Figure - uploaded by Paul Lindhout
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
A significant gap exists between accident scenarios as foreseen by company safety management systems and actual scenarios observed in major accidents.
The mere fact that this gap exists is pointing at flawed risk assessments, is leaving hazards unmitigated, threatening worker safety, putting the environment at risk and endangering company continuit...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... known to the extent needed to identify it as a phenomenon. Peirce (1867) three stages between phenomenon and noumenon compare rather well to the four domains in the reality field map, reflecting current mainstream philosophical thinking (Hansen, 2018), as is shown in Table 1. The unknown-ness scale is designed to structure a description of the current company situation of -as yet not fully known and not properly mitigated -risk at a particular moment. ...Similar publications
en As the world continues to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic, the preparedness of governments to respond to it will likely undergo review. A key component is the legislative capacity and authority that governments had in place or could rapidly introduce to address the social, economic and health consequences of the emergency. We review Canada’s...
Citations
... The leading causes of construction-related fatalities in the United States are: falls, struckby, electrocutions, and caught-in/between hazards (Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 2020; Brown et al. 2021). Fall-related fatalities are the most commonly reported on construction sites, with one potential reason being that a quarter of fall hazards are not immediately apparent on the job site (Lindhout et al. 2020). Falls from various heights such as roofs, ladders, scaffolds, openings, and edges are the most common types of Fall From Height (FFH) accidents at construction sites (OSHA Training Institute 2011). ...
Falls from roof (FFR) is a primary concern for most construction operators given the risk associated with such accidents in the US. FFR accounted for about 30% of total fall cases from 2000 to 2020. Therefore, it is paramount to propose and develop systems to help reduce the occurrence of FFR accidents. The main objectives of this study are to (1) identify and determine the causal relationship between hazards and risk factors associated with FFR; and (2) propose an integrated real-time monitoring framework to mitigate these hazards. To achieve these objectives, a literature review and archival analysis were conducted to investigate the root causes of FFR accidents. This investigation led to the identification of the types of falls, key risk factors, and causal relationships. Next, different digital technologies applications were evaluated based on their ability to mitigate the risk factors, and the most effective sensor technologies for real-time monitoring were considered. The primary sensors for the proposed monitoring framework include computer vision, inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors, and insole sensors. Finally, a protocol for integrating these sensors is proposed. The present study revealed that the lack of PPE use, loss of balance, unsafe behavior, and manual monitoring are the primary root causes of FFR. The proposed framework has the potential to address hazards associated with FFR. Therefore, the present study contributes to fall prevention management research by developing a framework and protocol for enhancing hazard identification and accident prevention.
... Some researchers have gone so far as to propose that a set of indicators could be developed that would provide instantaneous feedback on the state of safety in a given system, a socalled safety barometer (Knegtering and Pasman, 2013), but difficulties in including organizational qualities into safety indicators have also been acknowledged (Kongsvik et al., 2010;Reiman and Pietikäinen, 2012). Despite significant research interest in safety indicators, including a special issue of Safety Science on this topic in 2009, several researchers have suggested a significant gap between parameters that are being measured as an indicator of system performance and the actual performance (Körvers and Sonnemans, 2008;Lindhout et al., 2020). Further, Swuste et al. (2019) predicted that the topic of safety indicators will remain in the spotlight for some time to come given their finding that 'indicators do not logically relate to current safety theories and models' (pg 85). ...
... According to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the leading causes of construction-related fatalities in the United States are: falls, struck-by, electrocutions, and caught-in/ between hazards [4]. Fall-related fatalities are the most commonly reported on construction sites [15], with one potential reason being that a quarter of fall hazards are not immediately apparent on the job site [16]. Falls from various heights such as roofs, ladders, scaffolds, openings/ skylight, and edges are the most common types of Fall From Height (FFH) accidents at construction sites [17]. ...
Falls at construction sites account for approximately 50% of all accidents reported in the US annually, making them the leading cause of injuries and fatalities. Although there have been several studies characterizing fall-related hazards and emerging technologies, a systematic review of literature examining the intersection of fall from height (FFH) risk factors and emerging technological solutions is missing. This paper addresses this gap by conducting a systematic literature review to investigate FFH risk factors and the use of technologies to prevent falls from heights on construction sites. The review analyzed 94 research articles published between 2002 and 2022 and identified the most common FFH hazards, including missing guardrails, lack of personal protective equipment, lack of knowledge and training, loss of balance and unsafe behavior, violation of safety rules, and poor site management. The review also revealed that individual technologies are insufficient to address most fall hazards, and there is a need for an integrated system of various technologies to improve fall prevention on construction sites.
