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Quantification of mangiferin in different residues by ultrasound-assisted and maceration extractions.
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Manililla is a mango variety whose residues contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids, with high added value. The use of environmentally friendly extraction technology would be of great relevance; hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of solvent relation, sonication time and amplitude on the ultrasound-assisted extract...
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... the best-operating conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (50% ethanol, 60% amplitude and 20 min) had been identified, the quantification of mangiferin, a polyphenol of commercial interest, was performed (Table 3). The results showed that the extraction process via maceration does not present mangiferin, while ultrasound-assisted extraction obtained values of 150 mg/g in the peel and 0.025 mg/g in the kernel. ...Context 2
... Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/separations8070094/s1, Figure S1: title, Table S1: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for total polyphenols content, Table S2: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for flavonoids content, Table S3: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for antioxidant activity ABTS, Table S4: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for antioxidant activity DPPH. ...Similar publications
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... Because most of the polyphenols had already been extracted within 30 min. It was reported that prolonged ultrasound time can also lead to the degradation or oxidation of polyphenols, resulting in a decrease in extraction efficiency [35]. ...
... Because most of the polyphenols had already been extracted within 30 min. It was reported that prolonged ultrasound time can also lead to the degradation or oxidation of polyphenols, resulting in a decrease in extraction efficiency [35]. This result was in agreement with those presented in previous research reports [36]. ...
In the study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were used as alternatives to traditional chemical solvents for the extraction of polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Nine NADESs were tested for the first time and compared with ethanol and water (traditional solvents) regarding the extraction of phenolic compounds from E. angustifolia L. These solvents were particularly effective at extracting polyphenols, whose low water solubility usually requires high amounts of organic solvents. The solvent based on choline chloride and malonic acid provided optimal results and was selected for further optimization. The effects of material-to-liquid ratio, ultrasound time, and ultrasound temperature on the extraction efficiency were studied through single-factor experiments. These parameters were optimized by Box–Behnken design using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions identified were 49.86 g/mL of material-to-liquid ratio, 31.10 min of ultrasound time, and 62.35 °C of ultrasound temperature, resulting in a high yield of 140.30 ± 0.19 mg/g. The results indicated that the NADES extraction technique provided a higher yield than the conventional extraction process. The antioxidant activity of the extract of polyphenols from E. angustifolia L. was determined, and UPLC–IMS–QTOF–MS was used to analyze the phenolic compounds in it. The results revealed that the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) extracted by NADES was higher than that of polyphenols extracted by water and ethanol. Furthermore, a total of 24 phenolic compounds were identified in the extract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which a green and efficient NADES extraction method has been used to extract bioactive polyphenols from E. angustifolia L., which could provide potential value in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food additives.
... Hence, UAE has been reported as an efficient extraction method for mango waste (Borrás-Enríquez et al., 2021). It is an effective method to extract bioactive compounds from plants and agrowaste (Zou et al., 2014). ...
... Another study implemented the use of a CCD through the UAE to extract MSK in 49% ethanol to explore its potential as an antioxidant, and it was observed that the phenols extracted were mostly gallic acid and its derivatives (Ojeda et al., 2022). Similarly, a study found that 672 mg GAE/100 g of total polyphenols can be extracted from MSK by using 50% ethanol in 20 min through the UAE (Borrás-Enríquez et al., 2021). Anta et al. (2020) investigated the effect of solvent mixtures (methanol:acetone:water) along with ultrasound amplitude on the yield of phenolic compounds from MSK via UAE and reported the extraction yield of phenolics as 71.35 mg GAE/g. ...
... Hence, UAE has been reported as an efficient extraction method for mango waste (Borrás-Enríquez et al., 2021). It is an effective method to extract bioactive compounds from plants and agrowaste (Zou et al., 2014). ...
... Another study implemented the use of a CCD through the UAE to extract MSK in 49% ethanol to explore its potential as an antioxidant, and it was observed that the phenols extracted were mostly gallic acid and its derivatives (Ojeda et al., 2022). Similarly, a study found that 672 mg GAE/100 g of total polyphenols can be extracted from MSK by using 50% ethanol in 20 min through the UAE (Borrás-Enríquez et al., 2021). Anta et al. (2020) investigated the effect of solvent mixtures (methanol:acetone:water) along with ultrasound amplitude on the yield of phenolic compounds from MSK via UAE and reported the extraction yield of phenolics as 71.35 mg GAE/g. ...
