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Pyogranulomatous mastitis in dairy cows. a Nodular, yellowish, and firm structures are found in the middle of the mammary parenchyma, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter, with purulent material at the center (lesion associated with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). b There is a firm and yellowish mammary quarter interspersed with dark red areas with evidence of the lobular pattern (lesion associated with Nocardia sp.). c Multifocal to coalescing nodules, of varying sizes, filled with purulent contents (fungal mastitis) are observed in the middle of the mammary parenchyma. d A marked inflammatory infiltrate of intact and degenerate neutrophils, epithelioid macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells is seen in the mammary parenchyma. There is also a strongly eosinophilic, radiated material (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon), which contains large basophilic cocci in the center (S. aureus). H&E. e A focal area of necrosis associated with a marked inflammatory infiltrate of intact and degenerate neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and occasional multinucleated giant cells is observed in the middle of mammary parenchyma. H&E. Inset, positive immunolabeling for Nocardia sp. immunohistochemistry. f There are marked dilated alveoli, filled by intact and degenerate neutrophils, as well as necrotic debris, associated with Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Marked fibrosis interspersed by a moderate inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and occasional multinucleated giant cells is seen in the interstitium. H&E. Inset, there are septate and branched fungal structures, strongly impregnated by silver. Grocott Methenamine Silver
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Mastitis may be caused by a wide range of microorganisms able to induce distinct lesions in mammary tissues. This study aims to characterize the gross and microscopic features of mastitis in dairy cows and to correlate them with the pathogens involved. The udders of slaughtered dairy cows were inspected and milk samples from each mammary quarter or...
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The flourishing markets oriented dairy farms in urban setups in Ethiopia are constrained by mastitis. In Ethiopia, a number of studies have shown a range of bacterial pathogens causing mastitis as dominant pathogenic species. This survey was designed to estimate the prevalence and identify the major bacterial pathogens involved in sub clinical mast...
Citations
... The most used diagnostic methods to identify mammary gland inflammation and the responsible pathogen for intramammary infection are somatic cell count (SCC) in milk and microbiological exams, respectively [12]. Mastitis pathogens present different tropisms to the mammary tissue, developing variation in inflammatory response levels, and consequently, the range of SCC mean per pathogen [13,14,15]. Furthermore, bacteria are shed in different patterns by the mammary quarter from naturally infected cows [16]. ...
Bovine mastitis is an important and costly disease to dairy cattle. Diagnostic methods usually performed in Brazil are somatic cell counts (SCC) and milk microbiology. Low bacteria shedding in milk implies no colony growth in microbiological tests and false negative results. Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus are principal pathogens of mixed mastitis. However, S. agalactiae has a higher bacterial release from the mammary gland than S. aureus, affecting microbiological sensitivity to diagnose S. aureus. This study aimed to estimate the SCC and total bacterial count (TBC) from cows according to pathogen isolated in milk and to evaluate variation in S. aureus diagnosis by a microbiological test during S. agalactiae treatment, which is called blitz therapy. Both S. agalactiae and S. aureus presented high SCC means, although S. agalactiae showed shedding of bacteria 2.3 times greater than S. aureus. Microbiological sensitivity to S. aureus increased for 5 months during S. agalactiae treatment. The prevalence of S. agalactiae fell after 5 months of therapeutic procedures. The prevalence of S. aureus increased to 39.0. The results showed that due to high sensitivity, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could be used at the beginning of blitz therapy with the goal of S. agalactiae eradication from the dairy herd.
... Infectious bovine mastitis is a disease caused by microorganisms and is often associated with hyperplasia and degeneration of epithelial cells in the mammary tissue in herds around the world. Due to its wide distribution and strong prevalence, this pathology has long been a concern for producers and animal health professionals, as it causes physical-chemical and microbiological changes in milk and negative impacts, such as increased production costs, animal health expenses, milk quality, slaughter rate, and reproductive performance (BIANCHI et al., 2019;FREEBERN et al., 2020;KURZ et al., 2018). (GUO et al., 2018;TAKAGI et al., 2014;WU et al., 2015). ...
