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In this paper, we describe an OPNET model of a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network. The model captures the signaling and transmission behavior of the GPRS network. We first introduce a GPRS network and describe the signaling and transmission procedures that will be modeled. In order to point out the simplifications made in the OPNET model,...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... messages and user data sent between SGSN and GGSN are carried in a GTP message. Figure 6 shows the protocol stack [7] The SGSN sends the following GTP signaling and user data messages (T-PDU) [9]: ...
Context 2
... show the MS identifiers in the T-PDU whose encapsulated user data will be sent to the sink via the fast and slow transmission link, respectively, for the first two minutes of the simulation. Figure 16 shows that MSs with an even identifier have their user data sent to the sink through the faster transmission link, while Figure 17 shows that MSs with an odd identifier have their user data sent to the sink through the slower transmission link. The simulation results show that routing logic in the GGSN is implemented correctly and that the GPRS model can support two different classes of QoS in terms of packet end-to-end delay. ...
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Wireless networked control systems (WNCS) over mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a new area of research and has many potential applications, for instance, military or rescue missions, exploring hazardous environments, and so on. For performance evaluation, researchers mostly rely on computer simulations as WNCS experiments are expensive to execute....
Citations
... In this paper, we describe the implementation of Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) and Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) protocols in an existing OPNET GPRS simulation model. The existing model contains the implementation of the following GPRS communicationspecific protocols: Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) [3], GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) [3], Mobile Application Part (MAP) [4], and Logical Link Control (LLC) [5]. Cell update procedure is also implemented in the existing model [5]. ...
... In this paper, we describe the implementation of Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) and Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) protocols in an existing OPNET GPRS simulation model. The existing model contains the implementation of the following GPRS communicationspecific protocols: Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) [3], GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) [3], Mobile Application Part (MAP) [4], and Logical Link Control (LLC) [5]. Cell update procedure is also implemented in the existing model [5]. ...
... The GPRS model supports cell update in the NC0 mode. The model supports GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) signaling procedures such as Attach, Activate, Detach, and Deactivate [3]. Only one Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context per MS is supported. ...
In this paper, we describe a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) OPNET simulation model and the implementation of the Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) and the Base Station Subsystem GPRS protocol (BSSGP). The RLC/MAC and BSSGP protocols are added to an existing GPRS OPNET model. We have enhanced the existing model by implementing unacknowledged mode of RLC and two phase access mechanisms. The implementation of BSSGP enables the exchange of radio-related and data messages from Base Station Subsystem (BSS) to Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). We have verified the effect of the new implementation on the end-to-end delay and cell update mechanism by performing OPNET simulations. The enhanced model was tested using a network with 17 mobile stations.
... H owever, in our model, the AAA is replaced by a local file that provides the mapping from MAC and IMSI/TLLI to the Care of Address (COA). The GPRS portion of the model is based on the OPNET model introduced in [9]; however, many changes have been made to the mobile station and SGSN nodes to implement the integration with WLAN. The next subsections highlights the changes that were made to the basic MS and SGSN nodes introduced in [9], and describes the implementation of the new WLAN nodes. ...
... The GPRS portion of the model is based on the OPNET model introduced in [9]; however, many changes have been made to the mobile station and SGSN nodes to implement the integration with WLAN. The next subsections highlights the changes that were made to the basic MS and SGSN nodes introduced in [9], and describes the implementation of the new WLAN nodes. ...
... The MS node-model extends the model introduced in [9] to add a new WLAN interface and the WLAN mobility context, and to implement the UMTS-WLAN handover procedure described in section 2.2. The new MS node-model introduces five new nodes and generates one new signaling message " WLAN attach request", which includes the mobile node IMSI, MAC Address and the message type.. ...
The ability to access information while on the move has become a necessity for most business users. The 3G cellular networks, like UMTS, promise to offer always on, ubiquitous connectivity to users with relatively high mobility, but with relatively low data rate. On the contrary WLANs offer much higher data rates but with low er mobility coverage. The complementary characteristics of the 3G and WLAN networks has attracted the attention of 3G network operators, created the need, and make it attractive to integrate these two technologies. In [8], the author h as proposed an integration architecture for UMTS and WLAN networks that allows mobile nodes to maintain data (PS) connection through WLAN and voice (CS) connection through UMTS in parallel, and facilitates handover of PS connections during the vertical handover. This paper presents an OPNET model of the integrated architecture. The model captures the signaling and transmission behavior of the GPRS and 802.11 WLAN networks, mobility management and inter-system handover procedures. T he model serves three purposes. First, it verifies the feasibility of the integration architecture and the handover procedure. Secondly it provides a mean to study the performance of the integration architecture and collect performance metrics, such as handover delay, and number of packets drop ped during handover. Finally, the model servers as a base model, which will be used in future research projects.
... As far as simulation environment on GPRS network in [33], Ng and Trajkovic show how is possible to model and simulate a GPRS network that supports basic GPRS procedures, two classes of QoS and the collection of network performance data. In particular the work shows the number of mobile station rejected in Attach phase and in Activation phase, packet end-to-end delay for QoS class. ...
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)—a bearer service to GSM—has been deployed worldwide, and is widely considered a technology precursor to the evolving third generation (3G) wireless networks. The general conception has been that while users will be exposed to faster wide-area wireless data access, experience gained from GPRS could well prove useful for 3G, and also for systems beyond 3G deployment.In this paper, we present a comprehensive simulation study for different traffic scheduling algorithms for Quality of Service (QoS) in GPRS at the IP level. We first study the correlation between GSM and GPRS users, and show how a dynamic channel allocation scheme between GSM–GPRS can give substantially better performance than the static ones.We then extend our study by taking into account users’ requirements for different QoS profiles, based on seven different scheduling algorithms in GPRS. By simulating traffic related to an ATIS (Advanced Travellers Information System) at the IP level, we show how traffic scheduling algorithms perform by taking into account different performance parameters such as the average traffic, average waiting time in the scheduler, packet loss probabilities in the scheduler based on static and dynamic channel allocation schemes, packet priorities as well as average throughput per-GPRS user. The study gives a comparative analysis for various scheduling algorithms—network designers can benefit from this study, and by extending this to several other scenarios.
