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Cloud computing is a rapidly emerging technology that has removed the saddle of buying licensed software and heavy hardware. By exploiting this technology, clients are able to access resources remotely by using a simple web browser. They are not required to maintain hardware devices or software applications, so it saves managing cost and time for o...
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... In [45] analyzes the challenges of cloud computing, as well as the benefits of cloud adoption. Software companies are constantly contributing to the development of cloud computing applications. ...
Cloud computing technology is the most widely used current application. Due to the strength of the infrastructure, the ease of providing services, and its speed, it is scalable and expandable, and it has many characteristics. Despite all that has been mentioned about cloud computing, it faces many problems. Like flexibility and security which is it makes an individual distrust computing when using it, and increases the concerns of individuals or companies over their data. In addition to cloud problems. However, there are significant challenges to solving cloud problems, the most important which is the challenge of flexibility, security, cost…etc. All the problems and challenges faced by cloud computing, have many benefits. Such as scalability, collaboration, speed, automatic update...etc. This paper discusses the most important problems and challenges that you face when using cloud computing. This paper also reviews the most important advantages of cloud computing.
... Content-as-a-Service). Data or information from the cloud is delivered in a type of raw data sets or is consumed via analytics communication [20]. ...
... Content-as-a-Service). Data or information from the cloud is delivered in a type of raw data sets or is consumed via analytics communication [18]. Business Process-as-a-Service (BPaaS): Organizational capabilities given by a cloud that is tailored to organizational forms & associated quantitative business organization [19]. ...
In the computing & IT industry, cloud computing is the latest model for developing salient methodological solutions. By providing ready-to-consume cloud-based IT services, cloud computing provides the latest path for company fickleness & helps a quicker time to market. Without require for upfront fees, SMEs could wisely take benefit from cloud computing services.
... SMEs embrace cloud computing because it cost-effectively provides IT resources [9]. Cloud infrastructure implementation models include the public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud [10]. Typically, the service model of the cloud consists of "software as a service" (SaaS), "platform as a service" (PaaS), and "infrastructure as a service" (IaaS) [9]. ...
... [1], [5], [8], [9], [15], [17], [18], [27], [28], [31], [37], [38], [39], [40], [44], [50], [56], [ Integration complexity 27 23 [5], [6], [17], [18], [32], [56], [58], [60], [65], [ [5], [11], [14], [23], [41], [57], [61], [ 15 13 [3], [9], [12], [16], [20], [21], [52], [57], [60], [ 14 12 [7], [13], [19], [24], [30], [39], [54], [ 14 12 [16], [17], [25], [26], [30], [39], [41], [47], [48], [61], [ 13 11 [4], [10], [22], [29], [36], [49], [51], [ Step 1: decomposition of a complex-decision problem into a simple hierarchical structure. Based on the corresponding categorization from Figure 4, the hierarchical structure is built and is shown in Figure 5. ...
Cloud computing adoption provides various advantages for companies. In particular, hybrid cloud shares the advantages of both the public and private cloud technologies because it combines the private in-house cloud with the public on-demand cloud. In order to obtain benefits from the opportunities provided by the hybrid cloud, organizations want to adopt or develop novel capabilities. Maturity models have proved to be an exceptional and easily available method for evaluating and improving capabilities. However, there is a dire need for a robust framework that helps client organizations in the adoption and assessment of hybrid cloud. Therefore, this research paper aims to present a taxonomy of the challenging factors faced by client organizations in the adoption of hybrid cloud. Typically, such a taxonomy is presented on the basis of obtained results from the empirical analysis with the execution of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. From the review of literature and empirical study, in total 13 challenging factors are recognized and plotted into four groups: “Lack of Inclination,” “Lack of Readiness,” “Lack of Adoption,” and “Lack of Satisfaction.” The AHP technique is executed to prioritize the identified factors and their groups. By this way, we found that “Lack of Adoption” and “Lack of Satisfaction” are the most significant groups from the identified challenging factors. Findings from AHP also show that “public cloud security concern” and “achieving QoS” are the upper ranking factors confronted in the adoption of hybrid cloud mechanism by client organizations because their global weight (0.201) is greater than those of all the other reported challenging factors. We also found out 46 practices to address the identified challenges. The taxonomy developed in this study offers a comprehensive structure for dealing with hybrid cloud computing issues, which is essential for the success and advancement of client and vendor organizations in hybrid cloud computing relationships.
