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Quantitative real-time PCR detection for endogenous B. cockerelli mRNAs after feeding of dsRNAs or siRNAs.
Source publication
The potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericerca cockerelli (B. cockerelli), and the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (D. citri), are very important plant pests, but they are also vectors of phloem-limited bacteria that are associated with two devastating plant diseases. B. cockerelli is the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous (solanacearum)...
Contexts in source publication
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... real time PCR results were normalized by quantifying the abundance of B. cockerelli rRNA (accession number GQ249868). These analyses revealed that the mRNA abundance of the BC-ATPase mRNA was decreased by 37%-65% after feeding on BC-ATPase dsRNA (Fig. 5A, Table 2). BC-Hsp70 and BC-CLIC mRNAs also showed significant decreases in abundance when whole psyllids were analyzed (Table 2). ...
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... analyses revealed that the mRNA abundance of the BC-ATPase mRNA was decreased by 37%-65% after feeding on BC-ATPase dsRNA (Fig. 5A, Table 2). BC-Hsp70 and BC-CLIC mRNAs also showed significant decreases in abundance when whole psyllids were analyzed (Table 2). These results demonstrated that mRNA knockdown is achievable for gut- highly-expressed mRNAs, and can be detected even when analyzing total psyllid RNAs. ...
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... results demonstrated that mRNA knockdown is achievable for gut- highly-expressed mRNAs, and can be detected even when analyzing total psyllid RNAs. By contrast, analysis of total psyllid RNAs from the psyllids that fed on BC-Actin dsRNA did not show a reduction for the BC-Actin mRNA (Fig. 5B, Table 2). However, because we had observed ubiquitous expression of BC-Actin mRNA in all tissues we tested (Fig. 2), we asked if the BC-Actin mRNA knockdown in the guts could be masked by the total BC- Actin mRNA expressed in the whole body. ...
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... we next compared BC-Actin mRNA abundance in the guts dissected from the psyllids that were fed on BC-Actin and control GFP dsRNAs. These analyses showed that BC-Actin mRNA was decreased by ,70% in gut tissues of BC-Actin dsRNA-fed psyllids (Fig. 5B, Table 2). These results, together with the results from Fig. 3D, suggest that the psyllid gut is accessible to the ingested dsRNA, and therefore gut-expressed or gut-specific mRNAs could be more susceptible RNAi targets. ...
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Introduction
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Methods
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Citations
... RNAi has been widely applied among the Insecta, including in Hemiptera, Dictyoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Isoptera, and Diptera. [32][33][34] The potential practical application of dsRNA on economically important insects has also been explored, which includes Apis mellifera, Drosophila spp., Plutella xylostella, Tribolium castaneum, and D. citri. 28,[35][36][37] For example, RNAi can efficiently down regulate target genes and silence them in a species-specific manner, leading to phenotypic changes that increase mortality. ...
BACKGROUND
Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is a hemipteran that vectors the causal pathogen of citrus greening disease, or huanglongbing (HLB). HLB is a tree killing disease that has severely limited citrus production globally. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this disease, and mitigation depends on multiple insecticide applications to reduce vector populations. Silencing of cytochrome P450 expression associated with detoxification enzymes by RNA interference is known to increase susceptibility of D. citri to insecticides. However, dsRNA was previously introduced into psyllids by topical applications. The possible application of this technology for pest management will require effective field delivery of the dsRNA. Therefore, we evaluated a virus vector (Citrus tristeza virus; ‘mild strain’ T36) to deliver gene silencing directly to this sap‐sucking insect via plant phloem. Citrus macrophylla plants inoculated with CTV expressing a truncated consensus sequence of CYP450 (CTV‐tCYP450) constantly produced small interfering RNA in the plant phloem that targeted five cytochrome p540 (CYP450) genes in D. citri.