Infectious bovine mastitis is an infection of mammary gland responsible great losses to dairy farming, resulting in negative impacts on the quantity and quality of milk produced. Genetic factors may be related to resistance or intensification of the inflammatory condition. Among them, the bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide 28 gene (Bmap-28) and the natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 gene (Nramp1) stand out because they can be used as genetic markers in dairy cattle breeding programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the immunogenetic profile in herds from the dairy basin of the state of Pernambuco in Northeastern Brazil, using these markers previously established in the literature. For this, the partial sequencing of the genes Bmap-28 and Nramp1 was performed. The study covered 54 animals, regardless of sex or age. For Bmap-28, two genotypes were found, GG (76%) and GC (24%). Both profiles are considered susceptible to intramammary infection. On the other hand, Nramp1 immunogenotyping revealed three distinct profiles, GG (11%), GC (48%) and CC (41%), of which only the GG genotype configures resistance to mastitis. The immunogenetic scenario detected suggests that the local herd is prone to intramammary infection, which is corroborated by the high prevalence (65.2%) of mastitis in the Agreste region of Pernambuco State.
... P. aeruginosa is a significant human pathogen and also affects animals worldwide [5]. Recent reports associated with P. aeruginosa infection in cattle are restricted to otitis [7,8], esophageal and glossal ulceration [5] in calves, and mastitis in cows [9,10]. The only description of P. aeruginosa meningoencephalitis in adult cattle is secondary from frontal sinusitis in a beef bull, but this study lacks a detailed pathological analysis [11]. ...
... P. aeruginosa is a significant cause of nosocomial infections worldwide and has been associated with media and inner otitis in humans [4,6], and sporadically in calves [7] and sheep [24]. In ruminants, P. aeruginosa is frequently reported as a relevant environmental and opportunistic pathogen causing mastitis [9,10], lymphadenitis [25], hepatic abscesses [26], rhinitis, and dermatitis [24]. ...
This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory and pathological features in a case of suppurative meningoencephalitis by P. aeruginosa from the direct extension of chronic otitis in a Gir cow. The cow was recumbent during physical examination, and neurological examination revealed depression, absence of left eyelid and auricular motor reflex, and hypotonic tongue. Hematology revealed hemoconcentration, leukocytosis by neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cerebrospinal fluid was slightly turbid, and presented polymorphonuclear pleocytosis, and hyperproteinorrachia. Grossly, the skull floor showed a purulent green–yellow exudate that drained from the left inner ear to the cisterna magna. There was diffuse congestion of the telencephalon, and meninges showed severe hyperemia, moderate thickening, and opacity with the deposition of fibrinosuppurative material ventrally, extending to the cerebellum and brainstem. The left cerebellar hemisphere showed an approximately 1.5 cm in diameter liquefaction area surrounded by a hemorrhagic halo. Histologically, cerebellar, mesencephalic, thalamic, and brain base meninges were intensely thickened and showed severe suppurative inflammation and fibrin deposition. Small multifocal suppurative areas were observed in the cerebellum and brainstem, characterized by a necrotic core, a number of neutrophils, and Gram-negative intralesional bacillary myriads. Pure cultures of P. aeruginosa were obtained and identified in the suppurative CNS lesions, meninges, and inner ear samples. This report highlights an uncommon clinical evolution of secondary P. aeruginosa suppurative meningoencephalitis, probably triggered by recurrent parasitic otitis in an adult Gir cow. Veterinarians, practitioners, and farmers must be aware of the risk of CNS infections after unresolved media and inner otitis, especially in cattle breeds more prone to developing parasitic otitis, such as the Gir and Indubrasil breeds.
... In addition, increased levels of inflammatory mediators in the blood and increases in the numbers of mast cells and macrophages lead to the production of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines that induce neutrophils to enter the udder tissue from the blood, exacerbating the inflammatory response [4]. Inflammatory reactions that are sustained for long periods can damage the mammary glands; in severe cases, this can lead to tissue necrosis and atrophy [5,6]. ...
