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Quantitative data for mangiferin, isomangiferin and hesperidin in unfermented Cyclopia species (UV detection at 280 nm). Results expressed as grams per 100 g dry weight. M Mangiferin, I isomangiferin, H hesperidin
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A reversed-phase HPLC method for separation of polyphenols in honeybush tea (Cyclopia spp.) is presented. Separation of eriodictyol, luteolin, medicagol, formononetin, mangiferin, isomangiferin, hesperetin and hesperidin was investigated. A C12 stationary phase was required to separate mangiferin and isomangiferin. The method was used to quantify t...
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... coefficient of variation for the reproducibility of the complete assay was 8.05% for mangiferin, 8.80% for isomangiferin and 8.75% for hes- peridin. Table 1 gives the mangiferin, isomangerin and hes- peridin contents of the different Cyclopia species. The mangiferin content of C. genistoides was more than twice than that of the other species. ...
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Cyclopia subternata plants are traditionally used for the production of the South African herbal tea, honeybush, and recently as aqueous extracts for the food industry. A C. subternata aqueous extract and mangiferin (a major constituent) are known to have anti-diabetic properties. Variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity is expect...
Citations
... Abbreviations: C. gen, C. genistoides; C. int, C. intermedia; C. lon, C. longifolia; C. mac, C. maculata; C. pubescens; C. sub, C. subternata Table 3 Phenolic composition [mean AE standard deviation (range) in g.100 g À1 ; dry matter basis] of the leaves of Cyclopia species of commercial interest e Data from Mabizela et al. [41] leaves have different shapes and sizes. Other factors affecting the phenolic content of the plant material are harvest season, frequency of harvest, age of the plant, and regrowth [40][41][42][43][44]. When under drought stress, C. genistoides plants, originating from a West coast population, shed some of their leaves. ...
Several Cyclopia species, including C. intermedia, C. subternata, and C. genistoides, are used to make honeybush tea. All species belonging to this genus (Family: Fabaceae) are endemic to the Cape Floristic region of South Africa. The various species differ in terms of their phenolic profiles, but mangiferin, isomangiferin, and hesperidin are ubiquitous to Cyclopia species. The use of conventional honeybush tea, which requires high-temperature oxidation for its characteristic aroma, flavor, and color development, predates 1900, but research on propagation, cultivation, plant breeding, processing, and product development began only in the mid-1990s. While high-temperature oxidation is integral to the production of conventional honeybush tea, this step substantially reduces the phenolic content of the plant material. The compounds are affected to varying degrees, and several, including the xanthone, mangiferin, and the dihydrochalcone, 3′,5′-di-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxyphloretin, are very labile. Chemical reactions during heating of the plant material or extracts include cyclization, dimerization, isomerization, and epimerization, depending on the phenolic compound. Their degradation during the production of conventional honeybush tea prompted the development of green honeybush to provide the market with a tea containing significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds. The main topics of this chapter are the preparation of phenolic-rich extracts from green honeybush and the quantitative changes in phenolic composition with processing and storage of the tea and its value-added products. These include spray-dried extract powder as a food ingredient, as well as “instant” powders and ready-to-drink beverages as final consumer products.
... For instance, extraction with water favours iriflophenone-3-C-β-d-glucopyranoside-4-O-βd-glucopyranoside, while extraction with aqueous ethanol mixtures leads to extracts with a higher mangiferin and isomangiferin content (Bosman et al., 2017). Joubert et al. (2003) reported that C. genistoides Overberg type contained less hesperidin and more mangiferin than the West Coast type, with no differences observed in the isomangiferin content. Another study showed that the mangiferin, isomangiferin and iriflophenone-3-C-β-d-glucopyranoside content of C. genistoides leaves varied according to the harvesting period, with the highest content during summer . ...
Cyclopia genistoides (L.) R.Br (Fabaceae), commonly referred to as ‘honeybush tea’, is one of 23 Cyclopia species endemic to South Africa. The natural habitat of this small fynbos shrub is restricted to very small areas in the Western Cape Province, spanning from the West Coast to Mossel Bay on the Southern Cape coast. Honeybush tea is mostly enjoyed as a hot beverage of the ‘fermented’ product. ‘Fermentation’ refers to the high-temperature oxidation process essential for the development of the sought-after sweet, floral aroma and flavour, and brown colour. Traditional medicinal uses include use as an expectorant in pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic catarrh, and a restorative with astringent properties. ‘Caspa Cyclopia Tea’ was the first branded product to appear on the market in the 1960s. The development of a formal industry in the 1990s gave rise to different branded honeybush products, and the production of extracts. Several studies investigating the anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities have been documented for different Cyclopia species (fermented and unfermented). Quality control protocols based on the chromatographic profiling of methanol extracts were developed using a semi-automated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) system. The HPTLC profiles of the extracts viewed under 366 nm radiation after derivatisation with vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent revealed the presence of mangiferin, isomangiferin and hesperidin in all samples, compounds ubiquitous to all Cyclopia species. Their presence in the methanol extracts was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS).
