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Puccinia psidii on Melaleuca leucadendron (PREM ******). a. host symptoms b. equatorial plane of urediniospores. c. surface of urediniospores. d-e. teliopspores. Scale bars = 10 µm.
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Over the past decade, Puccinia psidii, which causes rust on species of Myrtaceae, has spread rapidly to new areas and is now widespread. Quarantine has done little to prevent its movement through the Americas, the Pacific, Africa, and in this report, South-East Asia. Puccinia psidii is reported for the first time from Indonesia on two genera of Myr...
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Plants in the genus Melaleuca have been widely used as traditional medicine mainly because of their broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cumingiana. The chloroplast genome of this species is 158,855 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR...
Austropuccinia psidii causes rust disease on species within the family Myrtaceae. It was first detected in Australia in 2010, with the first detection in Western Australia in 2022. While species within the genus Melaleuca from eastern Australia show variable responses to the pathogen, little is known of the response of species from Western Australi...
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... La roya representa una muy seria amenaza para las plantaciones de eucalipto y los ecosistemas nativos con Myrtáceas (10,17). Es uno de los pocos hongos de roya que ataca múltiples géneros (30). Castro et al (8) señalaron que en Brasil el hongo cambió del hospedante original (guayaba) a especies de Eucalyptus y Sysygium jambos, pero según Graça et al. (18) el origen de los genotipos que atacan eucalipto y pomarrosa no tiene explicación. ...
... La destrucción de Mirtáceas nativas e introducidas en Florida y Hawái (22,23,32) y las graves dificultades causadas por A. psidii en la industria de pimienta en Jamaica y eucalipto en Brasil (14,25), son hechos que permiten presumir la tragedia que pudiera ocurrir en otros países, especialmente Australia en cuyos bosques sobreabundan Mirtáceas e igualmente en regiones del sureste de Asia donde la explotación de eucalipto tiene destacada importancia económica (30). En atención a estas evidencias, estimo riesgoso e inconveniente utilizar A. psidii para eliminar especies invasoras, por cuanto se asume el riesgo de poner en peligro la sanidad, integridad y sobrevivencia de especies de utilidad económica y/o ambiental. ...
... MacTTagart et al (30) presumieron que el descubrimiento de A. psidii en Indonesia, probablemente tenga consecuencias importantes en la industria forestal de Indonesia, Malasya, Thailandia y Vietnam, regiones donde hasta el 2014 había 1.020.000 hectáreas de eucalipto (19). ...
El deterioro que experimentan actualmente las Myrtáceas en distintas regiones del mundo, anuncia el principio de una trágica crisis ambiental, ecológica, económica y social en un extenso sector de la humanidad. Los actores principales de este trágico acontecimiento son la familia Myrtácea y el hongo Austropuccinia psidii (Winter) Breenken causante de la enfermedad de roya (óxido, herrumbre) comúnmente conocida como "Roya del Myrto", "Roya de la Guayaba" y "Roya del Eucalipto", siendo "Roya del Mirto" la terminología más usada. Al respecto estimo interesante mencionar una referencia histórica sobre el Myrto, Myrtácea arbustiva originaria del sureste de Europa y norte de África, que fue bautizada científicamente como Myrtus communis L. Breve tiempo después de ocuparme en investigar la roya de la pomarrosa, Dios, el Único y Verdadero, me hizo conocer que el Mirto aparece registrado en los versículos 8, 10 y 11 del Capítulo 1 del Evangelio de Apóstol Zacarías, padre de Juan El Bautista, lo que significa que, aproximadamente, seis siglos antes del nacimiento de Jesucristo, ya el Myrto estaba esparciendo su aroma en los pueblos de Dios, pero se desconoce si ya la roya lo atacaba. Sin embargo, desde finales del siglo XVIII, específicamente desde el año 1884, se sabe que la roya es la enemiga más voraz de las Myrtáceas. El término Myrto proviene del griego Myrtus que significa perfume y también se le conoce como Arrayan, vocablo proveniente del árabe ar Rayham o Rihan que significa aromático. Cuando el ambiente permanece normal y la roya lo permite, el Myrto se mantiene verde Las Myrtáceas son un grupo de especies de la familia Myrtaceae del orden Myrtales. Mundialmente es la familia más numerosa. Agrupa 142 géneros que suman 5.500 especies arbustivas (35). Algunas especies como los eucaliptos (Eucalyptus spp.), guayaba (Psidium guajaba L.) y pimienta (Piper nigrum L.), tienen notable importancia económica, pero en Australia y Nueva Caledonia la principal relevancia de éstas especies es la integración de bosques nativos (35). En Australia y Brasil los eucaliptos tienen destacada importancia en la industria maderera (35, 41). Algunas Mirtáceas dan frutos y muchas tienen destacada importancia ambiental porque participan en la conformación de bosques nativos que son refugio de la fauna silvestre y, además, hacen posible que las precipitaciones suministren agua suficiente para que la vida en general transcurra de manera normal. La roya fue descubierta (1884) en guayaba del sur de Brasil y, en ese entonces, el patógeno fue descrito y reportado como Puccinia psidii Winter (25,39). Sin embargo, hace aproximadamente cinco años, Breenken (3) sustituyó el término genérico con el nominal Austropuccinia, argumentando que el hongo posee características distintas a las que tienen las especies de la familia Pucciniaceae. A. psidii es un patógeno biotrófico obligado y la enfermedad de roya que ocasiona se originó en los bosques neo-tropicales de Sur y Centro América y con extrema rapidez se ha