Gallic acid is a widely recognized bioactive compound that falls under the category of secondary polyphenolic metabolites and is fairly found in mango fruit waste, specifically in mango seed kernel (MSK). This study aimed to adopt a green extraction approach to extract this valuable compound via ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) without using organic solvents but only water to obtain hazard‐free extracts, and the cost of extraction can be minimal. pH (2–8), solvent ratio (20–60 mL/g), temperature (30–60°C) and time (30–60 min) of extraction were the independent variables used for extraction optimization. Single‐factor experiments to obtain working ranges for selected extraction variables were carried out. A central composite design using response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum condition to obtain the maximum yield of gallic acid from MSK. The optimized extraction conditions were 3.9 pH, 36.25 mL/g solvent ratio, and 39.4°C of extraction temperature for 21.3 min. As a result, the optimized yield was 5.76 ± 0.41 mg/g, which was comparably equal to and/or better than the other solvent extraction systems. The results showed that gallic acid could efficiently be extracted via UAE under these optimal conditions. It is safer than extraction systems involving hazardous solvents that can be feasibly used for its nutraceutical and therapeutic applications.
... At higher ultrasound power, cavitation phenomena can initiate new reaction mechanisms, i.e., bubble destruction, degassing, and free radical formation, and cause changes in temperature, pressure, and physical interaction between solid and liquid interfaces that favor the degradation of BAMs [80]. Borrás-Enríquez et al. [81] and Pedisić et al. [82] found that the optimal ultrasonic power for obtaining extracts with high TPC and AA in mango residues and monofloral honeys is 60%, which is consistent with our study. In addition, temperature can affect the integrity of BAMs, as most of them are thermolabile. ...
... Thus, increasing the extraction time to 30 min resulted in a decrease in TPC and an increase in AA; however, no statistically significant difference was observed between the values obtained (Table 10). Our results are in accordance with the studies by Teh and Birch [21], Dobrinčić et al. [89], Galviz-Quezada et al. [90], and Borrás-Enríquez et al. [81], in which an extraction time of 20 min proved to be the most suitable to obtain extracts with high TPC and AA. The results of the statistical analysis show that the optimal UAE conditions for obtaining SB cake extracts with high TPC and AA were: an ultrasonic amplitude of 60%, a temperature of 50 • C, and a sonication time of 20 min. ...
This study compared the efficiency of advanced supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) and conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE) in the isolation of lipophilic bioactive molecules (BAMs) from the oils of different sea buckthorn (SB) berries (Leikora and Ascola). A SB cake, a valuable by-product of oil extraction, was analyzed for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AA). For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 70% (v/v) ethanol was optimized, and the following optimal UAE conditions were determined: ultrasonic power of 60%, temperature of 50 °C, and extraction time of 20 min. The individual BAMs in the oils and cake extracts were analyzed chromatographically, while the AAs were determined using the ORAC method. The oils extracted with SC-CO2 had a higher content of lipophilic BAMs and a higher AA value than the oils extracted with SE. Palmitic and palmitoleic acids, β-sitosterol, and α-tocopherol dominated the Leikora oil, while a higher content of oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids and carotenoids was found in the Ascola oil. The highest phenolic content was found in the Ascola cake, with the flavonols isorhamnetin-3-hexoside, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside being the most abundant. Oil and cake extracts of the Ascola variety also had a higher AA.
... Also, Corona-Jiménez (31) demonstrated the impact of solvents' polarities in UAE technique and found higher TPC obtained from chia seeds using methanol. While, the present study was inconsistent that demonstrated the optimal conditions for UAE using lower concentration of ethanol (50%), a 60% amplitude and 20 min sonication time contributed to greater phenolics and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacities from mango residue (32). The solvent polarity is directly affected by the methanol concentration, while penetration of ultrasound relies on solvent's dielectric constant and improved with the amount of water in aqueous methanol as reported by (33). ...
