and crops found around dumpsites in Lafia metropolis, Nigeria [37]. ...
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Nicotiana tabacum L. has been employed in healing of various ailments such as gastrointestinal disorders, abdominal discomfort, constipation, urinary tract obstruction, dental pain and dermatitis. This study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical components of leaf extracts of Nicotiana tabacum L. Dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. were s...
Citations
... The values of Ni observed in both unsoaked and soaked cereals were lower than the RDA value of 1.0 mg. However, elevated concentrations of Ni hinders mitosis, thereby causing a reduction the rate of plant growth and also reduced fruit yield and quality (Gajewska et al., 2006;Edori and Marcus, 2016). Ni is toxic to blood, disruptions body immune resistance, neurotoxic, affects reproduction, the veins, kidney and liver and also considered a carcinogen. ...
... Lingering human toxicity with Mn is due to continuous contact by breathing and assimilation through food intake. The persistence of intake or exposure to Mn will result in a diseased condition that affects the central nervous system (CNS) called manganism, which linked with psychic and neurological condition (Edori and Marcus, 2016). A unusual slurping posture, spasms or vibrations of the body, incoherent speaking, delusions, sleeplessness, and psychological misperception are notable symptoms of the disease. ...
Food is the most vital component of human existence. Maize and guinea corn purchased from open market in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria were divided each into two group. One group was soaked in distilled water for four days and the other group remain unsoaked. After four days, they were both even dried to constant weight and digested using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The digest were analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer model model SN – SG 10960. The result obtained showed higher value of metals in the unsoaked grains as against the soaked grains. The percentage removal of metals in maize was 22.999, 19.867, 100, 1.252, 9.953, 10.198, 7.007 and 4.412% for Pb, Cr, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu and Mn respectively. For guinea corn, the percentage removal of the metal after soaking were; 51.592, 25.491, 100, 1.139, -8.365, 23.292, 7.585 and 22.661% for Pb, Cr, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu and Mn. However, Cd was not detected in any of the samples and Zn content in guinea corn slightly increased in value. The result implied that soaking of cereals before preparation for human consumption could be an important source of removal of toxic metals from food.
... Since honey has a wide range of minerals and trace elements, it can be a good source of these nutrients for humans [29]. [32]. This identifies manna as a superlative source of iron [33]. ...
... This content is quite high in comparison to bee honey. According to Edori (2017) [32], the RDA and TUIL for magnesium are 310 and 400 mg, respectively. Wasp honey revealed a different outcome when compared to bee honey. ...
... This content is quite high in comparison to bee honey. According to Edori (2017) [32], the RDA and TUIL for magnesium are 310 and 400 mg, respectively. Wasp honey revealed a different outcome when compared to bee honey. ...
... Since honey has a wide range of minerals and trace elements, it can be a good source of these nutrients for humans [29]. [32]. This identifies manna as a superlative source of iron [33]. ...
... This content is quite high in comparison to bee honey. According to Edori (2017) [32], the RDA and TUIL for magnesium are 310 and 400 mg, respectively. Wasp honey revealed a different outcome when compared to bee honey. ...
... This content is quite high in comparison to bee honey. According to Edori (2017) [32], the RDA and TUIL for magnesium are 310 and 400 mg, respectively. Wasp honey revealed a different outcome when compared to bee honey. ...
Honey is a sweet substance that has been valued by humans for its taste and health benefits. It is produced by honey bees from the sugary secretions of plants. However, other insects, such as aphids and wasps, also produce honey-like substances. This study aimed to compare the physical and biochemical properties of honey produced by honey bees, aphids, and wasps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To achieve this, samples of honey, bitter honey, honeydew, and wasp honey were collected and examined. The samples were analyzed for total sugar, sucrose, water, Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acidity, total acidity, diastase activity, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH), and elements present. The tests applied were based on the international standard methods for honey analysis, Folin-Ciocalteu test for total phenols, DPPH radical scavenging test, and elemental analysis by ICP-OES. The study found that the physical and biochemical properties of honey produced by aphids and wasps were similar to those of honey produced by bees, with differences in total sugar, sucrose, water, HMF, acidity, total acidity, and diastase activity. Significant differences were found in TPC and antioxidant activities for most of the samples. However, the amounts of different elements present in the samples varied, with wasp honey containing high concentrations of Al, Mg, Fe, Mn, V, Ti, and Sr and being the only sample to contain vanadium. Overall, the results of this study suggest that honey samples produced by aphids and wasps were close to the specifications of bee honey and within accepted standards. However, when compared to bee honey, a significant difference was found in the total TPC and DPPH values. Honey is regarded as a necessary economic component and a healthy food, and this study contributes to our understanding of the properties of different types of honey.