Dairy farming is the most important economic activity in animal husbandry. Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy cattle and has a significant impact on milk quality and yield. The natural extract allicin, which is the main active ingredient of the sulfur-containing organic compounds in garlic, has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties; however, the specific mechanism underlying its effect on mastitis in dairy cows needs to be determined. Therefore, in this study, whether allicin can reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the mammary epithelium of dairy cows was investigated. A cellular model of mammary inflammation was established by pretreating bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) with 10 µg/mL LPS, and the cultures were then treated with varying concentrations of allicin (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 µM) added to the culture medium. MAC-T cells were examined using RT–qPCR and Western blotting to determine the effect of allicin. Subsequently, the level of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was measured to further explore the mechanism underlying the effect of allicin on bovine mammary epithelial cell inflammation. Treatment with 2.5 µM allicin considerably decreased the LPS-induced increase in the levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inhibited activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in cow mammary epithelial cells. Further research revealed that allicin also inhibited the phosphorylation of inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa-B-α (IκB-α) and NF-κB p65. In mice, LPS-induced mastitis was also ameliorated by allicin. Therefore, we hypothesize that allicin alleviated LPS-induced inflammation in the mammary epithelial cells of cows probably by affecting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Allicin will likely become an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis in cows.
... Mastitis, particularly, the clinical form is characterised by hard and swollen udder and teats with the presence of clots which alters the quality and quantity of the milk (Kholif et al., 2017) [11] . Mastitis in severe cases and forms not only cause huge economic loss to the farmer, but may also cause death of the affected cattle (Kholif et al., 2017 andBianchi et al., 2019) [11,3] . The mean somatic cell count was 3,50,000 and whereas the pH of the affected milk samples was 5.4. ...
... Mastitis, particularly, the clinical form is characterised by hard and swollen udder and teats with the presence of clots which alters the quality and quantity of the milk (Kholif et al., 2017) [11] . Mastitis in severe cases and forms not only cause huge economic loss to the farmer, but may also cause death of the affected cattle (Kholif et al., 2017 andBianchi et al., 2019) [11,3] . The mean somatic cell count was 3,50,000 and whereas the pH of the affected milk samples was 5.4. ...
... [Gill et al. 1990, Chen andAlonzo 2019]. Elevation of SCC in milk is one of the most common indicators used for the assessment of mastitis risk in cattle and to no surprise, the infections caused by the former pathogens are known to elevate the SCC in cattle milk [Bianchi et al. 2019, Puppel et al. 2020]. By far the most common method used by farmers around the globe to combat mastitis is the use of antibiotics, which could be an efficient treatment to cure the infections by such pathogens, however, prolonged use of such antibiotics and their usage in prevention rather than treatment raise the growing issue of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and even the bioconcentration of such therapeutics in the cattle's milk and meat [Pyörälä 2002, Shim et al. 2004, Ebrahimi et al. 2019. ...
Mastitis is the single most expensive disease among cattle in the dairy industry and environmental pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus warneri are among the most common culprits. Recent studies had shed the light on how such pathogens utilize lipolysis mechanisms to evade their host's immune response. In this study, computational drug discovery approaches were deployed to investigate human FDA-approved drugs that hold the potential of serving as inhibitors of lipase activity in the former 2 pathogens. Comprehensive computational analysis involving molecular docking, nanoscale molecular dynamics, and in silico binding free energy estimation has shown that Drospirenone, a unique progestogen with anti-mineralocorticoid properties commonly used in human birth control pills holds potential inhibitory activity against the lipase of Staphylococcus warneri as it had shown to form several stable hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds with the formers lipWY lipase enzyme.