... The phenolic compounds identified in each variety showed differences in the presence of some compounds. In this sense, only in the Keitt variety were the compounds 3-galloyl quinic acid (peak 2) and isomangiferin (peak 7) identified; they showed the [M-H] − ions at m/z 343 and m/z 421, respectively, and were identified according to the literature.25 In Keitt, Kent and Tommy Atkins were identified as peaks 4 and 5. Iriflophenone-3-C-glucoside ( max 295) (peak 4) ([M-H] − ion at m/z 407) has been previously reported in trace amounts in the bark extracts of M. indica cv. ...
BACKGROUND
Mango bark is an important agro‐industrial residue from the mango pruning. In traditional medicine, the aqueous extract from mango bark (MBE) has been used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of many diseases. However, there is scarce information using cellular models to evaluate the potential use of this plant material for human consumption. In this study, the phenolic content from the MBE from four varieties (Kent, Keitt, Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins) was analyzed by HPLC‐DAD and LC/MS‐TOF. Additionally, the cellular antioxidant activity of the MBE from the four mango varieties were compared. Finally, the intestinal permeability of the main polyphenols found in the MBE (mangiferin and gallic acid) was evaluated.
RESULTS
Mangiferin and gallic acid were the main constituents in the MBE from the four mango varieties. Besides, the Ataulfo variety showed the highest cellular antioxidant activity (67 %) at the concentration of 100 μg/mL .The intestinal permeability of mangiferin present in the bark extracts was 3‐to 4.8‐fold higher than those of mangiferin as standard, whereas the intestinal permeability of gallic acid varied among the tested extracts.
CONCLUSION
MBE has the potential to exert antioxidant activity at the cellular level and can have an impact on human health. It may also be a good source for the extraction of polyphenols mainly mangiferin.
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... Literature reveals how multiple scientists have extensively analyzed the mango tree, root, and fruit constituents using multiple chromatographic techniques including GC, GC-MS, HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, HPLC/APcI-MS, LC-(APcI(+))MS, ES-MS, and NMR, in addition to identifying numerous chemical constituents. Mangiferin, a xanthone glycoside, tannins, gallic acid and derivatives, catechins, quercetin, kaempferol, protocatechuic acid, ellagic acids, propyl and methyl gallate, rhamnetin, and anthocyanins are the major polyphenolic compounds in the mango [13][14][15]. Furthermore, structurally diverse flavonoids, and triterpenoids including friedelin, sesquiterpenes like elemene, in addition to minerals and micronutrients including Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Zn, and Cu are extensively distributed throughout the mango tree, leaves, and fruits [9,10]. ...
Background: Mangoes are a popular fruit enjoyed worldwide. The mango is known for its pleasing aroma in addition to its refreshing and soothing taste. Researchers around the globe have demonstrated the diverse beneficial effects of Mangifera indica Linn in human health and disease prevention. Additionally, we should acknowledge how Ayurvedic medicine uses different parts of the mango tree. This branch of medicine has used the leaves, twigs, bark, seeds, flowers, raw and ripe fruits of mango to treat diverse degenerative diseases for thousands of years.
Ethnobotany: The mango (Mangifera indica) originally came from India about 4,000 years ago. Since then, the mango has slowly spread across the world. The mango belongs to the family “Anacardiaceae” under the genus “Mangifera” and species “indica”. The mango is also referred to as “Asia’s King of Fruits” or a Royal fruit. The color of the mango fruit varies from green, yellowish green, yellow, yellowish red, orange red and red. The smell and taste of the mango fruit varies based on its state of maturity in addition to place of origin and climate. Different parts of a mango tree and mango fruit are rich in vitamins and antioxidants including vitamins B, C, E and beta-carotene, alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds which include mangiferin, anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, micronutrients and essential minerals, structurally diverse carbohydrates, dietary fibers, fat, and protein.
Health Benefits: Previous and current research demonstrate that the mango fruit and leaf extract, which is enriched in mangiferin and contains structurally diverse chemical constituents, are beneficial. The mango fruit and leaf extract have been shown to boost vitality, vigor, and endurance, leading to extensive application in exercise physiology. Furthermore, these constitutes ameliorate diverse degenerative disease related to metabolic syndrome, bacterial infections, gastrointestinal, and immunomodulatory disorders.