RESULTS
Insecticide susceptible D. citri reared on citrus infected with CTV‐tCYP450 were subsequently more susceptible to imidacloprid, fenpropathrin, carbaryl, and chlorpyrifos than those reared on citrus infected with wildtype CTV or non‐infected negative controls. Additionally, nymph survival and adult lifespan were significantly reduced when psyllids were reared on CTV‐tCYP450 citrus plants compared with controls. Interestingly, similar results were obtained after one and two generations of rearing. Finally, field‐collected psyllids from areas with known broad‐spectrum insecticide resistance were rendered more susceptible to imidacloprid and fenpropathrin after feeding on CTV‐tCYP450 citrus trees as compared with those reared on controls.
CONCLUSION
The integration of citrus‐mediated RNA inference targeting psyllid detoxification enzymes could function as a resistance management tool and reduce insecticide input in an integrated pest management program for HLB. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
... Liberibacter solanacearum" [14][15][16][17][18]. Despite pioneering studies in which RNAi has been evaluated in diverse insects by delivering exogenous dsRNA or small interfering RNAs (by-products of degradation) [19] orally (sucrose or diet) or by dsRNA ingestion from plants expressing dsRNAs [12,20], effective environmental RNAi requires optimization at the species and/or family level. This is because the efficiency of dsRNAs delivered exogenously (by ingestion) to insects is governed by species-specific factors such as dsRNA dose and RNAi penetrance that can be influenced by gut pH and physiological stage [11]. ...
... Consequently, for each species the choice of target gene(s) and concentration of individual or "stacked" dsRNAs must be determined empirically [7,18,[21][22][23]. While lower than optimal dsRNA concentrations may not trigger optimal RNAi [19], excessively high concentrations can lead to off-target or cytotoxic effects and/or over-saturation of the RNAi machinery that reduces RNAi efficiency [21,22]. For ACP, RNAi resulting in significant mortality requires dsRNA concentrations spanning 20-1000 ng/µL, 0.1-1000 ng/µL, and 0.3-500 ng/µL, depending on the delivery method such as ingestion from 20% sucrose solution or artificial diet [15,[24][25][26][27], topical application [14,16,17,[27][28][29], and plant-mediated delivery [7,11,15], respectively. ...
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) is a citrus pest and insect vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, the causal agent of citrus greening disease. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) biopesticides that trigger RNA interference (RNAi) offer an alternative to traditional insecticides. Standardized laboratory screening of dsRNA requires establishing the minimal effective concentration(s) that result in effective RNAi “penetrance” and trigger RNAi, resulting in one or more measurable phenotypes, herein, significant gene knockdown and the potential for mortality. In this study, knockdown was evaluated for a range of dsRNA concentrations of three ACP candidate genes, clathrin heavy chain (CHC), vacuolar ATPase subunit A (vATPase-A), and sucrose non-fermenting protein 7 (Snf7). Gene knockdown was quantified for ACP teneral adults and 3rd instar nymphs allowed a 48 h ingestion-access period (IAP) on 10, 50,100, 200, and 500 ng/µL dsRNA dissolved in 20% sucrose followed by a 5-day post-IAP on orange jasmine shoots. Significant gene knockdown (p < 0.05) in ACP third instar nymphs and adults ranged from 12–34% and 18–39%, 5 days post-IAP on dsRNA at 10–500 and 100–500 ng/µL, respectively. The threshold concentration beyond which no significant gene knockdown and adult mortality was observed post-48 h IAP and 10-day IAP, respectively, was determined as 200 ng/µL, a concentration indicative of optimal RNAi penetrance.
... In addition, nutrition disorders inducing leaf chlorosis change selection of psyllid feeding targets by acting on their yellow and UV photoreceptors (Paris et al. 2017). Although many alternative approaches for psyllid control, such as entomopathogens, parasitoids, predators and RNA interference (RNAi), psyllid management is still heavily reliant on insecticides (Qureshi & Stansly 2009;Wuriyanghan et al. 2011). However, intensive insecticide use, of eight to 12 times per year, has led to less suceptible populations of ACP to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids (Tiwari et al. 2011. ...
The control of Huanglongbing (HLB), one of the most destructive pests of citrus, relies heavily on the reduction of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. An in‐depth understanding of ACP feeding behaviours among citrus plants is urgent for comprehensive management of orchards.
