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A new species of coral-inhabiting barnacle, Pyrgopsella youngi, is described. It was found in a colony of the coral Symphyllia radians Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 from Sulawesi, Indonesia. The barnacles were suspended in the coral tissue and were easily detached. A unique feature of Pyrgopsella is its membranous basis; in P. youngi the calcareous b...
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Context 1
... of articles of cirri of three randomly selected individuals given in Table 1. Cirrus I (Fig. 5A) highly setose; anterior ramus ~twice length of posterior ramus; proximal articles of anterior ramus and all segments of posterior ramus with protuberances bearing ZOOTAXA setae. Cirrus II (Fig. 5B) with rami ~equal length; articles slightly protuberant, bearing long setae. Cirrus III with anterior ramus somewhat longer than posterior ...
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... of articles of cirri of three randomly selected individuals given in Table 1. Cirrus I (Fig. 5A) highly setose; anterior ramus ~twice length of posterior ramus; proximal articles of anterior ramus and all segments of posterior ramus with protuberances bearing ZOOTAXA setae. Cirrus II (Fig. 5B) with rami ~equal length; articles slightly protuberant, bearing long setae. Cirrus III with anterior ramus somewhat longer than posterior ramus; articles with protuberances bearing tufts of long, plumose setae (Fig. 5C). Cirri IV (Fig. 5D) to VI (Fig. 6A) long and slender; each article with four pairs of setae of different lengths ...
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... proximal articles of anterior ramus and all segments of posterior ramus with protuberances bearing ZOOTAXA setae. Cirrus II (Fig. 5B) with rami ~equal length; articles slightly protuberant, bearing long setae. Cirrus III with anterior ramus somewhat longer than posterior ramus; articles with protuberances bearing tufts of long, plumose setae (Fig. 5C). Cirri IV (Fig. 5D) to VI (Fig. 6A) long and slender; each article with four pairs of setae of different lengths arranged along anterior margin, generally each pair accompanied by short, proximal seta; setae at distal end of articles longer, ~three times article width; two or three short setae at posterior articulation of each article ...
Context 4
... of anterior ramus and all segments of posterior ramus with protuberances bearing ZOOTAXA setae. Cirrus II (Fig. 5B) with rami ~equal length; articles slightly protuberant, bearing long setae. Cirrus III with anterior ramus somewhat longer than posterior ramus; articles with protuberances bearing tufts of long, plumose setae (Fig. 5C). Cirri IV (Fig. 5D) to VI (Fig. 6A) long and slender; each article with four pairs of setae of different lengths arranged along anterior margin, generally each pair accompanied by short, proximal seta; setae at distal end of articles longer, ~three times article width; two or three short setae at posterior articulation of each article (Fig. 6B); basal ...
Citations
... Pyrgomatinae comprise three tribes. The Pyrgosellini contains Pyrgopsella Zullo, 1967, inhabiting corals, andPyrgospongia Achituv &Simon-Blecher, 2006, inhabiting sponges. Pyrgospongia has been recorded from the Philippines, Andaman Islands and Hong Kong. ...
We present a comprehensive revision and synthesis of the higher-level classification of the barnacles (Crustacea: Thecostraca) to the genus level and including both extant and fossils forms. We provide estimates of the number of species in each group. Our classification scheme has been updated based on insights from recent phylogenetic studies and attempts to adjust the higher-level classifications to represent evolutionary lineages better, while documenting the evolutionary diversity of the barnacles. Except where specifically noted, recognized taxa down to family are argued to be monophyletic from molecular analysis and/or morphological data. Our resulting classification divides the Thecostraca into the subclasses Facetotecta, Ascothoracida and Cirripedia. The whole class now contains 14 orders, 65 families and 367 genera. We estimate that barnacles consist of 2116 species. The taxonomy is accompanied by a discussion of major morphological events in barnacle evolution and justifications for the various rearrangements we propose.
... Many coral reef barnacles are symbiotic with corals and sponges (Chan et al., 2013;Tsang et al., 2014;Liu et al., 2016;Yu et al., 2020). Most sponge-associated barnacles are currently included in three subfamilies in the family Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae, Archaeobalaninae, Bryozobiinae ( van Syoc, 1988;Kolbasov, 1993; van Syoc & Newman, 2010; van Syoc et al., 2015;Yu et al., 2016Yu et al., , 2017a, and Pyrgospongia Achituv & Simon-Blecher, 2006, its taxonomic position in Pyrgomatidae still uncertain (Achituv & Simon-Blecher, 2006. These sponge barnacles have a calcified or membranous base, which accounts for the spherical shape by having conical bases and a whole shell embedded inside the sponge (Kolbasov, 1993). ...