... Diabetic mice fed either watermelon juice or watermelon flesh powder showed reduced fasting blood glucose levels by regulating hepatic glucose transporter and enzymes involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis [2,[13][14][15]. Moreover, the rind and skin, edible byproducts of watermelon, also have similar bioactive compounds as the flesh part [16,17]. Therefore, not only the flesh part of watermelon but also the rind and skin, may have the potential to improve diabetic conditions. ...
Hindering the absorption of glucose through inhibition of intestinal carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes is an efficient strategy for reducing hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of watermelon flesh extracts (WFE), rind extract (WRE), skin extract (WSE), and citrulline on intestinal carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and to identify their bioactive compounds. WSE showed higher bioactive compounds and total phenolic content than WFE and WRE. WFE, WRE, and WSE demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition against carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. WFE, WRE, and WSE inhibited α-glucosidase by 40~45% at a concentration of 60 mg/mL whereas 80 mg/mL citrulline showed a similar inhibitory effect. WRE and citrulline showed IC50 values of 0.02 and 0.01 mg/mL for maltase and sucrase, respectively. Citrulline at 20 mg/mL exhibited higher glucoamylase and pancreatic α-amylase inhibition than WFE, WRE, and WSE at the same concentration. Citrulline and WRE showed similar IC50 values for glucoamylase and α-amylase compared to 1 mg/mL acarbose. This study suggests that watermelon, including its byproduct parts possibly due to citrulline, has the potential for carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition that is beneficial to reducing postprandial hyperglycemia.
... The deficiency of iron leads to anemia. 27 The presence of magnesium is associated with the release of parathyroid hormones in vital organs and tissues, oxidative phosphorylation, normal muscle contraction and relaxation and the conversion of vitamin D to its active form. The mean Mg content of the seed oil was 6.22±0.22mg. ...
Highlighting the nutritional benefit of oil gleaned from the seed of sweet orange Citrus sinensis has become necessary; owing to the fact that the seed is predominantly considered a waste. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the nutritional benefits of oil extracted from the seed of sweet orange Citrus sinensis of the family; Rutaceae, and order; Sapindales. A total of 2.0 kg of coarsely crushed seeds were immersed in 15 liters of n-hexane for 72 hours in batches with intermittent vigorous shaking and the oil was further extracted using a soxhlet extractor. Other procedures for analysis were performed using standard methods. The result revealed that, the anti-nutrients levels were found to be within the safe limit, vitamin and minerals fell within the daily recommended intake limit. The proximate composition of Citrus sinensis seeds oil revealed that the oil contains; Protein 1.560±0.120, Moisture content 4.636±0.153, Fat 89.810±0.282, Ash content 1.776±0.161, Crude fibre 0.619±0.052 and Carbohydrate 1.614±0.036. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of the following fatty acid compounds; Linoleic acid 37.644%, Palmitic acid 28.051%, Isopropyl linoleate 12.699%, Pentadecanoic acid 9.652%, Stearic acid 5.839%, Butyl linoleate 2.867, and Glutaric acid 2.616%. Therefore, indicating that, the oil extracted from sweet orange Citrus sinensis seeds it’s an excellent choice for both nutritional and industrial purposes.
... The effectiveness of any extract in exhibiting biological activity is dependent on the concentration of the extract. Therefore, the potency of the phytoconstituents is a function of the amount of the potent type of the specific functional inhibiting phytochemicals present in the final composition of the extract (Suffredini et al., 2004;Edori and Marcus, 2017). Therefore, the higher the concentrations, the more the antimicrobial activity, and the lesser the concentrations of the phytochemical, the more the observed decrease in bioactivity (FAO/WHO, 1984). ...