Conclusions: Mango and mangiferin exhibit diverse health benefits including energy boosting, exercise performance, and human health.
Keywords: Mango (Mangifera indica); mangiferin; vitamins and anthocyanins; anti-inflammatory; endurance, energy homeostasis; exercise
... Lyophilized extracts were re-suspended in 50% ethanol, treated with a 40 Hz ultrasonic bath for 4 min (insoluble particles were removed by filtration through a 0.45 μm porosity cellulose membrane filter), and finally injected (injection volume: 100 μL). The separation was performed at 26°C using the following segmented gradient of eluent A (H 2 O, pH = 3.5 per HCOOH) and eluent B (CH 3 CN): 0-12% of B for 6 min, 12-18% of B for 7 min, and 18-25% of B for 14 min (flow rate = 1.0 mL min −1 , t = 26°C), as previously described by Joubert et al. 29 The elution was monitored at 280 nm. Mangiferin was identified by a comparison of the retention time with a reference standard, and its purity (>98%) was assessed according to Papadoyannis et al. 30 Chromatographic assay of human HMGR activity HMGR residual activity assays were performed upon 60 min pre-incubation of the microsomal HMGR (30 μg of total protein) with increasing levels of mangiferin (0-6.54 mM). ...
Mangiferin is a natural xanthone glycoside with therapeutic potential. Herein, its cytotoxic properties were explored in a human cell model of breast adenocarcinoma. The results supported the multi-target nature of mangiferin action, as the inhibition of three enzymatic systems, namely HMG-CoA reductase, the proteasome and plasmin, respectively in charge of regulating cholesterol homeostasis, protein turnover and cell adhesion, was documented for the first time. Globally, mangiferin was able to selectively block breast cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and by arresting cell proliferation through a combined action on cholesterol and proteasome pathways, as well as to inhibit plasmin-mediated mechanisms of cell migration.
... The LOD for mangiferin and isomangiferin was 0.164 g/kg while the LOQ was 0.492 g/kg. These results are in agreement with the LOD and LOQ of mangiferin as reported in the literature (Jounert et al. 2003). Intra-and inter-RSD of five different concentrations (25, 50, 125, 250, and 500 μM) were <2 % for three replicates of each. ...
Mangiferin has high potential as a cancer chemopreventive agent; but readily available sources are scarce. Therefore, the concentration of mangiferin and its isomer, were quantitated in the leaves of five species of Coffee leaves from Brazil and Costa Rica respectively. The amount of total mangiferins in methanol extracts of the Brazilian species; was in the range 0.67–4.97 g/kg, whereas in the Costa Rican species, it lay in the range 0.85–4.01 g/kg. In 90 % of cases, mangiferin accounted for 80 % or more of total mangiferins; as opposed to isomangiferin. Infusion studies with powdered leaves of a commercial Brazilian species (Coffea arabica) shows that the release of mangiferins is temperature dependent and that release at 100 °C (1.6 ± 0.06 g/kg) is instantaneous, but approximately 50 % less compared to prolonged methanol extraction (3.05 ± 0.16 g/kg). Consumption of Coffee leaf tea brews, as a natural source of mangiferins, may contribute significantly to elevated intake of these potentially health-promoting phenolic compounds.
... Development of a simple, rapid and highly sensitive bioanalytical method is highly desirable for quantification and routine chromatographic analysis of mangiferin in pharmaceutical formulations, and bioanalytical and toxicological samples. Several literature reports have been documented for quantification of mangiferin employing techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy (1,14), spectrofluorimetry (15), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (16,17), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (18)(19)(20), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) (21), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) (22,23), tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) (24,25) in the bulk drug (26)(27)(28)(29)(30) as well as in bioanalytical samples like rat plasma (31,32), urine (33) and aqueous humor (34,35). However, none of these methods have been considered to be highly satisfactory owing to the involvement of complex aqueous and organic solvent mixtures, and monitoring of the complex chromatographic conditions. ...
The present work aims at the systematic development of a simple, rapid and highly sensitive densitometry-based thin-layer
chromatographic method for the quantification of mangiferin in bioanalytical samples. Initially, the quality target method
profile was defined and critical analytical attributes (CAAs) earmarked, namely, retardation factor (Rf), peak height, capacity factor, theoretical plates and separation number. Face-centered cubic design was selected for optimization
of volume loaded and plate dimensions as the critical method parameters selected from screening studies employing D-optimal
and Plackett–Burman design studies, followed by evaluating their effect on the CAAs. The mobile phase containing a mixture
of ethyl acetate : acetic acid : formic acid : water in a 7 : 1 : 1 : 1 (v/v/v/v) ratio was finally selected as the optimized
solvent for apt chromatographic separation of mangiferin at 262 nm with Rf 0.68 ± 0.02 and all other parameters within the acceptance limits. Method validation studies revealed high linearity in the
concentration range of 50–800 ng/band for mangiferin. The developed method showed high accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness,
specificity, sensitivity, selectivity and recovery. In a nutshell, the bioanalytical method for analysis of mangiferin in
plasma revealed the presence of well-resolved peaks and high recovery of mangiferin.