... Since the behaviour of the whole cannot be predicted from the behaviour of the individual components, a concern is whether emergent properties can be predicted at all. Lindhout et al (2020) suggest that there is a gap between scenarios typically identified by company safety management systems and those actually occurring in accidents. They refer to the stagnating downward trend of major accidents in the Netherlands and Belgium and provide a scale of "unknown-ness" and suggest ways to think about these risks. ...
Operators of major hazard chemical sites increasingly face the problem that their assets are ageing. This paper highlights the major hazard aspects of ageing, particularly in the Netherlands where there are around 400 major hazard chemical sites, many coming to the end of or exceeding their design lifetime. Targeted inspections find failures in the safety management of ageing and every year there are ageing related accidents. Dutch investigated major accidents are analysed in a bow-tie structured database called Storybuilder, which contains 83 major accidents resulting from material degradation, this being 25% of all accidents in the database. The paper provides unique details on the accident causes and the difficulties operators have in foreseeing the outcomes. It explains the reasons for taking a holistic approach to modelling, which considers management, human and technical aspects. The analysis results provide information on the safety barrier, barrier task and barrier management failures. A detailed ageing accident scenario is also illustrated within the holistic model. Two prevention approaches are suggested. One uses scenarios as a basis for identifying the necessary prevention measures. The other results from a Dutch multi-disciplinary maintenance programme concerning smart maintenance, a shared initiative approach of companies looking for innovative solutions. The conclusion is that a scenario-based approach is needed for identifying currently unanticipated material degradation causal events and that, given the condition of ageing assets, a shift to condition-based maintenance, combined with technical, organisational and cultural changes, underpins the future approach to physical ageing.
... Although SMSs offer a systematic way of managing safety, its limitations were also noted in the literature. Lindhout et al. (2020) postulated that a considerable gap exists between the accidents as predicted by companies' SMSs and the actual accident scenarios. Rather than blindly following the prescriptive safety rules and regulations, traditional SMSs are failed to identify, what activities are essential for safety and what sort of safety management best fits for particular situations (Accou and Reniers, 2020). ...
Due to the dynamic and complex nature of building repair and maintenance works, safety concerns of repair and maintenance have significantly increased in recent years. Safety management systems are widely accepted as a proactive approach of managing workplace safety. However, lack of resilience has been identified as a limitation of safety management systems considering the new challenges brought about by complex nature of socio-technical systems. This paper aims to develop a conceptual model of developing resilience for safety management systems of building repair and maintenance companies. The conceptual model development was based on literature review, integration of relevant theories and logical reasoning. The conceptual model describes con-ceptualisation and development of the resilience for SMSs in the building R&M context. Based on the developed conceptual model, resilience for SMSs can be measured by three dimensions: people resilience, place resilience and system resilience. Organisational cognition improvement, mindfulness improvement, and organisational learning are identified as drivers for developing resilience for SMSs. Hypotheses were proposed to stimulate future empirical research. The conceptual model may provide a theoretical framework to guide future empirical studies that validate the new relationships and associations among concepts and constructs relative to the resilience for SMSs and further develop the theories and practices of safety management.
... A few notes, taken then with the intention to explore this point of view in relation to safety management, sparked several further studies, a.o. on company risk appetite and assessing the unknown (Lindhout & Reniers, 2017A), on introducing psychological nudges in the process industry (Lindhout & Reniers, 2017B), on structuring inarticulate experiences in qualitative health research (Lindhout, Teunissen & Visse, 2020), on an unknown risk inventory technique (Lindhout, 2019), and on systematically reducing unknown risk (Lindhout, Kingston, Hansen, & Reniers, 2020). ...