... The onset of mastitis occurs when MPEC penetrates through the teat canal, multiplies in the teat and gland cisterns, and spreads throughout the milk-producing glandular tissue ( Figure 1A). Once inside the mammary gland, MPEC ferment lactose (Blum et al., 2008;Lippolis et al., 2009) and use it as an energy source to multiply without adhering to the gland's epithelial surface, remaining in the cisterns, ducts, and alveolar lumen (Roussel et al., 2017;Bianchi et al., 2019). Some MPEC strains can adhere to the udder epithelium, causing chronic intramammary infections and recurrent cases of clinical mastitis (Dogan et al., 2006;Roussel et al., 2017). ...
Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the udder tissue parenchyma that causes pathological changes in the glandular tissue and abnormalities in milk leading to significant economic losses to the dairy industry across the world. Mammary pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli (MPEC) is one of the main etiologic agents of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. MPEC strains have virulence attributes to resist the host innate defenses and thrive in the mammary gland environment. The association between specific virulence factors of MPEC with the severity of mastitis in cattle is not fully understood. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat mastitis has resulted in antimicrobial resistance to all major antibiotic classes in MPEC. A thorough understanding of MPEC's pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is required to develop better interventions to reduce mastitis incidence and prevalence in cattle and the environment. This review compiles important information on mastitis caused by MPEC (e.g., types of mastitis, host immune response, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease) as well as the current knowledge on MPEC virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and the dilemma of MPEC as a new pathotype. The information provided in this review is critical to identifying gaps in knowledge that will guide future studies to better design diagnostic, prevent, and develop therapeutic interventions for this significant dairy disease.
... За патології молочної залози основною причиною вибраковування корів були хронічні запальні процеси та переродження паренхіми молочної залози. Подібну думку висловлюють інші автори [56,48]. Збільшення кількості вибракуваних корів через патологію молочної залози починаючи з третьої лактації можна пояснити вищою стійкістю тканин молочної залози до інфекції у молодих тварин, на що вказують ряд авторів [4]. ...
The article provides data on the causes and premature culling of cows. Extraordinary activities are a matter of productivity of cows, which significantly affect the efficiency of milk production in livestock farms. First of all, the number and intensity of manifestations of other pathological processes in the body to enhance the quality of milk (grade, bacterial contamination, etc.). The next factor in the economic condition of both an individual economy and the industry as a whole is the length of the productive period. Premature culling of cows entails damage from inefficient use of feed, costs for the unproductive period (from birth to 1 calving), losses from undersupply of calves and often loss of breeding value of the livestock. The aim of the work was to establish the reasons for the culling of cows, which affects the efficiency of the enterprise, especially at the age of 4-6 years (3-5 lactations). At the same time, we used the data of the Uniform-Agri accounting program of the Astarta-Kiev agricultural holding, statistical research methods, and the processing of the data obtained was carried out using a Microsoft Excel 2016 spreadsheet processor. It was found that during 2017-2019. out of 47,282 16538 head retired, which amounted to about 35.0% of the total breeding stock, the largest number of retired cows was observed in the first lactation - 4602, which is 27.8%. In 37.1% of cases, obstetric and gynecological diseases and pathological conditions of the mammary gland were diagnosed. At the same time, 24.5% of culled cows were diagnosed with surgical pathology. In addition, 20.8% of cows dropped out due to metabolic disorders, due to violations of the parameters of keeping and feeding. The next step was to determine the proportion of cow culling due to obstetric (23.9%), gynecological (49.0%), surgical (59.1%) pathology and breast diseases (27.7%). It was also important that 30% of the culled cows had a diagnosis of maceration and mummification of the fetus or ordinary abortion. It should be noted that the vast majority of animals had obstetric, gynecological and surgical pathology at the same time. The culling of animals by age was: after the 1st lactation 31.9%, the 2nd lactation decreased by 12.6 %, and the 3rd, 4th and 5th and more lactations, respectively, by 3.0%. 2.9 and 4.3% Key words: cow, culling, obstetric, gynecological, surgical pathology.
