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Hymenaea courbaril var courbaril seed xyloglucan was efficiently extracted with 0.1 M NaCl, followed by ethanol precipitation (yield = 72 ± 5% w/w). Its amorphous structure was identified by the pattern of X-ray diffraction. The monosaccharide composition was determined by GC/MS analysis of the alditol acetates and showed the occurrence of glucose:...
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... structure proposed for the polysaccharide was based on our experimental data (methylation and NMR analysis) and also on literature information [5,11,32] as summarized in Fig. 3. The types of units found in the polysaccharide are shown in Fig. 3 and confirmed in Table 1. Clearly the preponderance of 2,3,6-tri-O- methyl and 2,3-di-O-methyl derivatives from glucose indicates that the preponderant structure is composed of 4-linked (unit II) and 4,6-substituted units (unit I) of this sugar. The presence of these ...
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... structure proposed for the polysaccharide was based on our experimental data (methylation and NMR analysis) and also on literature information [5,11,32] as summarized in Fig. 3. The types of units found in the polysaccharide are shown in Fig. 3 and confirmed in Table 1. Clearly the preponderance of 2,3,6-tri-O- methyl and 2,3-di-O-methyl derivatives from glucose indicates that the preponderant structure is composed of 4-linked (unit II) and 4,6-substituted units (unit I) of this sugar. The presence of these two derivatives was also observed in a very similar proportion in the ...
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... overall recoveries of methylated alditol acetates were in good agreement with the monosaccharide composition obtained for the native polysaccharide after hydrolysis, reduction and acety- lation (Section 3.4). Arabinose, which is present in small amount in the polysaccharide, was not detected even when we employed different periods of hydrolysis (from 1 up to 4 h). ...
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... structure of the xyloglucan from H. courbaril was investi- gated using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra. The 1D 1 H-NMR spectrum (Fig. 4A) showed three signals in the anomeric region: one at 5.17 ppm, ascribed to substituted - xylose units (Xyl ) (unit III in Fig. 3), another at 4.98 ppm to terminal non-reducing -xylose (Xyl) (unit V in Fig. 3), and finally the sig- nal at 4.58 ppm, which is an overlapped of -glucose + -galactose anomeric protons (units I, II + IV in Fig. 3). No signals assigned to Table 1 Retention times and the proportions of the methylated derivatives obtained from the ...
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... xyloglucan from H. courbaril was investi- gated using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra. The 1D 1 H-NMR spectrum (Fig. 4A) showed three signals in the anomeric region: one at 5.17 ppm, ascribed to substituted - xylose units (Xyl ) (unit III in Fig. 3), another at 4.98 ppm to terminal non-reducing -xylose (Xyl) (unit V in Fig. 3), and finally the sig- nal at 4.58 ppm, which is an overlapped of -glucose + -galactose anomeric protons (units I, II + IV in Fig. 3). No signals assigned to Table 1 Retention times and the proportions of the methylated derivatives obtained from the xyloglucan of H. courbaril seeds after acid hydrolysis for 2 h. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. ...
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... (Fig. 4A) showed three signals in the anomeric region: one at 5.17 ppm, ascribed to substituted - xylose units (Xyl ) (unit III in Fig. 3), another at 4.98 ppm to terminal non-reducing -xylose (Xyl) (unit V in Fig. 3), and finally the sig- nal at 4.58 ppm, which is an overlapped of -glucose + -galactose anomeric protons (units I, II + IV in Fig. 3). No signals assigned to Table 1 Retention times and the proportions of the methylated derivatives obtained from the xyloglucan of H. courbaril seeds after acid hydrolysis for 2 h. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. One-dimensional 1 H-NMR (A), 13 C-NMR (B) and two-dimensional 13 C-1 H HSQC (C) spectra of the xyloglucan from H. courbaril seeds. In Panel ...
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... -xylose (Xyl) (unit V in Fig. 3), and finally the sig- nal at 4.58 ppm, which is an overlapped of -glucose + -galactose anomeric protons (units I, II + IV in Fig. 3). No signals assigned to Table 1 Retention times and the proportions of the methylated derivatives obtained from the xyloglucan of H. courbaril seeds after acid hydrolysis for 2 h. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. One-dimensional 1 H-NMR (A), 13 C-NMR (B) and two-dimensional 13 C-1 H HSQC (C) spectra of the xyloglucan from H. courbaril seeds. In Panel C, signals of CH carbon/proton are in blue (phase signals) and those from CH2 in green (antiphase). Panel B displays only the phase signals of the 13 C-NMR spectrum, shown in blue on Panel ...