An investigation was conducted in 37 citrus orchards in HLB epidemic areas, sampling shoots in the area with aggregation feeding of ACP (ACPf) and shoots in a neighbouring area without ACP feeding (CK), to study the interaction between leaf chemical composition and ACP psyllid feeding behaviours.
Results of FTIR showed a strong absorption peak intensity, mainly representing functional groups originating from cell wall components in the leaf with ACP feeding. As compared with the control, cell wall components, such as alkali‐soluble pectin, water‐soluble pectin, total soluble pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, of the cell wall of ACPf increased by 134.0%, 14.0%, 18.0%, 12.5%, and 20.35%, respectively. These results suggest that cell wall mechanical properties significantly decreased in the term of decreases in pectin performance and cellulose mechanical properties. In addition, there was a remarkably lower boron (B) content in leaves and cell wall components with ACP feeding. Further analysis indicated that leaf B content significantly affected leaf cell wall components.
Taken together, we provide evidence to demonstrate that the regional distribution of nutrient imbalance in orchards could affect psyllid feeding behaviour by weakening the cell wall structure, resulting in epidemic variation in ACP. This could help us to understand the management of psyllid infections in orchards with unbalanced nutrition
... RNAi is a revolutionary technology applied widely to study gene functions and the knockdown effect of genes. The efficiency of RNAi in target gene suppression among various hemipteran insects has been successfully demonstrated (Ge et al. 2015;Lopez et al. 2019;Wuriyanghan et al. 2011;Vyas et al. 2017;Pitino et al. 2011). Selecting a suitable target gene is one of the vital factors determining RNAi's efficiency. ...
The importance of gut sucrase in maintaining osmotic equilibrium and utilizing phloem contents as a carbon source has been widely investigated and proven in sap-sucking insects. In the present study, silencing of Aphis gossypiisucrase1 (Agsuc1) was carried out by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which would be lethal to it due to disruption of osmotic balance. The dsRNA corresponding to Agsuc1 was synthesized by two methods, i.e., in vitro synthesis using T7/SP6 RNA polymerase and in vivo synthesis by bacterial expression, i.e., Escherichia coli strain HT115 transformed with the L4440 vector system. Oral delivery of double-stranded Agsuc1 synthesized in vitro (dsAgsuc1) and in vivo (HT115Agsuc1) induced around 50% mortality in nymphs of A. gossypii. Moreover, the number of offspring produced by the survived aphids decreased by 39–43%. Parthenogenetic reproduction of the aphids is the critical factor for their fast population build-up, leading to yield losses of economic significance. Thus, the present study demonstrated that the silencing of the Agsuc1 gene reduced the aphid population by killing it and inhibited the population buildup by reducing the number of offspring produced by the survived aphids, likely to result in a significant reduction in crop damage. The production of dsRNA by bacterial expression is a cost-effective method. It has the potential to be used as a biopesticide. The sucrase gene is an excellent putative target gene for RNAi against A. gossypii. It could be used to develop a transgenic plant that produces dsAgsuc1 to keep A. gossypii populations below the economic threshold level.
... Drosophila melanogaster (Saleh et al., 2006), Diabrotica virgifera (Bolognesi et al., 2012;Miyata et al., 2014;Zhang et al., 2012), and Tribolium castaneum (Miller et al., 2012), and a nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (Mcewan et al., 2012;Parrish et al., 2000). Significant knockdown of target genes using siRNAs has been reported in the following insects; Manduca sexta (Levin et al., 2005), Helicoverpa armigera (Kumar et al., 2009), Plutella xylostella (He et al., 2012), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Mutti et al., 2006), Bactericerca cockerelli (Wuriyanghan et al., 2011), Bemisia tabaci (Upadhyay et al., 2011), Apis mellifera (Jarosch & Moritz, 2011), Reticulitermes flavipes (Zhou et al., 2006), and Aedes aegypti (Abbasi et al., 2020). Other than those reports, the use of siRNA in insects is limited. ...