... Globally, over 500 species from 69 genera are known to have some susceptibility to A. psidii [60]. Many of these records are from areas with more recent incursions, for example New Caledonia in 2013 [55], South Africa in 2013 [61], Indonesia in 2015 [62], Singapore in 2016 [63], and New Zealand in 2017 [64]. Myrtle rust was first reported in Australia in 2010 as Uredo rangelii [65] and has since spread along the entire east coast with reported damage to both natural ecosystems and to industry [53,66]. ...
The Myrtaceae is a very large and diverse family containing a number of economically and ecologically valuable species. In Australia, the family contains approximately 1700 species from 70 genera and is structurally and floristically dominant in many diverse ecosystems. In addition to threats from habitat fragmentation and increasing rates of natural disasters, infection by myrtle rust caused by Austropuccinia psidii is of significant concern to Australian Myrtaceae species. Repeated infections of new growth have caused host death and suppressed host populations by preventing seed set. Although most Myrtaceae species demonstrate orthodox seed storage behavior, exceptional species such as those with desiccation sensitive seed or from myrtle rust-suppressed populations require alternate conservation strategies such as those offered by cryobiotechnology. Targeting seven key Australian genera, we reviewed the available literature for examples of cryobiotechnology utilized for conservation of Myrtaceae. While there were only limited examples of successful cryopreservation for a few genera in this family, successful cryopreservation of both shoot tips and embryonic axes suggest that cryobiotechnology provides a viable alternative for the conservation of exceptional species and a potential safe storage method for the many Myrtaceae species under threat from A. psidii.
... This rust also threatens many native and endemic Myrtaceae species in Australia, such as Rhodamnia rubescens, Rhodomyrtus psidioides, Eucalyptus amplifolia, Kunzea parvifolia, Austromyrtus inophloia, and other 370 or more native plants (Winzer et al. 2019). This rust has been reported to infect some Myrtaceae species in Indonesia, such as E. grandis x E. pellita, M. leucadendra in the north and south Sumatra (McTaggart et al. 2016), as well as S. polyanthum, and M. cajuputi in Yogyakarta, Java (Prihatini et al. 2020). Pegg et al. (2017) stated that A. psidii infects young organs of plants, such as young flowers, fruits, and leaves. ...
... Austropuccinia psidii is a potential threat to Myrtaceae plantations the north and south Sumatra, Indonesia. This rust infects M. leucadendra and E. Grandis × E. pellita with the possibility of infecting more species in the future (McTaggart et al. 2016). In commercial eucalyptus plantations, this rust attacks E. globulus and E. viminalis in Brazil in July 2000 with severe infections (Alfenas et al. 2003). ...
Faradilla FA, Prihatini I, Suranto, Susilowati A. 2022. Genetic variation of Austropuccinia psidii in some species of Myrtaceae as host plants in Java, Indonesia based on simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Biodiversitas 23: 256-263. Austropuccinia psidii is pathogenic rust with a wide host and is considered a biosecurity threat to the Myrtaceae family in many countries. The genetic variation of this rust in Java, Indonesia is poorly reported. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the genetic variation among A. psidii from different Myrtaceae hosts, namely Syzygium polyanthum, S. myrtifolium, and Melaleuca cajuputi from three different locations in Java using seven simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Data were collected from 28 A. psidiisamples from three different hosts and locations in Java. The genetic variations of A. psidii were found in six isolates in locus USYD_Pp168, PpSSR161, and PpSSR195*. The results showed that the expected heterozygosity value among 12 isolates of A. psidii is 0.312. The dendrogram illustrates two clusters constructed with cluster I consisting of subcluster IA (S1, S3, S4, S5, K1, K2, K3, K4, and P1) and IB (P2); and cluster II consists of isolates S2 and S6. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) was used to demonstrate the similarity and dissimilarity among isolates based on microsatellite sites. Axis 1 and 2 explained 87.7 % of the total variations and sep a rated isolate S1, S2, S3, S4, S6 from other isolates, and grouping the rest of isolates together. The dendrogram and PCo analysis demonstrated A. psidii isolates tend to have close genetic similarity based on their host.