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... be neutral, which is the case of different types of polysaccharides with a higher content of man- nose and galactose units, with − potential values between −13.7 and −2.1 mV [33]. In this work the obtained xyloglucan shows a structure composed by glucose (40%), xylose (34%), galactose (20%) and arabinose (6%), typical of a neutral polysaccharide. Fig. 3. -potential values are also related to the stability of solutions. As a general rule absolute values of -potential above 60 mV indi- cate an excellent stability, from 60 to 30 mV are physically stable, from 30 to 5 mV are at the limit of stability and below 5 mV not stable and there is a strong likelihood to form aggregates [36]. ...
Citations
... It is possible to observe in the images generated using SEM some residual granules from the extraction of galactomannan. According to Arruda et al. [30] NaCl is used to enhance the solubility of free proteins and ethanol and acetone are used to wash out contaminants and proteins. Despite these steps in the present study, the film still had visible deformities. ...
... Mass loss occurs due to the loss of moisture, the evaporation of water and glycerol, and finally, the decomposition of the polysaccharide, similar to the results obtained by Albuquerque et al. [17]. The experiments carried out in this study are in accordance with those reported in the literature [30,45], indicating specific interactions between film components and enzymes [60], especially between the enzyme obtained from Streptomyces parvulus (SCF) which demonstrated slightly better performance compared to the commercial enzyme (PCF) and pure polysaccharide film (PF) in terms of thermal behavior. Panda, Park and Seo [61] highlight the ability to incorporate materials of organic origin to provide greater thermal stability, which corroborates the current study. ...
(1) Background: Polysaccharide films are promising vehicles for the delivery of bioactive agents such as collagenases, as they provide controlled release at the wound site, facilitating tissue regeneration. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of Cassia grandis polysaccharide films with immobilized collagenase from Streptomyces parvulus (DPUA/1573). (2) Methods: Galactomannan was extracted from Cassia grandis seeds for film production with 0.8% (w/v) galactomannan and 0.2% (v/v) glycerol with or without collagenases. The films underwent physical-chemical analyses: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), color and opacity (luminosity-L*, green to red-a*, yellow to blue-b*, opacity-Y%), moisture content, water vapor permeability (WVP), thickness, contact angle, and mechanical properties. (3) Results: The results showed similar FTIR spectra to the literature, indicating carbonyl functional groups. Immobilizing bioactive compounds increased surface roughness observed in SEM. TGA indicated a better viability for films with immobilized S. parvulus enzymes. Both collagenase-containing and control films exhibited a bright-yellowish color with slight opacity (Y%). Mechanical tests revealed decreased rigidity in PCF (−25%) and SCF (−41%) and increased deformability in films with the immobilized bioactive compounds, PCF (234%) and SCF (295%). (4) Conclusions: Polysaccharide-based films are promising biomaterials for controlled composition, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wound healing, with a potential in pharmacological applications.
... (1) % residual epoxide = 100 * I a I f of DS over time was monitored from the integration of allyl (Ha, and Hb) and anomer protons of the different sugar units (Arruda et al. 2015), emerging at respectively 5.13, 4.94 and 4.55 ppm. As shown in Fig. 3b, regarding the allyl functionalization of XG, the DS reaches a plateau at 0.14 after 7 h of reaction. ...