1. Introduction
Recently, the cloud computing mechanism has grown up very rapidly, and it has many unique features like elasticity, pooling of a resource, on-demand support, and wide network access [1, 2]. Technology-assisted learning is becoming more common, with most educational institutions across the globe using learning management systems, content management systems, virtual networks, and virtual machines to enhance student learning [3]. In this day and age, educational institutions are even using private clouds to improve the student experience [3]. Cloud computing acquires some of the features of cluster computing, distributed computing, and grid computing but still has its unique features [4, 5]. “Users of a cloud service only use the volume of IT resources they need, and only pay for the volume of IT resources they use” [6]. In the field of IT, cloud computing brings revolution and provides different concepts from the traditional IT environment [7]. Many organizations of all sizes (small, medium, and large) have adopted and are spending on cloud computing-related techniques [8]. SMEs embrace cloud computing because it cost-effectively provides IT resources [9]. Cloud infrastructure implementation models include the public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud [10]. Typically, the service model of the cloud consists of “software as a service” (SaaS), “platform as a service” (PaaS), and “infrastructure as a service” (IaaS) [9]. The decision as to which model is suitable to be adopted for a particular organization depends on various factors. “Hybrid cloud deployment model has proved more significant, both in terms of better economic aspects and business agility” [11, 12]. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines hybrid cloud as “a combination of public and private clouds bound together by either standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability.” The adoption of new technology requires many changes within the organization [13, 14].
The traditional cloud computing task offloading algorithm consumes abundant energy in task scheduling, which results in a longer average task waiting time [15]. For this reason, a cloud computing task offloading algorithm based on dynamic multiobjective evolution is proposed by the authors of [15]. In order to ensure the parallel completion of multiple tasks, the dynamic multiobjective evolution method is used to construct the cloud computing task scheduling model and complete the cloud computing task scheduling [15]. Then, based on the calculated effectiveness and validity of energy consumption to complete the initial operation distribution and offloading priority, the time and cost of task offloading are calculated according to the raking results of task offloading priority. The cloud computing tasks are distributed with minimum time and minimum cost as the goal. Hamouda et al. [16] proposed a reconfigurable formal model of the hybrid cloud architecture, and then they utilized instantiations of this model, simulation, and real-time execution runs to estimate different performance metrics related to fault detection and self-recovery strategies in hybrid cloud.
Literature reveals that theories and models developed by scholars are mainly focusing on such factors that affect technology acceptance [17]. This is the extended version of our previous study [18]. In this paper, we review the latest work performed in the field of hybrid cloud computing and recognize the various challenging factors faced by client organizations during the adoption of cloud computing. For these challenges, we also find practices. The primary research questions that are answered in this paper are the following: RQ1: What are the challenging factors to be avoided by client organizations in adopting hybrid cloud computing, as identified in the literature and industrial survey? RQ2: How could the defined challenging variables be prioritized via AHP strategy? RQ3: What are the practices to be adopted by vendor organizations to develop effective relationships with client organizations in the adoption of hybrid cloud mechanism, as described in the literature and industrial survey? RQ4: What would be the taxonomy for the identified factors that could assist the stakeholders (clients and vendors) in developing an efficient partnership between each other in such a domain?
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a background to cloud computing. The research process and methodology are described in Section 3. In Section 4, findings from the SLR, empirical study, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach are presented and analyzed. In Section 5, discussion of the study is presented. The research description is provided in Section 6. Section 7 explains the limitation of the research, followed by the conclusion and future work in Section 8.
2. Materials and Methods
Cloud computing emerges as the fifth generation of computing which brings a revolution in the way of computation. “Cloud computing doesn’t limit to the grid, parallel, and distributed computing but it involves the power of such paradigms at any level to form a resource pool” [19]. Various stakeholders, such as clients, developers, engineers, executives, academicians, and architects, define cloud computing differently [20]. “Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction” [21] . Gartner in [22] defines “Cloud computing is a style of computing where massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided as a service across the Internet to multiple external customers.” Forrester’s [23] said that “cloud computing is a standardized IT capability (services, software, or infrastructure) delivered via Internet technologies in a pay-per-use, self-service way.”