... Currently, A. psidii has been discovered in South and Central America (Coutinho et al., 1998) and Florida, California and Hawaii in the United States, North America (Marlatt and Kimbrough, 1979;Rayachhetry et al., 1997;Uchida et al., 2006). The pathogen has also been reported in countries such as Japan (Kawanishi et al., 2009), Australia (Carnegie et al., 2010), China (Zhuang and Wei, 2011), South Africa (Roux et al., 2013), New Caledonia (Giblin, 2013), Indonesia (Mctaggart et al., 2016), Singapore, and New Zealand (Du Plessis et al., 2019). Myrtle rust has an unusually broad host range on various members of the Myrtaceae family, affecting approximately 480 species within 86 genera, producing yellow pustules of urediniospores on growing leaves and shoots (Coutinho et al., 1998;Soewarto et al., 2019). ...
Eucalyptus grandis , in its native Australian range, varies in resistance to Austropuccinia psidii (syn. Puccinia psidii ). The biotrophic rust fungus, A. psidii is the causal agent of myrtle rust and poses a serious threat to Australian biodiversity. The pathogen produces yellow pustules of urediniospores on young leaves and shoots, resulting in shoot tip dieback, stunted growth, and death. Dissecting the underlying mechanisms of resistance against this pathogen will contribute to improved breeding and control strategies to mitigate its devastating effects. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular dialogue between E. grandis and A. psidii , using an RNA-sequencing approach. Resistant and susceptible E. grandis seedlings grown from seed collected across its natural range were inoculated with the pandemic biotype of A. psidii . The leaf tissue was harvested at 12-h post inoculation (hpi), 1-day post inoculation (dpi), 2-dpi and 5-dpi and subjected to RNA-sequencing using Illumina 50 bp PE reads to a depth of 40 million reads per sample. Differential gene expression and gene ontology enrichment indicated that the resistant seedlings showed controlled, coordinated responses with a hypersensitive response, while the susceptible seedlings showed no systemic response against myrtle rust. Brassinosteroid signaling was apparent as an enriched term in the resistant interaction at 2-dpi, suggesting an important role of this phytohormone in defense against the pathogen. Brassinosteroid mediated signaling genes were also among the candidate genes within two major disease resistance loci ( Puccinia psidii resistance), Ppr3 and Ppr5. While brassinosteroids have been tagged as positive regulators in other plant disease resistance interactions, this is the first report in the Eucalyptus – Austropuccinia psidii interaction. Furthermore, several putative resistance genes, underlying known resistance loci and implicated in the interaction have been identified and highlighted for future functional studies. This study provided further insights into the molecular interactions between E. grandis and A. psidii , contributing to our understanding of this pathosystem.
... Infection of A. psidii has been recorded in S. polyanthum in Yogyakarta Indonesia [11]. The presence of A. psidii should be [12]. ...
... This pathogen attacks young organs such as leaves, and impaired the photosynthesis process in an infected leaf of eucalypts [15]. The first report about A. psidii infections in Indonesia was recorded on E. pellita in North Sumatra in 2015 [12]. It was reported again in the next five years on clone E. grandis x E. pellita at PT. Toba Pulp Lestari, located in Toba Samosir regency, North Sumatra [16]. ...
... This disease can become a threat for Eucalyptus plantations in Indonesia in the future. Meanwhile, infection of A. psidii on Melaleuca genera was first reported on M. leucadendra in Riau, Sumatra island in 2015 [12], and reported again on M. cajuputi in Yogyakarta, Java island in 2020 [11]. ...