... The GPRS model implemented in OPNET originally ( [2], [7]) consisted of the MS, the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN), the Home Location Register (HLR), and a sink representing an external packet data network. Figure 6 shows the original model. ...
... Figure 6 shows the original model. The original GPRS model [7] used a simplified internal HLR that did not employ the SS7 protocol. In a deployed GPRS network, the SGSN and HLR are connected using SS7 and messages between SGSN and HLR are exchanged via the Mobile Application Part (MAP) protocol. ...
... Another GPRS model implemented in OPNET consists of an MS, Core Network, Base Station, and MAC layer implementation [8]. The implementation described in this paper is based on the models introduced in [2] and [7]. ...
AbstractAbstract Abstract In this paper, we describe the enhancements made to an existing General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network OPNET model. These enhancements to the existing model are the implementations of the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer, the Base Station Subsystem (BSS), and the cell update procedure. We first present an overview of the GPRS network, the LLC layer, and the existing OPNET model. We then describe the implementation of the LLC layer, the BSS consisting of a Base Station (BS) and a Base Station Controller (BSC), and the autonomous cell reselection procedure performed by the mobile station. Four simulation scenarios were used to verify the accuracy of the OPNET implementation. We conclude by suggesting possible further enhancements to the GPRS OPNET model.
... GPRS OPNET model that we used to implement MAP protocol is described in [2]. It consists of network elements shown in Figure 5: MS, SGSN, GGSN, Internal HLR, and a sink that mimics an IP-based external network. ...
... It consists of network elements shown in Figure 5: MS, SGSN, GGSN, Internal HLR, and a sink that mimics an IP-based external network. Instead of an HLR using an SS7 network, a simplified version called Internal HLR was implemented in [2]. Instead of MAP, the SGSN used an internal database querying protocol to retrieve subscriber's data from the Internal HLR. 3. MAP protocol implementation MAP provides its users with a specified set of services. ...
... We modified the HLR and SGSN node models in the original GPRS model [2] to support MAP based signaling between these two nodes. The additional process models are marked in Figures 12 and 13. ...
This paper describes OPNET implementation of the Mobile Application Part (MAP) protocol within the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) model. MAP represents an application layer protocol residing on top of the Signaling System 7 (SS7) protocol stack. In GPRS networks, MAP protocol supports signaling exchanges with Home Location Register (HLR) and Equipment Identity Register (EIR). We begin with a brief introduction to SS7 protocol stack and GPRS architecture. We then describe MAP features related to GPRS and modifications that we implemented in the GPRS OPNET model to provide signaling capabilities for communication between HLR and the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). We provide implementation details and evaluate the impact of the MAP protocol overhead on network response time.
... As far as simulation environment on GPRS network in [33], Ng and Trajkovic show how is possible to model and simulate a GPRS network that supports basic GPRS procedures, two classes of QoS and the collection of network performance data. In particular the work shows the number of mobile station rejected in Attach phase and in Activation phase, packet end-to-end delay for QoS class. ...
... Before an MS can exchange data with the external PDN, it performs a series of signaling procedures to activate the PDP context [7], [12]. The three main steps are GPRS attach, PDP context activation, and data transfer. ...
... This completes the attach procedure. The time elapsed between the initiation of an attach request process and its completion is the attach request process time [12]. Figure 2.2 shows the message sequence for the attach procedure. ...
... [4]. The time between the transmission of an "activate PDP context request" message and the reception of a "PDP context accept" message is the activation process time [12]. Figure 2.3 shows the activate signaling sequence. ...
The increase of efficiency within wireless train control systems is essential. The circuit-switched technologies actually used will not provide the needed transmission quality for ERTMS/ETCS if the number of concurrent users increases as prognosticated until 2015. The promising solution might be the packet-switched approach of GPRS, but there are still a lot of open questions to be answered; mostly, the transfer delay of the GPRS network must be analyzed in detail. The next main important steps to establishing the whole GPRS-R simulation environment will be the integration and validation of the wireless medium access via the GPRS-R MAC/RLC module as well as the integration and validation of the GPRS-R air interface module. These two modules will provide, on the one hand, a detailed analysis of the possibilities of packet-switched GPRS regarding an efficient use of wireless communications channels and, on the other hand, significant values regarding the BER and transfer delay expected because of collisions and the characteristics of the air interface possibly having the highest impact of those parameters.
This session will seek to acquaint participants with different tools that are used to conduct network research and explore researchers'
experience with them. Two researchers, one from UBC and SFU, will present current tools they are using and experimenting with. At UBC, EmuLab is an experimental network environment that allows researchers access to simulated, emulated and wide-area network testbeds. This session will seek to build awareness and interest for EmuLab in the research community, exploring what EmuLab is and how it can be used. At SFU, research network simulation tools are being used to simulate and analyze protocols in high-performance networks. This session will provide an overview of network simulation tools and how they are being used in simulations projects at SFU.
Introductions by: Dr. Alan Wagner, Associate Professor, Dept of Computer Science, UBC
Dr. Charles Krasik, Assistant Professor, Computer Science, UBC
Dr. Ljiljana Trajkovic, Professor, School of Engineering Science, SFU
