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Psilocybe allenii. USA, CA, San Francisco Bay Area, 16 December 2002 leg. Paul Stamets (WTU, paratype). EMBL-Bank: HE994443, HE994464. Photo courtesy of Paul Stamets.
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Psilocybe allenii is a new bluing wood-rotting species from the Pacific Coast, USA. Both morphological and molecular features (ITS rDNA phylogeny) indicate its close relationship to Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef. Despite the shape and size of spores and cystidia of this new species falling within the variability of P. cyanescens, P. allenii can be dis...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... e s c r i p t i o n . H a b i t collybioid; fruit body size rather variable, depending on substrate quality and environmental conditions (Figs. 2 and 3). P i l e u s 1.5-7(9) cm diam., rarely larger, broadly convex to plane when mature, often also almost hemispheric and not umbonate, sometimes slightly depressed in the centre, with a straight margin, sometimes slightly incurved, only rarely somewhat wavy, sometimes with a striate margin in mature specimens when moist (striations con- tinue one fifth to half of the way to the pileus centre); surface smooth, viscid when moist, with a separable gelatinous pellicle, hygrophanous, pale orange brown or caramel brown when moist, fading to a light yellowish buff as it dries; staining blue when damaged or sometimes in response to environmental conditions. ...
Citations
... Modern attention is largely focused on the genus Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm., which is globally distributed (Carod-Artal, 2015;Guzmán, 2005). Discoveries of novel species and subspecies continue to be described (Borovička et al., 2012;Li et al., 2014;Ma et al., 2014;Ma et al., 2016). ...
Psychedelic mushrooms containing psilocybin and related tryptamines have long been used for ethnomycological purposes, but emerging evidence points to the potential therapeutic value of these mushrooms to address modern neurological, psychiatric health, and related disorders. As a result, psilocybin containing mushrooms represent a re-emerging frontier for mycological, biochemical, neuroscience, and pharmacology research. This work presents crucial information related to traditional use of psychedelic mushrooms, as well as research trends and knowledge gaps related to their diversity and distribution, technologies for quantification of tryptamines and other tryptophan-derived metabolites, as well as biosynthetic mechanisms for their production within mushrooms. In addition, we explore the current state of knowledge for how psilocybin and related tryptamines are metabolized in humans and their pharmacological effects, including beneficial and hazardous human health implications. Finally, we describe opportunities and challenges for investigating the cultural production of psychedelic mushrooms and metabolic engineering approaches to alter secondary metabolite production through biotechnology approaches integrated with machine learning. Ultimately, this critical review of all aspects related to psychedelic mushrooms represents a roadmap for future research efforts that will pave the way to new applications and refined protocols.
... For the phylogenetic analysis (ITS rDNA), reliable Psilocybe sequences were retrieved from the GenBank database, mostly based on taxonomic papers on this genus [67,75,82,[84][85][86][87][88][89], but also unpublished sequences that the authors believed to be correctly identified (direct submissions to GenBank, with no available reference). Sequences of insufficient length were omitted. ...
Since not only psilocybin (PSB) but also PSB-containing mushrooms are used for psychedelic therapy and microdosing, it is necessary to know their concentration variability in wild-grown mushrooms. This article aimed to determine the PSB, psilocin (PS), baeocystin (BA), norbaeocystin (NB), and aeruginascin (AE) concentrations in a large sample set of mushrooms belonging to genera previously reported to contain psychotropic tryptamines. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify tryptamine alkaloids in the mushroom samples. Most mushroom collections were documented by fungarium specimens and/or ITS rDNA/LSU/EF1-α sequencing. Concentrations of five tryptamine alkaloids were determined in a large sample set of 226 fruiting bodies of 82 individual collections from seven mushroom genera. For many mushroom species, concentrations of BA, NB, and AE are reported for the first time. The highest PSB/PS concentrations were found in Psilocybe species, but no tryptamines were detected in the P. fuscofulva and P. fimetaria collections. The tryptamine concentrations in mushrooms are extremely variable, representing a problem for mushroom consumers due to the apparent risk of overdose. The varied cocktail of tryptamines in wild mushrooms could influence the medicinal effect compared to therapy with chemically pure PSB, posing a serious problem for data interpretation.
... The ITS rDNA region (containing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences), which is commonly used for the separation and identification of agaric species (e.g., Adamčík, Jančovičová, Looney, Adamčíková, Griffith, et al., 2017;Borovička et al., 2012;Miller & Buyck, 2002;Schoch et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2004), was used to confirm the taxonomic affiliation of the collected material and to infer the evolutionary relationships between H. variablipes and other representative taxa in this study. Genomic DNA isolates were extracted from two dried specimens (ChP-2014-0007, ChP-2016-0004) using the CTAB procedure described by Murray and Thompson (1980). ...