Austropuccinia psidii is an invasive pathogenic rust that infects the Myrtaceae family. This rust is a threat to Myrtaceae plantations around the world due to its widespread distribution. In this study, we observed the presence of A. psidii in three species of Myrtaceae, i.e. Melaleuca cajuputi, Syzygium myrtifolium , and Syzygium polyanthum planted in Yogyakarta and Sukabumi. The symptoms of infection were yellow-reddish spot in young leaves, presence of urediniospores in infected spot, foliage, and branch dieback. To confirm the presence of A. psidii on those trees, a molecular detection was performed using specific primer for A. psidii (Ppsi1/Ppsi6) on DNA samples extracted from diseased leaves. The presence of A. psidii was proved by the presence of DNA amplicon sized around 500bp in all samples collected from three different hosts. In this study, S. myrtifolium was firstly reported to be infected by this rust in Indonesia. Further study about the presence and the economic impact of this pathogen in Indonesia should be conducted. Indonesia has many species numbers of Myrtaceae and some species are important for medicines, herbs, foods, and as industrial plants. A strategy to control this pathogen should be established to avoid large economic losses in Myrtaceae plantations in Indonesia.
... Puccinia psidii), affects a broad range of hosts in the Myrtaceae family, causing lesions, dieback and, in some cases, mortality [37,38]. The pathogen is airborne and has spread rapidly around the globe [39][40][41][42]. New Zealand is home to at least 37 native myrtaceous species [43]. ...
The ability of deep convolutional neural networks (deep learning) to learn complex visual characteristics offers a new method to classify tree species using lower-cost data such as regional aerial RGB imagery. In this study, we use 10 cm resolution imagery and 4600 trees to develop a deep learning model to identify Metrosideros excelsa (pōhutukawa)—a culturally important New Zealand tree that displays distinctive red flowers during summer and is under threat from the invasive pathogen Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust). Our objectives were to compare the accuracy of deep learning models that could learn the distinctive visual characteristics of the canopies with tree-based models (XGBoost) that used spectral and textural metrics. We tested whether the phenology of pōhutukawa could be used to enhance classification by using multitemporal aerial imagery that showed the same trees with and without widespread flowering. The XGBoost model achieved an accuracy of 86.7% on the dataset with strong phenology (flowering). Without phenology, the accuracy fell to 79.4% and the model relied on the blueish hue and texture of the canopies. The deep learning model achieved 97.4% accuracy with 96.5% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity when leveraging phenology—even though the intensity of flowering varied substantially. Without strong phenology, the accuracy of the deep learning model remained high at 92.7% with sensitivity of 91.2% and specificity of 94.3% despite significant variation in the appearance of non-flowering pōhutukawa. Pooling time-series imagery did not enhance either approach. The accuracy of XGBoost and deep learning models were, respectively, 83.2% and 95.2%, which were of intermediate precision between the separate models.
... Winter) Beenken, first reported as Puccinia psidii on guava (Psidium guajava) in southern Brazil (Winter, 1884), is an obligate biotrophic pathogen that causes myrtle rust (MR), and threatens numerous Myrtaceae species around the world (Beresford et al., 2018;Carnegie et al., 2016;Pegg et al., 2014Pegg et al., , 2017Winzer et al., 2019). After the MR pathogen was first described in South America, it was found in North America and the Caribbean (Coutinho et al., 1998;MacLachlan, 1938;Marlatt & Kimbrough, 1979), and it has subsequently been found in other regions, including Asia (Kawanishi et al., 2009;McTaggart et al., 2016;du Plessis et al., 2017;Zhuang & Wei, 2011), Africa (Roux et al., 2013), and Oceania (Beresford et al., 2018;Carnegie et al., 2010;Fernandez Winzer et al., 2019;Uchida et al., 2006). As A. psidii appeared in new global regions, its known host range has continued to expand, and it is now known to infect a plethora of host species in the Myrtaceae (Carnegie & Giblin, 2020;Pegg et al., 2014Pegg et al., , 2017Stewart et al., 2018). ...
Myrtle rust (MR) caused by Austropuccinia psidii is one of the most important diseases affecting eucalypt (Eucalyptus) plantations in Brazil. Over the years, selection and planting of MR‐resistant clones has been the primary strategy for MR management. In May 2013, young trees of the GG100 hybrid (E. grandis × E. urophylla) clone—widely planted in Brazil and previously classified as resistant to MR—were infected by A. psidii in Minas Gerais, Brazil. In this study, artificial inoculations of a eucalypt clone set with differential reactions to A. psidii races were used to discover a new race of A. psidii (race 5) that was highly aggressive on the majority of eucalypt clones tested. In addition, only this new race successfully infected eucalypt G26 and 847 genotypes, which were formerly classified as resistant to the four previously known races of A. psidii. Since G26 genotype is homozygous for Ppr1 (a major resistance gene against A. psidii), this is the first report of MR resistance breakdown in a eucalypt genotype homozygous for Ppr1. Our findings demonstrate that this new A. psidii race is highly aggressive and capable of infecting a larger number of eucalypt genotypes compared with the previously known A. psidii races 1, 2, 3, and 4.