A strategy to functionalize cellulosic surfaces through physical adsorption of xyloglucan (XG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derivatives bearing allyl or alkyne groups is reported. A set of functional polymer derivatives with degrees of substitution -DS- ranging from 0.10 up to 0.44 are first prepared through the opening of the epoxide ring of allyl glycidyl ether or propargyl glycidyl ether under mild basic aqueous medium. Contrary to alkyne-functionalized polymers, the radical copolymerization of allyl-XG and -CMC derivatives with acrylamide/acrylic acid leads to the formation of hydrogels, confirming their reactivity. The quantitative analysis of the deposition of these functionalized polysaccharides onto Whatman paper and wood pine fibers (spraying of aqueous solutions, drying and desorption step in water) shows that the physisorption of the polymer chains is not altered neither by the extent of the modification nor by the nature of the substituents. QCM-D experiments highlight a high affinity of allyl-XG for cellulosic substrates. The topochemical mapping by confocal Raman microscopy of cellulosic substrates on which alkyne polysaccharide derivatives have been deposited underpins that the surface coverage is rather uniform and that the diffusion of the polymer chains into the substrate reaches 40 μm. This aqueous functionalization/spraying procedure appears as a promising approach to confer novel adjustable surface properties to various cellulosic substrates, in a sustainable manner.
... Hymenaea courbaril var. courbaril é outra árvore pertencente à subfamília Caesalpinioideae cujo endosperma contém polissacarídeos como reserva energética; o polissacarídeo extraído das sementes dessa árvore popular (jatobá), também coletada na região nordeste do Brasil, foi caracterizado como uma xiloglucana (Arruda et al., 2015) e testado como agente encapsulante de ácido ascórbico aplicado em hambúrgueres de tilápia (Farias et al., 2018). Caracterizado como um queijo semiduro a ácido, de alta a média umidade e sabor levemente salgado, é obtido após a coagulação do leite cru ou pasteurizado com coalho animal ou outras enzimas de coagulação (Brasil, 2001). ...
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de coberturas comestíveis à base dos polissacarídeos extraídos de Cassia grandis, Hymenaea courbaril e Senna occidentalis, respectivamente denominados galactomanana, xiloglucana e polimanji, nas propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijo Coalho fresco produzido regionalmente durante 20 dias de armazenamento. Polimanji, galactomanana e xiloglucana foram extraídos eficientemente com rendimentos de 5,28 ± 0,54, 35,71 ± 8 e 72 ± 5%, respectivamente. Houve uma diminuição (p<0,05) nos valores de pH durante o armazenamento para todas as amostras até 15 dias, enquanto no 20º dia experimental
não houve diferença significativa em relação ao dia 0. Um aumento (p<0,05) nos valores de ATT foi observada para todos os grupos durante o armazenamento. As amostras revestidas com galactomanana não apresentaram alterações quanto à perda de
massa e parâmetro de cor. A intenção de compra confirmou os resultados da análise sensorial e a grande aceitação dos queijos revestidos com galactomanana e polimanji, destacando assim estes polissacarídeos como revestimentos eficientes na manutenção das propriedades organolépticas do queijo de Coalho. Apesar dos resultados promissores dos revestimentos à base de polissacarídeos acima mencionados, mais estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar sua hidrofilicidade e sua adequação para incorporar aditivos direcionados à prevenção de pós contaminação no queijo de Coalho.
This work aimed to evaluate the effect of edible coatings based on the polysaccharides extracted from Cassia grandis, Hymenaea courbaril, and Senna occidentalis, respectively named galactomannan, xyloglucan, and polimanji, on the physicochemical
and sensory properties of regionally produced fresh Coalho cheese during 20 days of storage. Polimanji, galactomannan, and xyloglucan were efficiently extracted with yields of 5.28 ± 0.54, 35.71 ± 8, and 72 ± 5%, respectively. There was a decrease (p<0.05) in pH values during storage for all of the samples up to 15 days, while on the 20th experimental day there was no significant difference compared with day 0. An increase (p<0.05) in ATT values was observed for all groups during storage. Samples coated with galactomannan showed no changes considering mass loss and color parameter. The purchase intention confirmed the results of the sensory analysis and the
great acceptance of cheeses coated with galactomannan and polimanji, thus highlighting these polysaccharides as efficient coatings in terms of maintenance of organoleptic properties of Coalho cheese. Despite the promising results of the above-mentioned polysaccharide-based coatings, further studies have to be made to evaluate its hydrophilicity and its suitability to incorporate additives directed to the prevention of post contamination on Coalho cheese.
... Natural polymers always have much desired properties such as; biodegradability [1], non-toxicity [2], biocompatibility, non-carcinogenicity [3], the capability of chemical modifications [3], easy availability [4], and exhibiting properties of bio-recognition [2], which make them superior to synthetic polymers [3]. Most of the natural polymers which are extensively available in nature are polysaccharides. ...