2.1. Cloud Computing Service Model
In the software industry, big players such as Microsoft, as well as other Internet technology heavyweights, including Google and Amazon, are adding the development of cloud services.
Software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS) are the three preliminary types of cloud computing services. “In SaaS computer applications are accessed over the Internet rather than being installed on a local computing device or in a local data center” [24]. Desk Away, Dropbox, SkyDrive (Windows Live), Mozy, Google Docs, Pixlr, Zoho Invoice, and CRM on-demand are some of the well-known SaaS examples. PaaS offers an online platform for the creation and operation of applications by software developers [6]. Force.com, Microsoft Windows Azure, and Google App Engine are some examples of PaaS. IaaS works as a cloud provider for hardware such as storage, network, and server and other relevant software such as OS, file system, and virtualization technologies as a service [25]. Joyent, EC2, Zimory, ElasticHosts, Amazon, S3, Rackspace, and GoGrid are examples of IaaS service providers.
2.2. Cloud Computing Deployment Model
In different types of delivery models, cloud computing services and technologies are deployed based on their characteristics and intent, as well as the distinction between user classes [26]. Public, private, community, and hybrid cloud are the cloud deployment types.
A public cloud is one in which the cloud infrastructure and computational services are made accessible over the Internet to the general type public. It is operated and managed by a cloud company that provides customers with cloud services.
A private or internal cloud is one in which a single entity manages the cloud infrastructure and computing environment exclusively. It may be operated by a company or a third-party and may be held within or outside the data center of the organization. A private cloud has the ability to give the enterprise greater control than a public cloud over the infrastructure, computing resources, and cloud customers.
A community cloud is shared and serves a particular community through many organizations. It is to some extent similar to the private cloud, except in a single entity; the technology and computing services are restricted to more than two organizations with shared privacy, protection, and regulatory considerations.
Hybrid clouds are more complex than the other deployment models, and they are a combination of public and private clouds bound together by either standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability [21].
2.3. Hybrid Cloud Related Work
Majority of the current research is shedding light on different aspects of hybrid cloud. For example, Ristova et al. [27] discuss hybrid cloud and its utilization in the midmarket and propose a method for mass customization and its association in clouds environment. Khadilkar et al. [28] propose a solution for data security and regulatory in using hybrid cloud computing environment. Amrohi and Khadilkar [29] state that organizations utilizing hybrid cloud can take advantage of both the public cloud and private cloud. Heckel [30] provides some of the basic ideas of cloud computing and also discusses the technological requirements for establishing a hybrid cloud environment. Nepalp et al. [31] provide a solution for secure data storage in the hybrid cloud deployment. According to Javadi et al. [32], “a scalable hybrid cloud infrastructure as well as resource provisioning policies assure QoS targets of the users.” Tanimotoet et al. [33], propose an enterprise data management method for a hybrid cloud configuration. According to Judith et al. [34], “if a few developers in a company use a public cloud service to prototype a new application that is completely disconnected from the private cloud or the data center, the company does not have a hybrid environment, but if a company uses a public development platform that sends data to a private cloud or a data center–based application, the cloud is hybrid.”
According to Weinman [35], “under the right conditions, hybrid clouds can optimize costs while still exploiting the benefits of public clouds such as geographic dispersion and business agility.”
A cloud-based security company (Trend Micro) indicated via an empirical survey that the “public cloud services fail to meet the IT and business requirements of some of the business organizations.” Alternatively, the “safer option,” private cloud, requires significant infrastructure and operations development along with new skill sets required by its IT staff. Although there are ways of balancing each of these concerns, this will ultimately lead to a hybrid of these environments, along with an array of other noncloud environments.
Khan and Ullah [18] “surveyed storage and server decision-makers at North American, Asian Pacific, and European enterprises and found that various hybrid cloud implementations were the preferred approach.”
3. Research Methodology
The proposed research methodology is presented in Figure 1 and consists of the following three phases.
... Moreover, cloud computing provides new environments for effectively teach students by providing distance, advanced online tools, communication and collaboration altogether. Using cloud applications individual students can easily organize their schedule and share messages or emails anytime and anywhere (Brohi and Bamiah 2011;González-Martínez et al. 2015). More importantly, since universities face some limitations, such as technical staff, budget constraints, limited on campus computing resources, and lack of unified storage media, cloud computing reduces overhead expenditures for them (Bouyer and Arasteh 2014;Tout et al. 2009). ...