... Winter) Beenken and Chrysoporthe cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenhout & M.J. Wingf. are both thought to have originated on native Myrtaceae in South America and adapted to Eucalyptus species and later spread globally [12][13][14]. The possibility of host shifts is enhanced by the presence of related native Myrtaceae tree species, such as in South American countries [15], consequently increasing the potential appearance of novel diseases in these areas [16,17]. ...
Background and objectives: The global forest economy is threatened by eucalypt pathogens which are often latent or cryptic species that escape common quarantine and detection methods. Plantation forestry using eucalypts is of considerable importance to Paraguay, but knowledge regarding the pests and diseases affecting these plantations is limited. This study identified fungal diseases present in these plantations. Materials and Methods: We surveyed eucalypt plantations in four provinces in Paraguay and collected material from diseased trees for identification of the causal agents. The samples were analyzed using a combination of morphological and molecular methods. Results: Diseases encountered included Botryosphaeria stem canker, Calonectria leaf blight, Chrysoporthe stem canker, myrtle/eucalypt rust, Coniella leaf spot, heartwood rot and Teratosphaeria stem canker. Contrary to expectations, the causal agent of Teratosphaeria stem canker was identified as Teratosphaeria zuluensis (M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous and not Teratosphaeria gauchensis (M.-N. Cortinas, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous, that is commonly documented for the South American region. Conclusions: This study updates the knowledge on forest fungal pathogens in Paraguayan eucalypt plantations and is the first report of T. zuluensis in Paraguay and in South America.
... Two different strains of A. psidii occur outside of its putative native range in Central and South America. The pandemic strain, as described by Ross-Davis et al. (2014) and Stewart et al. (2017), is reported from Asia, Australia, Colombia and the Pacific region (Graça 2011;Granados et al. 2017;Machado et al. 2015;McTaggart et al. 2016;Stewart et al. 2017). A second invasive strain was reported from South Africa . ...
... The present study aimed to identify the strain of A. psidii invasive in New Zealand and Singapore. We hypothesized it was the pandemic strain based on its spread in Australia, Indonesia and New Caledonia (Machado et al. 2015;McTaggart et al. 2016;Soewarto et al. 2017). ...
The myrtle rust pathogen, Austropuccinia psidii, was recently detected in New Zealand and Singapore. We used microsatellite markers to identify the strain of A. psidii that caused these incursions. Our results show that the pandemic strain of the pathogen caused outbreaks in both New Zealand and Singapore.
... Since detection, the rust has spread rapidly throughout natural ecosystems along the east coast of Australia from New South Wales to north Queensland (Carnegie & Lidbetter, 2012;Pegg et al., 2014) and has become established, although to a limited extent, in Victoria, Tasmania and the Northern Territory (Berthon et al., 2018). Austropuccinia psidii has a wide host range with global reported infections on over 445 species in 73 genera of Myrtaceae following both natural infection and artificial inoculation (Carnegie & Lidbetter, 2012;Carnegie & Giblin, 2014;Pegg et al., 2014), making it one of only a small number of rust fungi (such as P. graminis and P. pachyrhizi) that infect numerous host genera (Bettgenhaeuser et al., 2014;McTaggart et al., 2016). ...
Myrtle rust poses a significant biosecurity threat to Australia with potential for long‐term damaging impacts on native flora and plant industries. This study describes the disease cycle of Austropuccinia psidii (Winter) Beenken, the myrtle rust pathogen, in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér., two commercially and ecologically important species from different subgenera of Eucalyptus. Ontogeny and morphology of infection structures of A. psidii on different rust response phenotypes i.e. completely resistant, hypersensitive and highly susceptible of both Eucalyptus species inoculated with single‐uredinium‐derived urediniospores were examined by scanning electron microscopy. No differences were observed in urediniospore germination, appressorium formation and germ tube length between rust response phenotypes. The growth of germ tubes had no affinity towards stomata in either species. Histological observations indicate direct penetration by infection pegs through the leaf cuticle and no penetration beyond the epidermis on rust resistant E. obliqua. Disease was not observed on A. psidii‐reinoculated 12‐months‐old E. obliqua that had previously been identified as susceptible at 3‐ and 6‐months‐old, indicative of possible early acquisition of adult plant resistance to A. psidii in this species. In the susceptible rust response phenotype of E. globulus rapid colonisation of leaf parenchyma cells occurred with the disease cycle completed within 10 days. These findings provide valuable insights into host/pathogen interactions in the Eucalyptus – A. psidii pathosystem, which might be useful for the development of effective rust control strategies across Eucalyptus subgenera.
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