There has been limited success in the usage of exogenous small interference RNA (siRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) to trigger RNA interference (RNAi) in insects. Instead, long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) are used to induce knockdown of target genes in insects. Here, we compared the potency of si/sh RNAs and dsRNA in Colorado potato beetle (CPB) cells. CPB cells showed highly efficient RNAi response to dsRNA. However, si/sh RNAs were inefficient in triggering RNAi in CPB cells. Confocal microscopy observations of Cy3 labeled-si/sh RNA cellular uptake revealed reduced si/sh RNA uptake compared to dsRNA. si/sh RNAs were stable in the conditioned media of CPB cells. Although in a small amount, when internalized by CPB cells, the si/sh RNAs were processed by the Dicer enzyme. Lipid-mediated transfection and chimeric dsRNA approaches were used to improve the delivery of si/sh RNAs. Our results suggest that the uptake of si/sh RNAs is inefficient in CPB cells, resulting in ineffective RNAi response. However, with the help of effective delivery methods, si/sh RNA could be a useful option for developing target-specific RNAi-mediated biopesticides.
... V-ATPase has been used as a classic target gene for RNAi in multiple arthropod systems and could be regarded as a marker for the RNAi silencing efficiency in a species. It has been demonstrated that silencing of V-ATPase expression significantly compromised fitness in several sap-sucking pests, including Acyrthosiphon pisum, 39 Bactericera cockerelli, 40 Bemisia tabaci, 41 Frankliniella occidentalis, 42 Amrasca biguttula biguttula, 43 T. urticae, 15,17,19 and Varroa destructor. 44 Silencing of V-ATPase A led to >90% mite mortality on 8th day post-treatment in A. viennensis at the concentrations of 1000 and 250 ng μL −1 , and >50% mortality at a lower concentration of 62.5 ng μL −1 , which is much higher than the mortality caused by the leaf floating method in T. urticae (∼21% mortality after 6-day dsRNA treatment). ...
BACKGROUND
Recently, RNA interference (RNAi)‐based biopesticide, a species‐specific pest control alternative, has been deregulated and commercialized in the US and Canada. The hawthorn spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher, is a major pest for rosaceous plants, which has been controlled primarily by synthetic pesticides. To address the emerging resistance issues in A. viennensis, we initiated a project to develop RNAi‐based biopesticides.
RESULTS
In this study, we (i) developed a dietary RNAi system for A. viennensis using leaf disc, (ii) assessed the suitability of multiple control genes to distinguish sequence‐specific silencing from non‐specific effects within this RNAi system, and (iii) screened for the target gene candidates. As a result, β‐Glucuronidase (GUS), an enzyme derived from E. coli and a broadly used reporter for plants is the appropriate control for A. viennensis RNAi, while green fluorescent protein (GFP), is not suitable due to its significantly higher mortality than the other controls. For target gene screening, suppression was confirmed for all the candidates, including two housekeeping genes (Vacuolar‐type H + ‐ATPase subunit A (V‐ATPase A) and Glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, (GAPDH)), and three genes associated with development (ATP‐dependent RNA Helicase DDX3Y (Belle), CREB‐binding protein (CBP), and Farnesoic acid O‐methyltransferase (FaMet)). Knocking down of V‐ATPase A resulted in the highest mortality (~ 90%) and reduced fecundity (over 90%) than other candidates. As for the genes associated with development, suppression of Belle and CBP, led to approximately 65% mortality, as well as 86% and 40% reduction in fecundity, respectively. Silencing of FaMet, however, had negligible biological impacts on A. viennensis.
CONCLUSION
The combined efforts not only establish an effective dsRNA delivery method, but also provide potential target genes for RNAi‐based biopesticides against A. viennensis, a devastating invasive pest for fruit trees and woody ornamental plants throughout Asia and Europe. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
... The newly-hatched M. separata larvae were continuously fed with artificial diet containing dsRNA (1 μg dsRNA/1 g artificial diet) for 72 h to suppress the expression of MsepGOBP1, MsepGOBP2, and MsepOR3 genes in larval antennae. [48][49][50] The interference efficiency of each gene was evaluated by real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Msep⊎-actin was used as reference gene. ...
BACKGROUND
Mythimna separata is a notorious pest causing crop damages at the larval stage. Gaining insight into larval olfaction mechanisms would provide knowledge for olfaction‐based management of M. separata larvae.
