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Biomass solid waste in the form of rice husk particle is pyrolyzed in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor. The reactor is made of stainless steel with dimensions of 76 mm in diameter and 90 cm in length. Rice husk is collected locally from Brunei–Muara district of Brunei Darussalam which is processed for pyrolysis. The particles are selected in the milli...
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Biomass solid waste in the form of rice husk particle is pyrolyzed in a fixed bed stainless steel pyrolysis reactor of 50 mm diameter and 50 cm length. The biomass solid feedstock is prepared prior to pyrolysis. The reactor bed is heated by means of a cylindrical heater of biomass source. A temperature of 500°C is maintained with an apperent vapor...
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... It was resulted that, the bio-char properties were primarily affected by the temperatures. Biomass solid waste (rice husk) using nitrogen as inert gas in a fixed bed reactor using residence time of 60 min was pyrolysed [36]. The higher heating value (HHV) and density of bio-char were determined to be 20.3 ...
... The higher heating value (HHV) and density of bio-char were determined to be 20.3 MJ/kg and 238.5 kg/m 3 , respectively [36]. ...
A long-term and reliable plastic waste management scheme is required to avoid environmental pollution and to overcome the issues of energy crisis simultaneously. Pyrolysis of plastic waste is a thermo-chemical disposal procedure that helps alleviate these issues while recycling valuable commodities such as oil and gas. This article reviewed the current scenario of plastic waste throughout the world, various methods of pyrolysis as well as the products produced from plastic waste pyrolysis. The results showed that the global plastics demands are increasing by 5% every year, causing larger amount of plastic wastes generation. The quantities and characteristics of pyrolysis products were significantly affected by plastic type, pyrolysis method (slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis), reactor type, particle size, etc. Liquid oil is the primary product of plastic waste pyrolysis with up to 90 wt%, whereas gases (3 ∼ 90.2 wt%), wax (0.4 ∼ 92 wt%), char (0.5 ∼ 78 wt%) and HCl (0.1 ∼ 58 wt%) are the by-products. The liquid oils produced from plastic waste pyrolysis have similar properties to conventional diesel, i.e., viscosity (up to 2.96 mm²/s), density (0.8 kg/m³), flash point (30.5 °C), cloud point (−18 °C) and energy content (41.58 MJ/kg).
... CSP technology with a bio-boiler that produces medium-to high-temperature heat was primarily used for power generation as it improves the power generation efficiency through waste heat recovery of the steam exhaust of an organic Rankine cycle (Guo et al., 2018). Brunei Darussalam is constantly looking into producing biofuels from various locally available materials, such as Acacia and rice husk, to further bring the nation's capability closer to a purely renewable electricity generation (Islam et al., 2017;Milani et al., 2017;Ahmed et al., 2018). ...
The need to augment Brunei Darussalam's renewable energy sources for power generation to 10% by 2035 is necessary due to the uncertainty of oil and gas reserves. The increasing demand for electricity and the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions require alternative renewable energy sources. The country should focus on the potential of solar thermal energy in generating power. As the power generated from its solar photovoltaic plant is still significantly low, this paper aims to focus on the prospects of widely used Solar Thermal Power (STP) technologies in Brunei Darussalam. Despite being commercialised in many parts of the world, the primary problem in tropical Southeast Asian regions is due to the fluctuating solar radiation, high humidity and frequent cloud cover. This study identified currently available STP technologies and further suggested approaches for large-scale power generation, and ways to minimise the issues arise from the climate conditions.
... The pyrolysed char was visually examined for its color and appearance. The char was completely dark black in color indicating that the decomposition phenomenon had gone well [39]. The char was subjected to proximate, ultimate, heating, and ash analyses. ...