Lepidium sativum L. also known as garden cress belong to the family Brassicaceae. The plant species composed of various phytochemicals as well as powerful nutraceutical potential and possess several bioactivities like, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, gastrointestinal and bone healing activities. This research paper presents an investigation into the total flavonoids (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and biological activity of Iraqi Lepidium sativum L. The study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to obtain a crude extract with enhanced bioactive components. Three variables were examined including methanol concentration, extraction time and ultrasound frequency. The optimum yields of extract, TFC and TPC were (3.22 ± 0.049 g/10 g of dry plant), (17.03 ± 0.060 mg RE/g) and (10.96±0.020 mg GAE/g) respectively. The optimal extraction conditions contributed to these values of experiment 2 and 3 were 70% methanol, 10 min and 40 KHz and 70% methanol, 15 min and 40 KHz respectively. The lowest IC50 values of optimized methanolic extracts of Iraqi Lepidium sativum aerial parts against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 31.84 µg/mL for TFC and 35.85 µg/mL for TPC . For the first time, the study provided data about the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the Iraqi plant and optimized conditions for extraction by UAE technique using single factor experiment. The plant can be acknowledged as a potential nutraceutical or functional food rich in antioxidants to combat many diseases.
... The content of extracted TPC during UAE is strongly influenced by operating conditions such as the solid-liquid ratio, temperature, amplitude, and time [53][54][55][56]. Borrás-Enríquez et al. [57] obtained an even higher TPC content (18.14 mg GAE/g DW) using an aqueous solution of EtOH (50%, v/v), as in our study, where separate solvents (EtOH and H2O) were used. The use of EtOH as an extraction solvent proved to be more efficient than the use of MeOH in the extraction of TPC [55]. ...
... The antioxidant activity of extracts from dried mango peels obtained by UAE reached 87% DPPH inhibition using 50% (v/v) EtOH [57], which is comparable with our results obtained by UAE with 100% EtOH. Moreover, Kaur et al. [56] demonstrated the influence of operating conditions (liquid/solid ratio, temperature, amplitude, time) in the UAE on the determined antioxidant activity of mango peel extracts. ...
... On the other hand, the final content of mangiferin is mainly influenced by the choice of extraction method [69] and extraction solvent [70]. In the reviewed literature, the mangiferin content in extracts obtained by different methods and operating conditions ranged from 0.331 to 150 µg/mg DW [57,67,[71][72][73]. Furthermore, Marcillo-Parra et al. [74] found that the mangiferin content in mango peel extracts also varied widely depending on the mango variety, ranging from 57.2 to 3140 µg/g DW. ...
Plant waste materials are important sources of bioactive compounds with remarkable health-promoting benefits. In particular, industrial by-products such as mango peels are sustainable sources of bioactive substances, with antioxidant, enzymatic, and antimicrobial activity. Appropriate processing is essential to obtain highly bioactive compounds for further use in generating value-added products for the food industry. The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the biological activity of compounds from fresh and dried mango peels obtained by different conventional methods and unconventional extraction methods using supercritical fluids (SFE). The highest total phenolic content (25.0 mg GAE/g DW) and the total content of eight phenolic compounds (829.92 µg/g DW) determined by LC-MS/MS were detected in dried mango peel extract obtained by the Soxhlet process (SE). SFE gave the highest content of proanthocyanidins (0.4 mg PAC/g DW). The ethanolic ultrasonic process (UAE) provided the highest antioxidant activity of the product (82.4%) using DPPH radical scavenging activity and total protein content (2.95 mg protein/g DW). Overall, the dried mango peels were richer in bioactive compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, and hesperidin/neohesperidin), indicating successful preservation during air drying. Furthermore, outstanding polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipase activities were detected in mango peel extracts. This is the first study in which remarkable antibacterial activities against the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) were evaluated by determining the microbial growth inhibition rate after 12 and 24 h incubation periods for mango peel extracts obtained by different methods. Ethanolic SE and UAE extracts from dried mango peels resulted in the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) for all bacterial species tested. Mango peels are remarkable waste products that could contribute to the sustainable development of exceptional products with high-added value for various applications, especially as dietary supplements.