RESULTS
In the present research, (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16: Ald), a major component of M. separata sex pheromone, was found to attract early‐instar larvae of M. separata in a food context. Using a fluorescent binding assay, we found that M. separata general odorant binding protein 2 (MsepGOBP2) exhibited high binding affinity to Z11‐16: Ald. Further, silencing of MsepGOBP2 resulted in a sharp reduction of the response to Z11‐16: Ald, which could not be mitigated by increasing the concentration of Z11‐16: Ald. Additionally, we employed molecular dynamics‐based approaches to unravel the interaction details between MsepGOBP2 and Z11‐16: Ald, specifically the binding of Z11‐16: Ald to MsepGOBP2.
CONCLUSION
Z11‐16: Ald is attractive to early‐instar larvae of M. separata, and MsepGOBP2 is identified to be indispensable in the larval detection of Z11‐16: Ald. These results could aid in the development of olfaction‐based methods for controlling M. separata in the larval stage. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
... Given that almost all aphids contain Buchnera, which plays a vital role in aphids, therefore, taking Buchnera as the starting point, developing a strategy to break the stable nutrient supply chain between them may become an effective new idea for green prevention and control of aphids. At present, RNA interference technology is widely used in insect gene function verification, is considered to be a new direction for the development of green biological pesticides (Bautista et al., 2009;Belles, 2010;Wuriyanghan et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2020). However, RNA interference technology cannot be effectively implemented in prokaryotes, resulting in direct silencing of aphid primary symbiont Buchnera gene is difficult to achieve. ...
Introduction
Aphids form a stable and mutually beneficial relationship with their primary symbiont Buchnera aphidicola, which play an important role in providing the missing nutrients to the host aphid. Based on the genome sequence of wheat aphid Siotobion miscanthi and its primary symbiont Buchnera that we obtained in our previously study, we identified a metabolic relay gene, ilvA, involved in the isoleucine synthesis pathway between aphids and Buchnera.
Method
In this study, we identified the location and sequence structure of ilvA gene in aphid genome, the expression level in different instars and tissues of aphids, and the effect of reducing ilvA expression on the growth and development of aphids by bioinformatics analysis, quantitative PCR, RNAi and bioassay experiments.
Result
Our study showed that ilvA was expressed at the highest level in the 2nd instar of the aphid, while the expression of this gene was significantly higher in the aphid bacteriocytes than in other tissues. Notably, this gene is localized on the aphid sex chromosome and remains highly conserved and collinearity across different aphid genomes. Knocking down the expression of ilvA reduced the aphid body weight and production. However, the indices of mortality decreased slightly, but were not significantly different, compared to the control.
Discussion
The results show that the relay genes between aphids and their symbionts in the metabolism of essential nutrients have potential roles in the growth and development of aphids, meanwhile, providing target loci and new ideas for RNAi-based aphid green control strategies.
... Previous RNAi studies involving PoP have used different delivery methods and range of dsRNA concentrations over Frontiers in Physiology frontiersin.org 02 variable ingestion-access periods (IAP) (Wuriyanghan et al., 2011;Wuriyanghan and Falk, 2013;Galdeano et al., 2017), making comparisons between the different parameters difficult or impossible. To further RNA biopesticide development it has become essential to establish the environmental RNAi characteristics of psyllids, develop standardized approaches for dsRNA target selection, design, and screening, and determine the optimal dsRNA concentration(s) required for optimal knockdown among the different instars. ...
... Seven dsRNA concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 150, 200, and 500 ng/μL were evaluated for vATPase-A and CHC, and six concentrations were evaluated for Snf7 (all concentrations mentioned above except the 150 ng/μL concentration). The concentrations of dsRNA were selected based on the range of previously reported doses of dsRNA capable of eliciting an RNAi response in PoP or ACP of 0.3 ng/μL to 1,000 ng/μL (Wuriyanghan et al., 2011;El-Shesheny et al., 2013;Wuriyanghan and Falk, 2013;Andrade and Hunter, 2017;Galdeano et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2017;Kishk et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2022). Teneral adults were allowed a 2-day post-IAP on 200 μL sterile 20% sucrose solution containing synthetic dsRNA, sandwiched between two layers of parafilm stretched across an artificial feeding chamber, as described previously (Vyas et al., 2017;Paredes-Montero et al., 2022). ...