... Thus, since the aim of this study is to predict students' intention to adoption online collaborative learning tools in cloud environment, TAM was selected as a theoretical base and mobility, collaboration, and personalization have been added as external variables to the core constructs of TAM. These factors are considered as significant cloud characteristics from end-uses' point of view Brohi and Bamiah 2011;Buyya et al. 2008;González-Martínez et al. 2015;Jeong and Hwa-Hong 2012;Pardeshi 2014;Sclater 2010;Thomas 2011). Furthermore, this integration is based on the outputs of a qualitative research accomplished by Yadegaridehkordi et al. (2015) suggesting the need to incorporate mobility, collaboration, and personalization within extant theories of IT adoption in cloud computing context. ...
... Mobility (M) is the ability of using cloud applications via mobile devices freely without any time or place limitation. Mobility is highlighted as a significant characteristic of cloud computing by many researchers (Bansal et al. 2012;Brohi and Bamiah 2011;Buyya et al. 2008;Chadwick and Fatema 2012;Cisco 2014;González-Martínez et al. 2015;Jeong and Hwa-Hong 2012;Miseviciene et al. 2011;Pardeshi 2014;Sclater 2010;Thomas 2011). According to Huang et al. (2007), mobility of portable devices plays an important role in enhancing PU of mobile education services. ...
Recently cloud computing has received significant attention, but its adoption is still far from reaching its full potential, especially in educational contexts. Only a few studies have considered the students’ behavior toward adoption of cloud technology in particular for online collaborative learning purposes. Therefore, this research seeks to develop an adoption model for online collaborative learning tools in cloud environment. To this end, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is extended by adding mobility, collaboration, and personalization as external variables. A sample of 209 respondents is collected from four top Malaysian universities and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is utilized to assess the research model. The findings show that intention to adopt is significantly affected by perceived usefulness. Although, perceived ease of use does not perform a direct impact on intention to adopt, its indirect influence through perceived usefulness is supported. Mobility and personalization significantly influence perceived ease of use, but they have insignificant impacts on perceived usefulness. Furthermore, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are significantly influenced by collaboration. This study rounds off with discussion and conclusions, highlighting implications. The findings provide a baseline for cloud service providers and education institutions in providing effective online collaborative learning tools.
... Although several studies have been conducted by various researchers in the domain of cloud computing adoption in different context, the literature review findings reveal that majority of these studies were mainly focused on cloud computing adoption at the organizational level and the implementation of cloud computing in terms of its technical aspects, as shown in Table 1 [21,24,52,73,82,91,96,103,105,109,123,125,127,140]. Khajeh-Hosseini et al. [71] assert that there are many factors that can influence the adoption of new technologies. ...
The advent of cloud computing has transformed the role of the Internet in many businesses and organizations. Currently, banks are increasingly adopting cloud technologies to fulfil their varied purposes and to create a flexible and agile banking environment that can quickly respond to new business needs. However, past studies tend to focus more on the adoption issues of cloud computing from the organizational perspective with little attention paid on the users’ view of these cloud-based services. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the factors influencing cloud computing adoption in the banking sector from the customers’ perspective and to propose an adoption model for this purpose. The model is mainly developed based on the TAM-diffusion theory model (TAM-DTM) with the introduction of three new constructs namely trust, cost, and security and privacy. Questionnaires were randomly distributed to 162 bank customers in Malaysia. Survey data were analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) method while SmartPLS was used to test the hypotheses and to validate the proposed model. The results suggest that trust, cost, and security and privacy can be successfully integrated within the TAM-TDM. The security and privacy constructs exhibited strong positive influence on perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and trust. The study concludes that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, cost, attitudes toward cloud and trust significantly influence users’ behavioral intention to adopt cloud computing. Thus, the finding of this study will enable banks to focus more on customer perspectives on cloud-based applications and identify their attitude towards their adoption.
... Lack of integration between networks makes it difficult for organisations to combine their IT systems with the cloud computing and realise the gains from the technology (Tripathi and Parihar, 2011;Tweneboah-Koduah, 2012). Organisations need to automatically provision services, manage virtual machine instances, and work with both cloud-based and enterprisebased applications using a single tool set that can function across existing programs and multiple cloud service providers (Brohi and Bamiah, 2011). ...