... The negative influence of solid to solvent ratio on the flavonoid content could be credited to the increase in the surface tension and viscosity of the solvent that results in a lower effect of cavitation [46]. Comparable trends of ethanol as solvent were reported where an increase of concentration to 50 % improved the yield of flavonoids from the peels of the mango but a further increase of concertation to 100 % slightly decreased the flavonoid content in the extract during extraction of bioactive compounds from peels of the mango by the application of ultrasound [47]. ...
In the present study, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of phytochemicals from persimmon fruit peel (PFP) was modeled using an artificial neural network (ANN) and optimized by integrating with genetic algorithm (GA). The range of process parameters selected for conducting the experiments was ultrasonication power (XU) 150–––350 W, extraction temperatures (XT) 30–––70 °C, solid to solvent ratio (XS) 1:15–––1:35 g/ml, and ethanol concentration (XC) 40–––80 %. The range of responses total phenolic content (YP), antioxidant activity (YA), total beta carotenoid (YB) and total flavonoid content (YF) at various independent variables combinations were found to be 7.72–––24.62 mg GAE/g d.w., 51.44–––85.58 %DPPH inhibition, 24.78–––56.56 µg/g d.w. and 0.29–––1.97 mg QE/g d.w. respectively. The modelling utilised an ANN architecture with a configuration of 4–12-4. The training process employed the Levenberg–Marquardt method, whereas the activation function chosen for the layers was the log sigmoid. The optimum condition predicted by the hybrid ANN-GA model for the independent variables, XU, XT, XS and XC was found to be 230.18 W, 50.66 °C, 28.27 g/ml, and 62.75 % respectively. The extraction process was carried out for 25 min, with 5-minute intervals, at various temperatures between 30 and 60 °C, to investigate the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the process, under the optimal conditions of XU, XS and XC. The UAE of phytochemicals from persimmon peel followed pseudo second order kinetic model and the extraction process was endothermic in nature.
... In the study by Peláez-Acero et al. [35], significant differences were found in extracts of six Mexican honey samples with respect to the ultrasonic treatment applied (10, 20, and 30 min), and the polyphenols reached a maximum concentration with 20 min of ultrasound. According to Borrás-Enríquez et al. [36], an increase in the concentration of polyphenolic compounds from mango manilla residues was observed between 10 and 20 min, while a decrease in concentration was observed for a period longer than 20 min. Similar results for UAE from green soybean pods were reported by Leksawasdi et al. [37], where the highest TPC was obtained at an extraction time of 10 min with 50% amplitude. ...
Monofloral honey is obtained from the nectar of single-source plants and has a higher market value due to its polyphenol content associated with its biological properties, especially its antioxidant capacity. In this work, advanced extraction techniques using microwave- (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction of phenolic compounds in monofloral honey were optimized and compared. Optimal parameters for MAE were an irradiation time of 15 min, a temperature of 60 °C, and a microwave power of 300 W, and for UAE, a sonication time of 10 min, a temperature of 35 °C, and an ultrasound amplitude of 60%. The extraction solvent used was 70% ethanol. In the extracts of different monofloral honey samples (mint, fennel, raspberry, lavender, sage, buckwheat, maroon, heaven) obtained at optimal MAE and UAE conditions, polyphenolic compounds were determined using UPLC-ESI/MS2 analysis and antioxidant capacity using ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assays. The results showed that UAE was the more efficient technique for the extraction of total flavanones, flavones, hydroxycinnamic acids, and total phenols, and MAE for total flavonols and hydroxybenzoic acids. The antioxidant ORAC and DPPH capacity was higher for the extracts obtained with MAE, while the ABTS capacity was higher for those obtained with UAE.
... Those that use less solvent and for a shorter period of time have a positive impact on the environment. High hydrostatic pressure, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity, pulsed electric field, ohmic heat, radio frequency, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) are the most commonly used unconventional methods for effective and sustainable extraction of polyphenols from plant matrices [19,27]. Among these, UAE is a successful extraction approach due to the feature of acoustic cavitation, which is caused by the passage of an ultrasound wave produced in the solvent, and may improve extraction capability in plants [28]. ...