Dried leaves of Annona muricata and Cucumbita maxima were extracted using chloroform, methanol and hexane solvents. The extracts were analysed for phytoconstituents using standard procedures. A preliminary test was also carried out on the anti-bacterial properties of the different solvent extracts against S. aureus, V. cholera and E. coli. Phytochemical analysis of Annona muricata and Cucumbita maxima showed the presence of alkaloids, fats and oil, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and proteins. However, glycosides were not detected in any of the plant extracts and coumarins were not detected in A. muricata and flavonoids were not detected Cucumbita maxima. The growth of S. aureus was inhibited in chloroform and hexane extracts of A muricata and hexane and methanol extract of C. maxima. The growth of V. cholera was inhibited to varying degrees by the extracts from all the solvents, while E. coli was only inhibited in hexane extracts of both plants. The results observed revealed that both plants can serve useful purposes in traditional medicine and can be harnessed for scientific design in drug synthesis and production. Keywords: Phytochemicals, screening, solvent extracts, Annona muricata and Cucumbita maxima, anti-bacterial
... This is because they interfere with the physiological system of animals which lead to different ailments [8]. However, others such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese and selenium are required at trace levels for proper physiological and biochemical body functions [9]. According to [10], the constant deterioration and degradation of the different water bodies and sources is alarming and thus becoming a societal issue which must be addressed urgently. ...
Samples of surface water were collected from Edagberi Creek from three different
stations at intervals of two months for a one-year period. The samples were treated
using standard methods and then analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using atomic
absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The metals analyzed were manganese (Mn),
mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), chromium
(Cr) and zinc (Zn). The result of the metal concentrations in both stations and months
showed the order as Hg < Cd < Pb < Cr < Cu < Zn < Fe < Mn < Ni. The values observed for
Fe, Mn and Ni were higher than the WHO and NAFDAC requirement for drinking water,
while those of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn were lower than the stipulated values for drinking
water by the stated agencies. Contamination factor test carried out on the different heavy
metals based on their concentrations and the WHO standard showed that the studied
heavy metals were at different level of contamination and pollution classification in the
creek. The creek was slightly contaminated–severely polluted with Mn, while that of Hg
was within contamination range, Cd and Pb fall within non-contamination to moderate
contamination, not contaminated with Cu and Zn, but the creek was moderately polluted
with Ni, and non-contaminated to slightly contaminated with Fe and uncontaminated to
moderately contaminated with Cr. Pollution index showed that the creek is not polluted
with heavy metals. Contamination degree values showed that the creek is at different
levels of heavy metals contamination, while modified contamination degree indicated that
the creek experienced nil to very low degree of contamination by the metals examined.
From the results obtained in the creek, it is advisable that the water should be subjected to
treatment before consumption
... The blended particles were sieved with a 2mm sieving basket, and stored in the laboratory. Digestion of Samples and Heavy Metals Analysis 2g of the powdered leaves and peels were separately digested using the method of mixed acids [8]. The obtained mixture was filtered into sample bottles to obtain the digest and made up to 20 ml mark. ...
Leaves and peels of pawpaw bought from open market within Port Harcourt metropolis were
examined for metals and qualitative phytochemical compositions. The metals examined in the
leaves and peels of the pawpaw were manganese (Mn), potassium (K), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn),
magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and
selenium (Se). Their concentrations were in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Mg > K >Cu > Ca > Ni >
Na > Pb> Ar = Se in the leaves, while those of the peels were in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Mg
> Cu > Ca > K > Ni = Na > Pb> Ar = Se. The results of heavy metals in leaves and peels were not
significantly different from each other, but were slightly higher in the peels than the leaves.
The phytochemicals examined in the leaves and plants were flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides,
phenol, terpenoids, tannins, carboxylic acids, quinones and xanthoproteins. In the aqueous
extracts of the leaves and peels were; flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, caboxylic acids and
xanthoprotein, while methanolics extracts showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids,
glycosides, phenolics, terpenoids and xanthoproteins. The presence of micronutrients and
phytochemicals in the pawpaw plant might be the reason for its utility for the cure of different
diseases and ailments.
... These differences may attribute to the kind and quantity of adjunct materials that presence with Manna, in addition to the type of cleaning for these Manna samples which were brought from the local market. (Edori & Marcus, 2017) reported that RDA and TUIL for iron are 8 mg and 45mg, respectively that emphasize the Manna as a superior resource of iron metal. ...
... In general, magnesium content was relatively high in the studied Manna samples which ranged between 3.005 ppm for B and 4.410 ppm for K of Manna samples. (Edori & Marcus, 2017) also reported that RDA and TUIL for Mg are 310 and 400 mg, respectively. ...
... The effects of the different extracts showed variation in the resistance offered by the tested microbes or bacteria. The active principles of resistance or inhibition of plant extracts on bacterial strains is dependent on the presence and nature of phytochemicals in the plant examined and also on the concentrations of the different phytochemicals extracted [36][37][38], the nature of the plant, the species and nature of the microorganism tested and the solvent type used for the extraction. The active principles or phytochemicals is the basis of medical potency or effectiveness of medicinal plants [35]. ...