... Many coral reef barnacles are symbiotic with corals and sponges (Chan et al., 2013;Tsang et al., 2014;Liu et al., 2016;Yu et al., 2020). Most sponge-associated barnacles are currently included in three subfamilies in the family Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae, Archaeobalaninae, Bryozobiinae ( van Syoc, 1988;Kolbasov, 1993; van Syoc & Newman, 2010; van Syoc et al., 2015;Yu et al., 2016Yu et al., , 2017a, and Pyrgospongia Achituv & Simon-Blecher, 2006, its taxonomic position in Pyrgomatidae still uncertain (Achituv & Simon-Blecher, 2006. These sponge barnacles have a calcified or membranous base, which accounts for the spherical shape by having conical bases and a whole shell embedded inside the sponge (Kolbasov, 1993). ...
... Genus Pyrgospongia Achituv & Simon-Blecher, 2006 Pyrgospongia stellula (Rosell, 1975) ( Fig. 16, Supplementary material Figs. S16-S18) ...
We examined the diversity and host use of sponge-associated barnacles of Thailand (Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand) using a combined morphological and molecular approach. Eight barnacle species (including two new species) were collected from 12 host sponges. Host-specific barnacle species includes Acasta lappa sp. nov., which exclusively inhabits the sponge Mycale sp. Acasta milkae sp. nov. was only collected from the sponge Callyspongia cf. diffusa (Ridley, 1884). Multatria filigranus (Broch, 1916) were found in the encrusting soft sponges Monanchora unguiculata (Dendy, 1922) and Clathria sp. Pyrgospongia stellula (Rosell, 1975) inhabits the sponges Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884). Generalist barnacle species includes Euacsta ctenodentia (Rosell, 1972), E. porata (Nilsson-Cantell, 1921), E. zuiho (Hiro, 1936), and Acasta cyathus Darwin, 1854, which inhabit a wide range of sponges with various textures.
... The Pyrgomatinae comprise three tribes. The Pyrgosellini contains Pyrgopsella, which inhabit corals, and Pyrgospongia, which inhabit sponges (Achituv and Simon-Blecher 2006). Pyrgospongia has been recorded in the Philippines, the Andaman Islands, and Hong Kong. ...
This volume examines Evolution and Biogeography of Crustacea, one of the dominant groups of animals, especially in aquatic environments. The first part of this volume is dedicated to the explanation of the origins and successful establishment of the Crustacea in the oceans. In the second part the biogeography of the Crustacea is explored in order to infer how they conquered different biomes globally, while adapting to a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial conditions. A final section examines more general patterns and processes, and looks to the future. Collectively, these eighteen chapters provide a thorough exposition of present knowledge across the major themes in evolution and biogeography of crustaceans. They do this by summarizing what is known and providing novel analyses of patterns.
... In addition, in all four analyses, the archaeobalanid Armatobalanus allium (Darwin, 1854) is nested in Pyrgomatidae, suggesting that Pyrgomatidae is a paraphyletic taxon. Furthermore, Achituv & Simon-Blecher (2006 showed that Pyrgopsella Zullo, 1967 is associated with hexacorals and not with sponges as previously suggested by Rosell (1975). They also pointed out that morphological traits, such as the fused shell plates and elongated scuta, found in the 'Savignium-Pyrgopsella' clade and in Wanella, are homoplasious traits, an adaptation to symbiotic life within the calcareous skeleton of scleractinians and hydrozoans. ...
Barnacles that fit morphologically into the description of the pyrgomatid genus Cantellius were retrieved from hydrozoan Stylasteridae. The use of molecular markers also confirmed the assignment of these barnacles to the genus Cantellius. Hitherto, stylasterids have not been recorded as hosts of pyrgomatids. This finding conflicts with and refutes the statement that scleractinans (Hexacorallia) are obligatory hosts of pyrgomatids. These are the first unequivocal records of living pyrgomatids in stylasterids, thus documenting a new type of habitat for this group of barnacles. Further inspections of stylasterids will probably reveal more new host records and, possibly, new pyrgomatids.
... At the genus level it is known that species of pyrgomatids are restricted to a single host e.g. Pyrgoma to Turbinaria, the monospecific genus Hiroa Ross & Newman (Achituv & Newman 2002) and Cionophrous Ross & Newman to Asteropora, Pyrgopsella annandalei (Gruvel) to Symphyllia (Achituv & Simon-Blecher, 2006), and the tribe Hoekinii to Hydnophora. Others, like Cantellius, Savignium, Darwiniella, and Nobia, occupy a range of hosts. ...
Barnacles of the genus Galkinius occupy a large spectrum of host corals, making it one of the least host-specific genera within the Pyrgomatidae. Molecular analyses show that within the genus Galkinius there are highly supported clades, suggesting that the genus Galkinius is a complex of evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). The morphology of the opercular valves has been used as the basis for the separation of species of Galkinius. In this study, morphological variability was found both between specimens within ESUs extracted from different host species and between specimens extracted from the same colony. Identifications based on the opercular valves cannot therefore be assigned to different species despite being genetically distinguishable. It is proposed that in many cases the differences between valve morphology of different species of Galkinius are the outcome of ontogeny. Allometric growth of the valves has resulted in differences in the proportions of the parts of the valve.