... Prolonged mangiferin treatment affected the saprophytic ability of the strains but improved its parasitism. The significance of mangiferin induced changes in evolving the host-specific strain of F. moniliforme of M. indicia lies in showing that an ecological disadvantage of survival in one niche (saprophytic) may prove advantageous in another (parasite) [8]. The fungal and mite populations were initially positively related to the mangiferin content and the disease incidence. ...
... The repeatability of HPLC method was determined by ten injections of the same sample of extracted. The reproductively of the complete assay was tested by means of ten sample preparations [8]. ...
... The optimized, species-specific HPLC-DAD method was suitable for the quantification of eighteen phenolic compounds, which is a major improvement with regards to other HPLC methods previously employed in the quantitative analysis of C. genistoides extracts [3,11]. To date, quantitative data for the individual monomeric phenolic constituents of C. genistoides extracts have been mostly limited to four of the major compounds, i.e., mangiferin, isomangiferin, hesperidin and iriflophenone-3-Cglucoside [3,5,10,11]. ...
... The optimized, species-specific HPLC-DAD method was suitable for the quantification of eighteen phenolic compounds, which is a major improvement with regards to other HPLC methods previously employed in the quantitative analysis of C. genistoides extracts [3,11]. To date, quantitative data for the individual monomeric phenolic constituents of C. genistoides extracts have been mostly limited to four of the major compounds, i.e., mangiferin, isomangiferin, hesperidin and iriflophenone-3-Cglucoside [3,5,10,11]. ...
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) was optimized for the qualitative analysis of aqueous extracts of Cyclopia genistoides. Comprehensive insight into the phenolic profile of unfermented and fermented sample extracts was achieved with the identification of ten compounds based on comparison with authentic reference standards and the tentative identification of 30 additional compounds by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem MS detection. Three iriflophenone-di-O,C-hexoside isomers, three xanthone-dihydrochalcone derivatives and one dihydrochalcone are herein tentatively identified for the first time in C. genistoides. Of special interest is one iriflophenone-di-O,C-hexoside present in large amounts. New compounds (tentatively) identified for the first time in this species, and also in the genus Cyclopia, include two aromatic amino acids, one flavone, an iriflophenone-di-C-hexoside, a maclurin-di-O,C-hexoside, two tetrahydroxyxanthone-C-hexoside isomers, a tetrahydroxyxanthone-di-O,C-hexoside, two symmetric tetrahydroxyxanthone-C-hexoside dimers, nine glycosylated flavanone derivatives and five glycosylated phenolic acid derivatives. The presence of new compound subclasses in Cyclopia, namely aromatic amino acids and glycosylated phenolic acids, was demonstrated. The HPLC-DAD method was successfully validated and applied to the quantitative analysis of the paired sample extracts. In-depth analysis of the chemical composition of C. genistoides hot water extracts gave a better understanding of the chemistry of this species that will guide further research into its medicinal properties and potential uses.
... Prolonged mangiferin treatment affected the saprophytic ability of the strains but improved its parasitism. The significance of mangiferin induced changes in evolving the host-specific strain of F. moniliforme of M. indicia lies in showing that an ecological disadvantage of survival in one niche (saprophytic) may prove advantageous in another (parasite) [8]. The fungal and mite populations were initially positively related to the mangiferin content and the disease incidence. ...
... The repeatability of HPLC method was determined by ten injections of the same sample of extracted. The reproductively of the complete assay was tested by means of ten sample preparations [8]. ...
Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy xanthone-C2-b-D-glucoside) promoted vegetative growth and exhibited inhibitory role on the occurrence of malformation. Mangiferin changes associated with mango malformation pathogens were fol-lowed after inoculated mango seedlings (three years) with malformation pathogens i.e. Fusa-rium subglutinans, F. sterilihyphosum, F. ox-ysporum and F. proliferatum. Mangiferin re-mained at lower level in leaves of malformed shoots as compared to healthy one. The floral malformation was observed to be associated with the reduction of mangiferin. Strong positive correlations between mangiferin activity and malformation incidence were observed. Mangiferin level at panicle initiation may give a possible estimate of malformation incidence in mango.
