Fig 2 - uploaded by Barry Conn
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Prostanthera oleoides . a, shrubs growing in white sandstone-derived soils between boulders of sandstone; b, habit, showing flowering branchlet with open and flowers and flower buds; c, older branchlet showing bark and young branchlet showing decussate leaves and adaxial leaf surface; d, young flowers showing partially open corolla, partial view of stamens, style and undeveloped stigmas; e, older flower, showing podium, prophylls, calyx, corolla with maroon markings in tube, and style with divergent receptive stigma lobes; f, mature flower being pollinated by an Exoneura species of bee, also showing unopened flower buds and developing fruits after the corolla has been lost. Scale bar = 2.5 mm. Photographs by A. Orme (a, b, e, f) and M. Bedoya-Perez (c, d).
Source publication
Two new species of Prostanthera (Lamiaceae) are recognised from south eastern Queensland, Australia. Descriptions of the new species Prostanthera oleoides and P.spathulata are provided. The diagnostic features of both are illustrated, and notes on etymology, habitat preferences and conservation status are included.
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Citations
... Recent studies have shown the genus to be far more diverse than currently recognised, with several species complexes that require resolution (Wilson et al. 2012(Wilson et al. , 2019Conn et al. 2016Conn et al. , 2021O'Donnell et al. 2021a). Many species of Prostanthera are niche specialists and tend to grow on isolated, rocky outcrops (Conn 1984(Conn , 1988Conn and Wilson 2015;Wilson and Conn 2015;Wilson et al. 2019). Like other rocky outcrop specialists, these species have highly restricted ranges and are particularly vulnerable to environmental threats (Fitzsimons and Michael 2017;Selwood and Zimmer 2020;Hopper et al. 2021;Silveira et al. 2021). ...
Research into the systematics of Prostanthera recently revealed close evolutionary relationship among P. phylicifolia sens. str., the critically endangered P. gilesii, and a population of uncertain identity from the Central Tablelands of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Previous analyses were unable to establish whether genetic boundaries separated these taxa. This study assessed species boundaries among these three taxa by using a combination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) sampled at the population-scale and multivariate analysis of morphological characters. Ordination, model-based clustering, F-statistics, neighbour-network analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and ancestry coefficient estimates all provided support for discrete genetic differences among the three taxa. Morphological phenetic analysis recovered congruent morphological clusters and identified a suite of corresponding diagnostic characters. This congruence of molecular and morphological evidence supports the presence of three independently evolving lineages, two of which correspond with the previously described P. gilesii and P. phylicifolia sens. str. The third taxon, represented by a single population from the Central Tablelands of NSW, is here described as P. volucris R.P.O’Donnell. A detailed description, diagnostic line drawings and photographs areprovided. We evaluate P. volucris as satisfying criteria to be considered Critically Endangered.
... We follow the format of measurements and terminology used in preceding studies of Plectranthus (e.g. Forster 2015), include reproductive terminology and quantify indumentum following the format of other Lamiaceae studies (Conn 1992;Wilson and Conn 2015), and introduce a new method for measuring diagnostic bends in the corolla tube ( Fig. 1). Measurements were made from living (P. ...
Two new species of Plectranthus L'Hér. are described from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Plectranthus amiculatus T.C. Wilson, P.I.Forst. & M.A.M. Renner and P. altanmouiensis T.C. Wilson, P.I.Forst. & M.A.M. Renner have restricted distributions on the peninsular tip and Altanmoui range, respectively. Both species are illustrated and notes on habitat, distribution, affinities and conservation status are provided.
... We made an extensive examination of floral morphology to identify representatives of floral variation and putative pollination syndromes in Prostanthera, using both taxonomic descriptions (Conn 1984(Conn , 1987(Conn , 1992(Conn , 1997(Conn , 1998(Conn , 1999(Conn , 2006Hunter et al. 2006;Conn and Shephard 2007;Conn and Wilson 2012, 2014, 2015a, 2015bConn et al. 2013Conn et al. , 2016Conn 2015a, 2015b;Wilson et al. 2015) and our experience in the field. To gather data on floral morphology, floral phenology, and floral visitor abundance, we selected floral types representative of the known floral variation found throughout the phylogeny of Prostanthera ). ...
Premise of research. Pollination syndromes are used to infer pollinators from floral attributes when field observations of floral visitors are lacking. Such inferences are often found to be incorrect or too generalized. To investigate the relationship between pollinators and observable differences in a genus of Lamiaceae with flowers that appear ornithophilous and entomophilous, we experimentally quantified floral morphology and pollinator assemblages in a phylogenetic perspective. Methodology. Floral morphology was examined using multivariate analysis of geometric morphometrics (corolla shape described by landmarks), linear dimensions, and nonmetric attributes for 17 species of Prostanthera. Pollination effectiveness was determined through censuses of floral visitors and interactions by pollinators with flowers, and multivariate statistics were used to examine correspondence between these data and non-landmark characters. Ancestral state reconstruction was performed using geometric morphometric data and a phylogenetic tree. Pivotal results. Three floral morphologies were identified in Prostanthera, each of which was associated with a unique pollinator assemblage and corroborated by our detailed field observations. A higher abundance of bees visited flowers with the ancestral (bee) floral type, which had a long corolla, porrect adaxial lobes, and long anther appendages. Visits by birds were more frequent to the derived bird floral type, characterized by red or green flowers with larger nectar volumes, longer and narrower corollas, and a reflexed abaxial lobe. Another derived lineage attracted a higher abundance of generalist flies and beetles (beetle+fly floral type). This lineage had flowers with a shorter corolla tube, reflexed adaxial lobes, and shorter anther appendages. Conclusions. When pollinator frequency was used as a proxy for pollinator effectiveness, the correspondence between the floral types and pollinator assemblages supported traditional concepts of bird and insect pollination syndromes. Intermediates between these floral types also corresponded with phylogenetic position and pollinator assemblage. Linear measurements of floral attributes were just as reliable as landmark data in predicting pollinator assemblages. By combining a molecular phylogeny with the above data, evidence indicated that the bird and beetle+fly floral types diversified from an ancestral bee floral type, demonstrating at least one evolutionary specialization for birds, as well as another shift toward a more generalized pollination syndrome. This combination of techniques presents a potential application with which to investigate the evolution of pollination.
Prostanthera gilesii and P. makinsonii (Lamiaceae) are described as new for New South Wales, Australia. These descriptions are accompanied by illustrations and general notes, including distribution and conservation status. A new identification key is provided for the species of Prostanthera in New South Wales.