... In 1971, Rosell found a barnacle embedded in a sponge (Rosell, 1973) described it as the new species Pyrgopsella stellula Rosell, 1973 andduplicated in Rosell, 1975 while suggesting that Pyrgopsella annandalei as well was a sponge-inhabiting barnacle. A century after the description of P. annandalei, Achituv and Simon-Blecher (2006) found several specimens of Pyrgopsella on the hermatypic coral Symphyllia radians Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1849. They thus confirmed that this genus is comprised of coralinhabiting barnacles, not sponge barnacles, and described their find as the new species Pyrgopsella youngi Achituv and Simon-Blecher, 2006. ...
... A century after the description of P. annandalei, Achituv and Simon-Blecher (2006) found several specimens of Pyrgopsella on the hermatypic coral Symphyllia radians Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1849. They thus confirmed that this genus is comprised of coralinhabiting barnacles, not sponge barnacles, and described their find as the new species Pyrgopsella youngi Achituv and Simon-Blecher, 2006. The sponge barnacle P. stelulla was transferred to a new genus Pyrgospongia. ...
... Pyrgopsella youngi was separated from P. annandalei by Achituv and Simon-Blecher (2006) on the basis of morphological differences between the material from Symphyllia radians and the description and drawings of Gruvel (1907) (Fig. 1). The first difference concerns the inward-projecting * Corresponding author; e-mail: achity@gmail.com ...
The coral-inhabiting barnacle Pyrgopsella annandalei was collected in 1888 off the reefs of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, diagnosed in 1906, and described in full in 1907. Since then, this barnacle has not been recorded. In 2006, several specimens of Pyrgopsella were found embedded in the hermatypic coral Symphyllia radians. Based on morphological differences between this material and the drawings and written description of P. annandalei, the specimens from Symphyllia were assigned to a new species, P. youngi. The discovery of a single individual of Pyrgopsella in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, labeled "cotype," and its comparison to the recent material from Symphyllia, revealed that the differences between P. annandalei and P. youngi represent no more than intraspecific morphological variation. This conclusion is supported by a comparison of the DNA sequences of the CO1 and 12S rRNA genes from specimens representing both morphological varieties. It is concluded that P. youngi is a junior synonym of P. annandalei, and the latter name should be used in its place.
The present study is the first completed and taxonomically validated literature review of the biodiversity of barnacles (Cirripedia) in India. A total of 144 species in 75 genera and 19 families have been recorded in India. The highest number of species has been recorded from the Bay of Bengal province, located on the eastern side of the Indian Peninsula, comprising the Eastern India ecoregion (76 species) and Northern Bay of Bengal ecoregion (34 species). The West and South India Shelf province has fewer species (Western India ecoregion: 29 species; South India and Sri Lanka ecoregion: 40 species; and Maldives ecoregion: 10 species) compared to the Bay of Bengal province. The Andaman province is composed of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and contains 65 species. Most of the coral-associated barnacles (family Pyrgomatidae) have been recorded in the corals reefs of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (7 species), Eastern India (6 species), and Northern Bay of Bengal ecoregions (5 species). Sponge-associated barnacles (mostly in the subfamily Acastinae) were recorded in the Eastern India ecoregion, Southern India and Sri Lanka, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands ecoregions. Deepwater species were recorded the most extensively in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ecoregion (21 species), followed by the South India and Sri Lanka ecoregion (9 species) and Eastern India ecoregion (7 species). Six Atlantic/boreal cold water species previously reported in India were removed due to incorrect identification, and some incorrectly identified species were validated and corrected.
Barnacles that fit morphologically into the description of the pyrgomatid genus Cantellius were retrieved from hydrozoan Stylasteridae. The use of molecular markers also confirmed the assignment of these barnacles to the genus Cantellius. Hitherto, stylasterids have not been recorded as hosts of pyrgomatids. This finding conflicts with and refutes the statement that scleractinans (Hexacorallia) are obligatory hosts of pyrgomatids. These are the first unequivocal records of living pyrgomatids in stylasterids, thus documenting a new type of habitat for this group of barnacles. Further inspections of stylasterids will probably reveal more new host records and, possibly, new pyrgomatids.
Sponges are common in coral reefs and provide secondary habitats and shelter to a very diverse associated biota. To examine the symbiotic relationships between crustacean associates and their sponge hosts, the most important step is to collect live crustaceans and sponges for subsequent taxonomic identification as well as for larval rearing and experiments on larval biology. Using sponge-inhabiting barnacles as a model, we describe a set of collection procedures, identification methods, and laboratory-rearing systems for maintaining living barnacles and their host sponges. These methods also permit observing the behavior of the barnacle symbionts, including feeding, mating, as well as larval development and settlement, information that can be applied to the study of host-specificity, larval biology, and host selection.