... They are synthesized in copious amounts by plants and microorganisms [5]. The broad spectrum of chemical structures and physicochemical properties possessed by the natural polysaccharides cannot be easily reproduced synthetically [1]. Thus, obtaining a wide variety of polysaccharides from natural sources renders numerous economic benefits upon using synthetic polymers [1]. ...
... The broad spectrum of chemical structures and physicochemical properties possessed by the natural polysaccharides cannot be easily reproduced synthetically [1]. Thus, obtaining a wide variety of polysaccharides from natural sources renders numerous economic benefits upon using synthetic polymers [1]. ...
Natural polymers have captivated the food, cosmetic and medical industries lately, due to their much desired properties such as non-toxicity, non-carcinogenicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Xyloglucan is one of the natural polymers, with a wide array of applications. Tamarind seed which is mostly a wasted product in the tamarind pulp industry is highly rich in xyloglucan. The tamarind kernel powder obtained from tamarind seeds can be used to extract the natural tamarind xyloglucan polymer. In this study, eight treatments were used: with two solvents based on; methanol and ethanol, and four different pH values; 5, 6, 7, and 8; to determine the most efficient protocol for tamarind xyloglucan extraction. Three replicates were used for each treatment and the yield and extractability were recorded. All the parameters were tested with one-way ANOVA, and the means were compared with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Methanol was found to be a better solvent than ethanol and resulted in a higher xyloglucan yield. The highest extractability was obtained at pH 7 (52.90±2.41%) and 8 (49.07±1.17%) which had no significant difference (p<0.05) between each other. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum was obtained to confirm the presence of the specific functional groups in the extracted xyloglucan. X-ray diffraction pattern indicated the diffraction peak at 2θ value of 20.05o confirming the extraction of high-quality xyloglucan which was in amorphous nature.
... where is the absorbance value of the supernatant obtained by treating RBC suspension with Triton X-100, is the absorbance value of the supernatant obtained by treating RBC suspension with in situ gelling formulation and is the absorbance value of the supernatant obtained by treating RBC suspension with a 0.9% w/v NaCl solution [44,45]. ...
This study developed a dual-responsive in situ gel of nebivolol (NEB), a selective β-adrenergic antagonist. The gel could achieve sustained concentrations in the aqueous humor to effectively treat glaucoma. The gel was prepared using a combination of poloxamers (Poloxamer-407 (P407) and Poloxamer-188 (P188)) and kappa-carrageenan (κCRG) as thermo-responsive and ion-sensitive polymers, respectively. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the effect of three critical formulation factors (concentration of P407, P188 and κCRG) on two critical response variables (sol-to-gel transition temperature of 33–35 °C and minimum solution state viscosity) of the in situ gel. A desirability function was employed to find the optimal concentrations of P407, P188 and κCRG that yielded a gel with the desired sol-to-gel transition temperature and solution state viscosity. An NEB-loaded gel was prepared using the optimized conditions and evaluated for in vitro drug release properties and ex vivo ocular irritation studies. Furthermore, ocular pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies were conducted in rabbits for the optimized formulation. The optimized NEB-loaded gel containing P407, P188 and κCRG had a sol-to-gel transition temperature of 34 °C and exhibited minimum viscosity (212 ± 2 cP at 25 °C). The optimized NEB-loaded gel sustained drug release with 86% drug release at the end of 24 h. The optimized formulation was well tolerated in the eye. Ocular pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the optimized in situ gel resulted in higher concentrations of NEB in aqueous humor compared to the NEB suspension. The aqueous humor Cmax of the optimized in situ gel (35.14 ± 2.25 ng/mL) was 1.2 fold higher than that of the NEB suspension (28.2 ± 3.1 ng/mL), while the AUC0–∞ of the optimized in situ gel (381.8 ± 18.32 ng/mL*h) was 2 fold higher than that of the NEB suspension (194.9 ± 12.17 ng/mL*h). The systemic exposure of NEB was significantly reduced for the optimized in situ gel, with a 2.7-fold reduction in the plasma Cmax and a 4.1-fold reduction in the plasma AUC0–∞ compared with the NEB suspension. The optimized gel produced a higher and sustained reduction in the intra-ocular pressure compared with the NEB suspension. The optimized gel was more effective in treating glaucoma than the NEB suspension due to its mucoadhesive properties, sustained drug release and reduced drug loss. Lower systemic exposure of the optimized gel indicates that the systemic side effects can be significantly reduced compared to the NEB suspension, particularly in the long-term management of glaucoma.