An ASPEN plus model for coconut coir pith and its char gasification was developed. • Sensitivity analysis was conducted for both coconut coir pith and its char. • Techno-economic analysis of coconut coir pith and its char gasification was done. • Steam gasification of char can generate syngas of high yield and quality. • Coconut coir pith char gasification is more economical than coir pith gasification. A B S T R A C T The study on the steam gasification of biomass char is important to evaluate the performance of steam gasification of biomass and its char. A validated ASPEN plus model was used to investigate the effects of temperature (1023, 1073, 1123, 1173, and 1223 K) and steam-to-feed ratio (0.5, 1.0. 1.5. 2.0, and 2.5) on the syngas output and its composition using steam gasification of coir pith and its char. The study also compared the output and composition of syngas of both processes conducted at 1123 K and 0.75 (steam-to-feed ratio). The techno-economic analysis of both gasifications at the above condition was also investigated. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the temperature has both positive and negative influences; while increasing the steam-to-feed ratio has only a positive influence on the syngas output. Further, it was observed that the increase in temperature increased the yield of H 2 and CO, but it decreased the yield of CO 2 and CH 4. Meanwhile, it was noted that the increase in steam-to-feed ratio increased the yield of H 2 and CO 2 however, it decreased the yield of CO and CH4. The comparative study indicated that the coir pith char gasification generated 27% more syngas output and 25% more H 2 + CO composition than the coir pith gasification. The techno-economic analysis indicated that the coir pith char steam gasification can generate 1.12 times more revenue than coir pith steam gasification. It can be concluded that the biomass char gasification is more advantageous than biomass only gasification.
This paper provides a fundamental and critical review of biomass application as renewable reductant in integrated ferroalloy reduction process. The basis for the review is based on the current process and product quality requirement that bio-based reductants must fulfill. The characteristics of different feedstocks and suitable pre-treatment and post-treatment technologies for their upgrading are evaluated. The existing literature concerning biomass application in ferroalloy industries is reviewed to fill out the research gaps related to charcoal properties provided by current production technologies and the integration of renewable reductants in the existing industrial infrastructure. This review also provides insights and recommendations to the unresolved challenges related to the charcoal process economics. Several possibilities to integrate the production of bio-based reductants with bio-refineries to lower the cost and increase the total efficiency are given. A comparison of challenges related to energy efficient charcoal production and formation of emissions in classical kiln technologies are discussed to underline the potential of bio-based reductant usage in ferroalloy reduction process.
The bio-waste slow pyrolysis process is assessed by four indicators to determine its energetic, exergetic, economic and environmental performance. The influence of the pyrolysis temperature (300–800 °C) on these parameters, but also on the biochar, bio-oil and gas production, is analysed. The biochar yield decreased 10.5% and the gas yield increased 17.2% between 300 and 800 °C. The bio-oil yield increased about 2.1% between 300 and 500 °C and decreased about 8% between 500 and 800 °C. Within the temperature range 300–800 °C, the H2, CO and CH4 molar fractions increased 51.4, 6.6 and 0.3%, respectively. CO2 content decreased about 58.3%.
The exergy efficiency varied between 81.16 and 85.33% in this temperature range. The exergy-based economic factor revealed that 15.38–19.16% of the total cost was associated with the exergy destruction. The environmental impact was lower at higher temperatures. The recommended temperature ranges are 300–400 °C to produce biochar, and temperatures over 700 °C to produce gas. When the interest focus is on the bio-oil, it is recommended to work close to 500 °C.
Biochar is one of the products obtained from biomass pyrolysis and a useful ingredient for agriculture. The present study discusses on the production and characterisation of biochars derived from Teak tree saw dust (TTSD) and Rice husk (RH). The biochars were produced at a pyrolysis temperature 450 °C with the heating rate of 15 °C/min in a fixed bed reactor. Physical, chemical and thermal properties were evaluated in order to compare both the biochars with the help of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The carbon contents of the biochars ranged from 65.46 to 66.55 wt%, while the oxygen contents were within 30.21 wt%. Both the biochars showed alkalinity behaviour with pH values more than 8 which is similar to many other biochars. The significant degradation was observed on both the biochars after 300 °C and only about 25–40 wt% biochars decomposed till 600 °C. The XRD spectrum identified the possible presence of some elements such as KCl, SiO2 and CaCO3 on the biochras. In both the biochars, aromatic functional groups were found confirming the aromatic compounds on the biochars. The SEM images showed some flaky fragments and tiny white particles likely to be coalescence of calcium and potassium on TTSD biochar. On the other hand, longitudinal fibrous structures without any pores are observed on RH morphology.