... Cows with acute clinical mastitis have typical symptoms such as swollen and red udder to the eye, hot and painful to palpation, and the presence of hard lumps. e main pathological changes are an increased number of leukocytes in the blood, the presence of blood-like milk, clots or flocculent material in the milk, and a decrease in milk production [14]. Some studies have shown that the main causative factor of mastitis in dairy cows is infection by pathogenic microorganisms, and S. aureus is one of the most important and common pathogens that induce the disease [15]. ...
Aim:
The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism of action of quercetin, the main active anti-inflammatory component of Ligustrum lucidum, in the prevention and treatment of mastitis.
Methods:
Prediction of the main active ingredients and key anti-inflammatory targets of Ligustrum lucidum using a network pharmacology platform and molecular biology validation of the results. Observation of histopathological changes in the mouse mammary gland by hematoxylin-eosin staining(H&E) method, quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR), and Western blot (WB) to detect the expression levels of relevant inflammatory factors mRNA and protein.
Results:
A total of 7 active ingredients and 42 key targets were obtained from the network pharmacological analysis of Ligustrum lucidum, with quercetin as the main core ingredient and tumor necrosis factor(TNF), serine threonine protein kinase1(AKT1), and interleukin6(IL6) as the core targets; H&E results showed that pathological changes were reduced to different degrees in the dose group compared to the model group. The qPCR results showed that the relative expression of TNF and IL6 mRNA in the high dose group on day 3 and the high and medium dose groups on day 7 were not significantly different compared with the blank group (P > 0.05), and the difference between the dose groups on day 5 was significant (P < 0.05). WB results showed that the difference in nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) protein expression in the medium and low dose groups on day 7 was significant compared with the blank group (P < 0.05), the difference in 5 and 7 days, significant differences in AKT1 protein expression between the middle and low dose groups (P < 0.05), nonsignificant differences in the TNF protein expression between the high dose groups on day 7 (P > 0.05), and significant differences in the IL6 protein expression between the middle and low dose groups on days 3 and 7 (P < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Quercetin, the main active ingredient of Ligustrum lucidum, may act in the prevention and treatment of mastitis by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors in phosphoinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)-AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways and showa a significant dose-dependent effect. This study provides theoretical basis and clues for the control of mastitis in dairy cows.
... As a whole, our results show that inoculation with the selected LABs at the established dose and concentration is harmless to the mammary gland, compared to S. aureus infection. The most relevant alterations in the quarters with chronic mastitis, moreover, may be ascribed to S. aureus, since they are very much the same as those that Bianchi et al. (2019) described as being caused by the pathogen. ...
Aims:
The present work assessed the ability of two selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Schleiferilactobacillus perolens CRL1724 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CRL1655) to inhibit the adherence of bovine mastitis pathogens to mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and their effects (if any) on the structure of the gland after intramammary inoculation at dry-off.
Methods and results:
Established bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) were used to assess the LAB strains' ability to inhibit the adherence of bovine mastitis pathogens. Monolayers of MAC-T cells were co-cultured with the LABs and then individual pathogen was added. Both strains prevented the adherence of S. aureus RC108, S. chromogenes, S. uberis UT102 and E. coli ATCC35218. Adherence of the latter two pathogens was inhibited most strongly in vitro. To evaluate the effect of the LAB on the structure of the bovine udders, quarters were intramammary inoculated with the LAB mixture at dry-off . After slaughtering, the teats were dissected and histopathologically analyzed. No modifications were identified post-innoculation in the structure of the epithelial, subepithelial and connective tissues of the mammary gland.
Conclusions:
Probiotic strains L. lactis subsp lactis CRL1655 and S. perolens CRL1724 were both able to inhibit the adherence of a number of bovine mastitis pathogens in vitro, and that the intramammary inoculation of these strains at the established dose and concentration did not cause significant alterations in the mammary epithelium nor had undesirable effects on tissues, and may therefore be considered harmless.
Significance and impact of study:
The promising findings demonstrated in this work support the potential of probiotic microorganisms as a natural and effective alternative to prevent bovine mastitis during the dry-off period.