... Concerning the PCWs, XRD is also used to analyze the interaction of carbohydrates with the other PCWs components, such as cellulose and xyloglucans, and pectin [145], mainly to evaluate the effect of the removal of those carbohydrates during biomass pretreatment [192][193][194]. Also, the XRD technique could be used to solely analyze the other PCW carbohydrates, e.g., xyloglucans structures [195]. ...
... The typical monosaccharide composition of XG obtained from tamarind seeds is approximately 43-45% glucose, 35-38% xylose and 15-17% galactose, with minor amounts of arabinose and other sugars [16]. XG extracted from Hymenaea courbaril showed a slightly different composition, with 40% glucose, 34% xylose and 20% galactose [17]. XG from the seeds of nasturtium (Tropaeolum genus plants) showed a similar monosaccharide composition to that of tamarind seeds [16]. ...
... XG generally forms rather viscous solutions, which is attributed to hierarchically organized superstructures. In the case of XG extracted from the tropical plant Hymenaea courbaril [17], dilute solutions with 0.5 wt% XG have a flow behavior that is approximately Newtonian at a shear rate below 10 s −1 , but viscosity increases substantially when the concentration changes to 1 wt%, producing viscoelastic behavior with shear thinning (viscosity decreases with the increase in shear rate), as illustrated in Figure 4a. In the case of 1 wt% XG, the viscosity at a low shear rate is approximately 0.8 Pa.s, which is 800 times higher than the viscosity of pure water (0.001 Pa.s). ...
... Viscosity (a) and viscoelastic properties (G′ and G″ elastic and viscous moduli, respectively) (b) of two XG aqueous solutions, at 0.5 and 1.0 wt% concentrations. (Adapted from[17], with permission from Elsevier.) ...
The present paper reviews the self-aggregation, gel-forming and adsorption properties of xyloglucan (XG), and its main applications as a medical device for wound dressings, mucosal protection and ocular lubrication, as well as its uses as an excipient. XG is a branched polysaccharide composed of a central backbone of D-glucose units linked by β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds, decorated with D-xylose units through α(1→6) glycosidic bonds, and with some D-galactose units anchored to these D-xylose units via β(1→2) bonds. XG forms self-aggregates with a hierarchically ordered morphology in aqueous solutions, leading to the formation of nanofibers. Consequently, XG is a hydrogel-forming polymer able to retain large amounts of water. Inside the human digestive tract, XG is enzymatically degalactosylated, but the backbone with xylose side chains remains stable until excretion. Degalactosylated XG undergoes a fully reversible sol–gel transition, forming hydrogels between upper and lower critical temperatures. XG adsorbs on intestinal mucosa and creates a diffusion barrier that reduces permeability and also prevents bacterial infections by reducing their infiltration. Therefore, orally administered XG is considered a mucosa protectant.
... The commercial XG contains three different sugars in their structure: glucose, xylose, and galactose, at a 4:3:1 molar ratio and average molecular weight of 400-6000 kDa (Dutta et al., 2020). The presence of monomers proportion and its distribution of XG varies among different species and even within the same species (Arruda et al., 2015). XG structure (Fig. 2) is composed of D-glucose units as the main chain, identical to cellulose linked by b-(1,4) linkage with side chain as D-xylose to about 75% of the main chain that linked by b-(1-6) linkage. ...
Xyloglucan (XG) is an under‐utilised mucoadhesive hemicellulosic biopolymer extracted from tamarind industrial waste (tamarind seed), a commercial source. XG is a low‐cost, non‐toxic, biocompatible, and stable biopolymer at a wide range of pH, temperature, and ionic solutions. It is generally recognised as safe (GRAS) by FDA and used as a food additive as a gelling agent, emulsifier, thickener, stabiliser, etc. This review aims to explore the utilisation of tamarind industrial waste for the production of XG and their application in the food industry as alternative hydrocolloids by providing adequate knowledge in production, extraction, properties, chemical modification, and interactions. It is also highlighted that XG has been extensively studied recently in manufacturing gluten‐free foods (rice bread), food quality assessment, and packaging film production.