Hodophilus variabilipes, a species hitherto unknown in Poland, has been reported from a single locality in the Pieniny Mts (S Poland). The first studies on H. variabilipes were those of macro- and microscopic features and molecular characteristics (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences). Here, a brief description and illustration of H. variabilipes based on Polish material are given, and the ecology and characteristics distinguishing H. variabilipes from related species of the genus Hodophilus are briefly discussed.
... Genomic DNA was extracted from herbarium specimens using the NucleoSpin Plant II DNA isolation kit (Macherey-Nagel) following the manufacturer's instructions. The ITS rDNA, LSU, EF1-α and RPB2 molecular markers were amplified following Borovička et al. (2011Borovička et al. ( , 2012 and were subjected to automated DNA sequencing at Macrogen Europe. Sequences were aligned with MAFFT online version 7 (Katoh & Toh 2008) using the E-INS-i strategy (Katoh et al. 2005) with default settings. ...
Pluteus keselakii, a new species in the section Celluloderma, is described and illustrated based on collections from Slovakia and France. Pluteus keselakii is characterised by a brown pileipellis largely composed of sphaeropedunculate to broadly clavate elements, a whitish stipe covered entirely by distinct brown floccules consisting of caulocystidia in tufts, narrowly utriform to utriform or fusiform pleurocystidia with obtuse apex and a brown lamella edge (at least near the pileus margin). Pluteus keselakii is macromorphologically similar to P. floccipes and phylogenetically (ITS rDNA) close to P. multiformis. The distinctive sequences of the ITS and EF1-α gene regions, however, support the status of P. keselakii as a new species.
... sequences), which is commonly used for separation and identification of agaric species (e.g. Miller & Buyck 2002;Zhang et al. 2004;Borovička et al. 2012;Schoch et al. 2012;Adamčík et al. 2017), was used to confirm the taxonomic affiliation of the collected material and to infer the evolutionary relationships among C. eruciformis and other representative taxa in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from dried specimens by using the CTAB procedure of Murray & Thompson (1980). ...
Calathella eruciformis , a species hitherto unknown in Poland, is reported from four localities in the north-eastern part of the country. This wood-inhabiting saprotroph was found on dead decorticated but still attached twigs and branches of living Populus tremula in an oak-hornbeam forest ( Carpinion betuli ). Macro- and microcharacters of the recently collected material are presented in detail, together with selected illustrations. Examination of ITS rDNA sequences indicated that Calathella is not monophyletic and that the type species of the genus C. eruciformis is alien to the heterogeneous genus Flagelloscypha . Furthermore, molecular evidence is provided for a close relationship between C. eruciformis and the type species of the genus Sphaerobasidioscypha , Sphaerobasidioscypha citrispora .
... and LSU regions were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer pairs ITS1F-ITS4 (or ITS4B) and NL1-NL4, respectively, under the PCR regime as described by Borovička et al. (2011). Additional molecular markers EF-1α (translation elongation factor 1α) and rpb2 (RNA polymerase II second largest subunit) were amplified and sequenced according to Borovička et al. (2012Borovička et al. ( , 2015b. The obtained amplicons were purified with isopropanol and sequenced at Macrogen Europe. ...
Cortinarius coalescens Kärcher & Seibt is a rare European species of the subgenus Phlegmacium, section
Phlegmacioides, neglected in recent molecular studies. New primers (CortF and CortR) designed for species in the section Phlegmacioides allowed to obtain ITS rDNA sequence data from the holotype collection of C. coalescens; according to the results, this epithet has priority over C. crassorum Rob. Henry ex Rob. Henry, C. pardinus Reumaux, and C. parargutus Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux. Morphological and ecological observations on recent collections of C. coalescens from the Czech Republic in comparison with the co-occurring C. largus are discussed. Nomenclatural and taxonomic comments on C. tomentosus Rob. Henry, C. balteatotomentosus Rob. Henry, and C. subtomentosus Reumaux are also provided. So far, C. coalescens is known with certainty from Germany, France , and the Czech Republic, where it grows in deciduous forests on acid to neutral soils. Arsenic and its compounds were determined in C. coalescens and related species of the section Phlegmacioides: C. largus, C. pseudodaulnoyae, and C. variecolor. Total arsenic concentrations were in the range 3.6–30.2 mg kg−1 (dry matter) and arsenobetaine was the major arsenic compound.