... The results showed a notable increase in gallic acid yield (4.21 mg/g) as ethanol concentration went up from 0 to 20% (Figure 1a). However, a gradual decline in yield was observed as the concentration increased to 40 or 60%, unlike the studies that reported the highest phenolic content obtained at 40-60% of aqueous ethanol through UAE [19,27,28,31]. The results suggest that increase in ethanol concentration has a negative effect on the extraction of gallic acid. ...
... The significantly higher yield of 6.24 mg/g was obtained at 20 min. Similar time period was reported to gain maximum polyphenols and flavonoids in a study where peels were treated with UAE for 20 min [27,28]. However, gallic acid yield was higher at 40 min in aqueous extraction when different time intervals (30,40,50, and 60 min) were studied to determine a center point for the single-factor extraction optimization of gallic acid from mango peels (Figure 2d). ...
Gallic acid is recognized as a notable bioactive compound among secondary polyphenolic metabolites. In the current study, gallic acid-enriched extracts were obtained from mango peels using different solvents (ethanol or water) via ultrasound-assisted extraction, and optimized yields were compared with the conventional extraction technique (decoction). Independent variables for the optimization through response surface methodology were ethanol concentration (0–60%), solvent ratio (10–50 mL/g), temperature (30–60℃), and time (10–30 min) for ethanolic extraction. However, extraction carried out by using water had extraction conditions of pH (2–8), solvent ratio (20–0 mL/g), extraction temperature (40–70℃), and time (30–60 min). The optimized yield of gallic acid obtained through ethanol was 5.75 ± 0.21 mg/g, whereas 3.14 ± 0.24 mg/g of gallic acid was quantified in extraction through water. The results were compared with the aforementioned conventional method of decoction, and it was concluded that the ethanolic extracts of mango peels showed the highest gallic acid yield and total flavonoid contents. The obtained extracts could be a potential source of polyphenolics, especially gallic acid, for use in nutraceuticals as well as in other food applications.
... Transcurrido el tiempo, se filtró hasta obtener un extracto libre de impurezas. Los extractos fueron cuantificados con base en polifenoles (Método de Folin-Ciocalteu), Flavonoides (método de tricloruro de aluminio) y la actividad antioxidante mediante las técnicas de ABTS y DPPH (Borrás-Enríquez et al., 2021). ...
Resumen El presente trabajo se centró en la identificación y caracterización de tres especies de maguey endémicas del estado de Chiapas como lo son el Agave americana, Agave chiapensis y Agave grijalvensis, dichas variedades tienen gran importancia para las comunidades aledañas de las plantaciones, ya que forman parte de su cultura. Por ello, se documentaron los usos actuales y se realizaron estudios de morfología que permitió el Registro de variedades ante el SNICS. La recolección de las muestras de los diferentes magueyes se realizó en tres sitios de los diferentes del estado de Chiapas. También se realizó la recolección de unidades para su análisis en laboratorio como la caracterización de carbohidratos, extracción de compuestos bioactivos (polifenoles y flavonoides) y actividad antioxidante. Los resultados indicaron que las tres variedades endémicas del estado de Chiapas presentan propiedades atractivas para fomentar su participación en la producción de productos de mayor valor agregado. Introducción Chiapas es un importante estado al sur de la República Mexicana con clima cálido y húmedo o templado semihúmedo, donde la temperatura media anual varía entre los 18 y 28°C, haciendo de este territorio el sitio ideal para generación de una gran variedad de cultivos. Chiapas genera una gran cantidad productos primarios en el país, sin embargo, su procesamiento sólo abarca el manejo pre y poscosecha, con muy pocas opciones de procesamiento para dar valor agregado a dichos productos y que a su vez beneficie al sector productivo. Los magueyes son plantas monocotiledóneas de crecimiento lento que florecen por única ocasión entre los 5 y 7 años de edad, según la especie y después mueren. Desarrollan una característica inflorescencia en la parte más alta de un seudotallo que puede llegar hasta 9 metros de altura en algunas especies (Aguirre et al. 2001, Gallardo Valdez, 2016). Dichas flores ofrecen néctar a insectos, aves Caracterización de agaves endémicos del estado de Chiapas