... Regarding the addition of sodium chloride, it was reported that using a solution with concentration of 0.1 M of this salt increased the final yield in relation to the use of distilled water without its addition. 29 It was considered that a greater amount of salt could favor the yield even more, so 1.5 M concentration was used as the upper level of this variable. ...
Flamboyant mirim gum is a galactomannan, extracted from Caesalpinia pulcherrima seeds, a legume family schrub. The main objective of this work was to propose a factorial experimental design to optimize the galactomannan extraction process from its seeds and evaluate its potential as a viscosifying agent for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The galactomannan was characterized by FTIR, NMR, SEC, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, and rheology. Structural analyses confirmed the presence of the desired galactomannan content. The best yield obtained was 7.3% for initial seed mass and 24.6% for the endosperm. Rheological analysis showed that Flamboyant mirim gum is a promising alternative for EOR application in high salinity conditions. In addition, stability tests showed that glutaraldehyde can be considered a promising biocide for fluids containing galactomannan since it maintained the viscosity values of the systems for 42 days. Thus, the results confirmed the adequacy of the extraction procedure for obtaining galactomannan.
... This was unveiled for other xyloglucans, e.g., from Copaifera langsdorffii (Rosário et al., 2008), Mucuna sloanei (Rosário et al., 2008), Hymenaea courbaril var. courbaril (Arruda et al., 2015) and T. indica L. , which could also be related to branching modes of xyloglucan from different plant species (Hoffman et al., 2005) or relatively long extraction processes (Kai & de Oliveira Petkowicz, 2010). ...
... It is known that XRD is used as a method to evaluate crystalline characteristics of materials, including biomacromolecules with abundant hydroxyl groups, where crystalline arrangement and amorphouscrystalline transition could occur (Popescu et al., 2011). In general, sharp and narrow diffraction peaks correspond to crystalline components, while broad diffraction halos are assigned to amorphous ones probably due to increased packing defects, compositional inhomogeneity and presence of fine particles, etc. (Arruda et al., 2015;Popescu et al., 2011). As shown in Fig. 7A, no sharp peaks were observed for all tamarind kernel polysaccharides, where amorphous halos predominated exhibiting typical broad bands around 2θ = 20 • , which was aligned with other xyloglucans irrespective of their differences in plant origin (Arruda et al., 2015), drying process (Alpizar-Reyes et al., 2017) and functional modification (Kaur et al., 2012). ...
... In general, sharp and narrow diffraction peaks correspond to crystalline components, while broad diffraction halos are assigned to amorphous ones probably due to increased packing defects, compositional inhomogeneity and presence of fine particles, etc. (Arruda et al., 2015;Popescu et al., 2011). As shown in Fig. 7A, no sharp peaks were observed for all tamarind kernel polysaccharides, where amorphous halos predominated exhibiting typical broad bands around 2θ = 20 • , which was aligned with other xyloglucans irrespective of their differences in plant origin (Arruda et al., 2015), drying process (Alpizar-Reyes et al., 2017) and functional modification (Kaur et al., 2012). ...
The role of molecular aggregation was investigated on physicochemical and macromolecular properties of tamarind kernel polysaccharides via partial degalactosylation (TKPs vs. CTKPs). From the results, their main structural characteristics remained when partially degalactosylated, while primary aggregates as fundamental solution behavior were dynamically converted into higher aggregated forms. Micromorphologically, their conformational changes in different forms of crimping and aggregation could be further promoted by partial Gal removal to assemble on larger scales via hydrophobic interactions. Obviously, the aggregation role was unignorable, especially after partial degalactosylation, which affected TKPs and CTKPs differently concerning viscous behaviors, macromolecular characteristics, amorphous-crystalline transition and thermal stability, probably related to distinctiveness in polymerization degree, chemical structure, conformational entropy, solvent-solute interactions, specific intermolecular associations, etc. Therefore, molecular aggregation in tamarind kernel polysaccharides via specific Gal tailoring could be potential in applicable fields, such as postsurgical adhesion, packaging material design and plasma lipid metabolism.