... Although a species delimitation to the European P. serbica [5] meanwhile is accepted among mycologists, P. cyanescens´ relation to the North American P. azurescens [6] and P. allenii [7], as well as the Australian P. subaeruginosa [8], is still unclear. They more or less distinguish in morphology and distribution, but show a very close molecular phylogeny. ...
... Collections of Psilocybe species used for the molecular study are listed in Table 1. Available sequences of related species, including those from our previous studies (Borovička et al. , 2012 were downloaded from public databases. Collections of P. atrobrunnea, P. pelliculosa, and P. silvatica were identified according to Guzmán (1983Guzmán ( , 1995, Noordeloos (1999), Borovička (2006Borovička ( , 2011, and Guzmán et al. (2008). ...
... Consequently, we recommend keeping the European P. medullosa and the American P. silvatica as distinct species. An analogous problem arises in the group of P. cyanescens where only minor differences have been found within P. allenii, P. azurescens, P. cyanescens, P. subaeruginosa, and P. weraroa (Borovička et al. , 2012. On the other hand, DNA regions of European and American collections of P. atrobrunnea were nearly identical, indicating their probable conspecifity (Table 3). ...
Five Psilocybe species with unresolved systematic position (P. atrobrunnea, P. laetissima, P. medul- losa, P. pelliculosa, and P. silvatica) were investigated using four molecular markers (EF1-α, ITS, LSU, and IGS). Phylogenetic analysis
revealed that with the exception of P. laetissima, which is now rightfully classified in the genus Leratiomyces, all investigated species belong to Psilocybe sect. Psilocybe. For the first time, psychotropic compounds psilocin and psilocybin were detected in P.
medullosa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. On the contrary, neither psilocin, nor psilocybin was detected in P. atrobrunnea and negative results were also obtained from mycelia grown in vitro on tryptamine/tryptophan-amended media. These results strongly suggest that
biosynthesis of these alkaloids was lost in P. atrobrunnea. With the exception of minor differences detected in EF1-α marker, all sequences of American and European collections of P. atrobrunnea were identical. On the other hand, a thorough nomenclatural study revealed
that the name P. atrobrunnea must be considered dubious; the oldest available candidate name, P. fuscofulva, was therefore adopted. The molecular data suggests that morphologically identical American P. silvatica and European P. medullosa likely represent distinct
species; epitypes of both taxa were therefore designated.
... Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on two non-protein coding (ITS and nrLSU) and two protein coding genes (tef1-α and rpb2). Species from the genera Hypholoma, Pholiota, and Inocybe were used as outgroups based on former studies (Moncalvo et al. 2002, Matheny et al. 2006, Borovička et al. 2012. Three datasets (ITS1+5.8S+ITS2, ...
A new bluing species of Psilocybe in sect. Caerulescentes is described from subtropical China. It is closely related to P.
cubensis but can be differentiated by the lack of an annulus and the buff-yellow to yellowish brown, hemispheric to
hemispheric-convex pileus without an umbo or papilla. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nrLSU and combined rpb2-tef1-α
datasets using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference also indicate its uniqueness. The relationship with P.
cubensis is well-supported by molecular data with high support values in all three datasets. Psilocybe chuxiongensis sp.
nov. is presented here with a description, photographs, and line drawings.
... It further grouped samples of the same genera and those of closely related species together as seen in P. cyanescens, P. azurescens, and P. weraroa [15,22] . Interestingly, the 5 0 -6FAM- SpC3-DHB (CGA) 5 dendrogram placed the newly described species P. allenii closest to P. cyanescens, which at a molecular level has been shown to only differ by five base pairs in the ITS rDNA region (apart from morphological differences) and are therefore considered to be very closely related species [23]. The close relationship of the four species mentioned above was also confirmed with a phylogenetic tree that was constructed using the ITS rDNA sequences obtained from the species under study (Fig. 4, supplemental figure ). ...
The capability of Fluorescent Random Amplified Microsatellites (F-RAMS) to profile hallucinogenic mushrooms to species and sub-species level was assessed. Fifteen samples of Amanita rubescens and 22 samples of other hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic mushrooms of the genera Amanita and Psilocybe were profiled using two fluorescently-labeled, 5'degenerate primers, 5'-6FAM-SpC3-DD (CCA)(5) and 5'6FAM- SpC3-DHB (CGA)(5), which target different microsatellite repeat regions. Among the two primers, 5'-6FAM-SpC3-DHB (CGA) 5 provided more reliable data for identification purposes, by grouping samples of the same species and clustering closely related species together in a dendrogram based on amplicon similarities. A high degree of intra-specific variation between the 15 A. rubescens samples was shown with both primers and the amplicons generated for all A. rubescens samples were organized into three classes of amplicons (discriminant, private, and marker) based on their individualizing potential.