Risk control in many areas in society is based on known danger and avoidance of predicted accidents. Between accidents as predicted and accidents as they actually occur, there is a gap however. This gap hides a multitude of relevant safety information which might therefore not be considered in safety management systems, risk inventories and accident scenarios. Hence, it might help to pay attention to the gap of "invisible" phenomena and mechanisms and study the concept of "invisibility". Wondering about the role of invisibility in this respect, the authors explore literature using a scoping review approach, in search of invisibility concepts: ways in which full or partial invisibility exists in a variety of areas relevant to safety. Some 202 of such concepts are found. They can be grouped into 22 frequently found types of invisibility, each capable of hiding relevant safety information. Using a theoretical object-path-observer model, deconstruction of invisibility concepts into their constituting parts, and a proposed systematic combination process, an inventory with many more invisibility concepts can be generated than presently found in literature. This provides a new tool to search for currently hidden safety information and scenarios in the gap. Several examples of newly generated scenarios are discussed. The methodical limitations of this study make the current results indicative only. Both the 22 most frequently found invisibility types and the generation of new object, path and observer property combinations are recommended for use in safety management practice. Further research is recommended to gather more complete data for justification of an invisibility concepts classification.
... By carrying out risk management, entrepreneurs can understand and develop alternatives for handling all risks carried out by business actors (Morris & Dunne, 2008;Smith, 2008). Thus, efforts can prevent the company from experiencing problems, such as large losses, bankruptcy, losing investors' trust, or losing customers (Lindhout et al., 2020). ...
Enterprise risk management (ERM) is significant in running a company. ISO 31000 is one of the ERM types that are familiar. However, there are still pros and cons of ISO 31000. Thus, this study aimed to find out the responses of the Indonesian fintech lending companies managements in implementing ISO 31000. Specifically, this study tried to identify the problems in implementing ISO 31000:2018 to be implemented as ERM. Besides, it also discussed the benefits of the ISO 31000:2018 implementation from the companies' management's perspectives. The data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire results were quantified and interpreted in percentage, while the interview results were analyzed qualitatively using the interactive data analysis method. The study results showed that most of the companies' management believed that they had no significant problems implementing ISO 31000:2018. In addition, they felt that implementing ISO 31000:2018 as ERM gave many benefits in running the companies. The study's findings were discussed by connecting them with the current theories and empirical reviews. However, since the study was done qualitatively, a further study that involves quantitative study to measure the effectiveness of ISO 31000 empirically is needed to support the results of this study.
... To ensure safe evacuation, all these factors should be considered and be reflected in evacuation scenarios, evacuation plan and real evacuation operations conducted in case of emergency [12,14]. This poses a serious challenge for all security entities as the dynamic character of mass gathering requires permanent building of situational awareness, especially with the use of new technologies [19,30], to be able to cope with known and unknown risks (Lindhout et al., 2020). It is especially important in terms of urgent, tragic, and rapidly spreading hazards (e.g., chemical accidents). ...
Current CBRNe detection systems are mainly available as standalone detectors, and seldom offer the potential of networking and data fusion. The research objective is to simulate the scenario-based models built in a virtual environment to examine the possible impact of the EU-SENSE system on chemical detection technology, based on an innovative CBRNe detection and identification system, which is a network of heterogeneous sensor nodes, on the evacuation of a mass gathering. The chemical detection system presents real possibilities of understanding situations that depend on the first symptoms of human health and behaviour. This information will facilitate taking appropriate measures when CBRNe hazard forces to evacuation, including quick identification of the hazard and necessity to modify preliminary evacuation gates (in terms of their localization and width).
Along with the expansion of city scale, and the increase in the density of population and buildings, the occurrence of a major public fire safety incident in cities will lead to a serious threat to the overall public safety and the sustainable economic and social development of the relevant region. A simple and practical safety risk assessment method of fire prevention in gas stations is of great value for disaster prevention and application in key industries. The constituent elements of a gas station fire prevention safety system are complex, and include equipment, materials, environment, operation, and other factors. This element of information has randomness and temporal dynamics. To promote the transformation of the safety supervision mechanism of gas stations, realize the dual objectives of risk classification and risk dynamic management, and control the gas stations' safety systems the gas stations safety systems are the objectives of our paper. By taking the “fire” risk point of fire prevention in gas stations' system as the research object, this paper puts forward the cognitive path of fire prevention in gas stations' safety system for risk disasters, and explains the coordination between characteristics of inherent, initial, and real risks and the structure of the risk system's attributes. A realistic risk assessment model of fire risk with inherent and dynamic risks is established. An example was introduced to apply the real risk model, and the results were consistent with the actual prediction results, thereby showing the effectiveness and practicability of this method. This risk assessment method can provide a scientific basis for the prevention of fires and control of the fire prevention safety system, showing the changes in risk levels in different stages, and providing risk warning for project managers in taking prompt corresponding risk control countermeasures and improving the efficiency of risk management.