Due to a demand for computing of huge proportions and cheap in cost, cloud computing is now a favoured model. This type of technology has been utilized by some government organizations to address the demands and requirements of their citizen. However, constraints exist with the use of this model impacting on service provision and use of this technology. This paper will explore the disparate challenges and issues that impacting on the use of cloud computing in Australian local councils. 480 IT staff from 47 local government councils was investigated. The findings will aid authorities to analyse the effectiveness of endorsing cloud computing and develop their understanding of the problematic components this may entail. This research comprises a series of findings on cloud computing with specific focus in this paper on different challenges and issues surrounding the adoption of this technology by Australian local councils.
... CCP#5. 3 Divide the workload to be executed across local and public clouds so that the workloads can move among resource pools which will result in a well-designed cloud environment. ...
Hybrid cloud has received considerable attention in recent years. Many companies all over the world are inclined towards the adoption of hybrid cloud for increasing their efficiency and reducing cost of their IT services. Hybrid cloud reaps the benefits of both public and private clouds by combining the public cloud's cost savings and elasticity with a private cloud's security, control, and customization. However, client organizations should follow the best practices while adopting hybrid cloud. In this research paper efforts have been made to identify the best practices for addressing hybrid cloud adoption challenges from client's perspective. We have performed Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and identified 46 practices for addressing the challenges faced by client organizations in the adoption of hybrid cloud. The identified practices were validated through empirical study in cloud based industry. The results are beneficial to any client organization that is going to deploy hybrid cloud. The identified practices may assist client organizations in mitigation/avoidance of the challenges faced by the clients in the adoption of hybrid cloud.
... According to Table 2 Brohi, & Bamiah, 2011;Thorsteinsson et al., 2010;Sclater, 2010;White et al., 2009). Furthermore, Mobility was also cited as one of the significant characteristic of cloud computing (Jeong, & Hwa-Hong, 2012;Chadwick, & Fatema, 2012;Bansal, Singh, & Kumar, 2012;Thomas, 2011;Miseviciene et al., 2011;Brohi, & Bamiah, 2011;Sclater, 2010;Mell, & Grance, 2009;Buyya, Yeo, & Venugopal, 2008) and it provides a new learning environment for users any time and any place that they need. ...
... According to Table 2 Brohi, & Bamiah, 2011;Thorsteinsson et al., 2010;Sclater, 2010;White et al., 2009). Furthermore, Mobility was also cited as one of the significant characteristic of cloud computing (Jeong, & Hwa-Hong, 2012;Chadwick, & Fatema, 2012;Bansal, Singh, & Kumar, 2012;Thomas, 2011;Miseviciene et al., 2011;Brohi, & Bamiah, 2011;Sclater, 2010;Mell, & Grance, 2009;Buyya, Yeo, & Venugopal, 2008) and it provides a new learning environment for users any time and any place that they need. Table 2 concludes that cost saving, flexibility (elasticity), mobility, and collaboration are commonly cited cloud computing characteristics in the previous literature. ...
Universities require basic changes in knowledge and communication-based society in order to achieve higher order learning experience and to satisfy expectations of new generation of students. This study aims to understand the likelihood of the cloud-based collaborative learning technology adoption within educational environments. Reviewing cloud computing research, technology characteristic construct was divided into collaboration, mobility, and personalization. Based on the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) model, this study tested a theoretical model encompassing seven variables: Collaboration, mobility, personalization, task non-routineness, task interdependence, task-technology fit, user adoption. Purposive sampling was used and data were collected from 86 undergraduate and postgraduate students who had experiences in using cloud-based applications for collaborative activities. The results indicated that task non-routineness, collaboration, mobility, and personalization have positive significant effects on TTF. However, distinct from past studies, task interdependence positively influences TTF. In addition, results indicated that the significant effect of TTF on users ' intention to adopt cloud-based collaborative learning technologies was considerable.
... Specifically, the problem is that sensitive data is placed in the cloud with no knowledge of location and there is a lack of transparency about the mechanisms that the cloud service provider uses for securing data and applications (Brohi and Bamiah, 2011). Liang (2012) says that there is a need for better and more comprehensive cooperation between technology vendors and world governments to create unified global rules for a safer government cloud. ...