... Ingestion-access durations ranging from 2 to 8 days have been used in studies of other hemipterans without knowledge of whether exposure/ingestion times could be too short or too lengthy. Consequently, the interpretation of the results depend on many factors, including accurate functional annotations of gene targets, relevance of the gene to the insect life stage, tissue-specific expression of the gene, and optimal concentration of the dsRNA (Andrade and Hunter, 2017;Galdeano et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2018;Kishk et al., 2017;Tanning et al., 2016a;Wuriyanghan and Falk 2013;Wuriyanghan, Rosa, and Falk 2011;Yu and Killiny 2020;Yu et al., 2017). To address at least several of the latter caveats, the persistence of gene silencing at the pre-determined, minimal ...
RNA interference (RNAi) has potential to become a major tool for integrated management of insect pests of agricultural crops based on sequence-specificity and low doses of rapidly biodegradable dsRNA. Deploying ‘environmental RNAi’ for control of insect vectors of plant pathogens is of increasing interest for combatting emerging plant diseases. Hemipteran insect vectors, including psyllids, are vascular feeders, making their development difficult to control specifically by targeting with pesticidal chemistries. Psyllids transmit “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” the causal organism of potato zebra chip and tomato vein greening diseases, transmitted, respectively, by the potato or tomato psyllid (PoP). Until now, the optimal effective concentration(s) of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) required for significant gene knockdown and RNAi persistence in PoP have not been determined. The objective of this study was to optimize RNAi in young PoP adults and 3rd instars for screening by oral delivery of dsRNAs. The minimal effective dsRNA concentrations required for robust knockdown and persistence were evaluated by delivering seven concentrations spanning 0.1 ng/μL to 500 ng/μL over post ingestion-access periods (IAP) ranging from 48 h to 12 days. The PoP gene candidates evaluated as targets were vacuolar ATPase subunit A, clathrin heavy chain, and non-fermenting protein 7, which were evaluated for knockdown by qPCR amplification. The minimum and/or the second most effective dsRNA concentration resulting in effective levels of gene knockdown was 100 ng/μL for all three targets. Higher concentrations did not yield further knockdown, indicating potential RISC saturation at the higher doses. Gene silencing post-IAP of 100 ng/μL dsRNA persisted for 3–5 days in adults and nymphs, with the PoP 3rd instar, followed by teneral and mature adults, respectively, exhibiting the most robust RNAi-response.
... La semejanza biológica entre el chip de cebra con la HLB, sus agentes causal de la enfermedad y sus vectores psílidos sugieren que el éxito con una especie de insecto, B. cockerelli, tendrá una aplicación potencial en la otra, D. citri. El suministro de RNA de interferencia ocasiona un porcentaje de muerte alto en los insectos (37). ...
Los insectos plaga, son especies de organismos vivos que en forma constante se encuentran en poblaciones altas, ocasionando daños económicos en los cultivos. Generalmente, suele tratarse de especies puntuales, por lo general, sólo una o dos, que pueden causar gran afectación económica en el sector de la agricultura. En las últimas 3 décadas se ha venido desarrollando el concepto de un proceso biológico, detectado en eucariotas ampliamente, mediante el que se pueden silenciar genes, a partir de ARN de doble cadena (ARNdc). Esta maquinaria se ha investigado para conocer su funcionamiento y buscar potenciales aplicaciones que podrían tener en el campo de la biotecnología. En varios estudios se encontró que el silenciamiento de genes se debe a las interacciones enzimáticas intracelulares citoplasmáticas con moléculas de ARN pequeñas (ARNsi), que actúan sobre el ARN mensajero (ARNm) intracelular, impidiendo que este se traduzca a proteína. Mediante este mecanismo se busca silenciar genes específicos en insectos plaga, que sean esenciales para que el insecto pueda vivir y de esa manera evitar la proliferación de la plaga. Este artículo recopila los estudios realizados acerca del ARN de interferencia, referidos al mecanismo genético de los insectos, como alternativa para su control.
