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One of the main advantages of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) electronic housings, when compared with traditionally used aluminum ones, is the potential for mass savings. In recent years, the power consumption of electronics has been growing, resulting in the need for higher thermal dissipation of electronic housings, requiring the use of hi...
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... this work, an araldite LY556 epoxy system (Huntsman, Bad Säckingen, Germany) was selected, since this system is suitable for the RTM process when heated to about 80 °C. The resin system is built with three components and their properties and viscosities at room temperature are shown in Table 5. The viscosity of the selected resin system can be adjusted by the processing temperature, due to the significant temperature susceptibility of the epoxy component. ...
Citations
... Thermoset epoxies, polyesters, and epoxy vinyl ester (EVE) binders are commonly used in a wide range of industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties, thermal stability, and adhesion strength. These polymers are especially used as matrices for polymer composite materials such as fiberglass reinforced plastics (FGRP) [1][2][3] and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) [4][5][6][7][8]. The automotive [9], marine [10][11][12], wind energy [13,14], aviation [15,16], and space [5] sectors are the major consumers of these materials. ...
... These polymers are especially used as matrices for polymer composite materials such as fiberglass reinforced plastics (FGRP) [1][2][3] and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) [4][5][6][7][8]. The automotive [9], marine [10][11][12], wind energy [13,14], aviation [15,16], and space [5] sectors are the major consumers of these materials. ...
This article presents a study on the synthesis and catalytic properties of copper complex (TPhTz)2[CuBr4] (here TPhTz is 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium). The obtained complex was characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The catalytic properties of the complex were evaluated in the curing of an epoxy vinyl ester system and their effectiveness was compared with that of cobalt octoate (its synonyms are known as Co(Oct)2, cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, cobalt isocaprylate, etc.). The catalyst was added at an amount of 2 w.%. The results showed that a 8 w.% solution of the complex provides catalytic properties with an activation energy of 54.7 kJ/mol, which is 25.2 kJ/mol higher than a standard curing system with Co(Oct)2. Thus, the solution of (TPhTz)2[CuBr4] in THF/DMSO accelerates the initiator decay process at room temperature, but for a longer time. The authors suggest that the curing mechanism may be accelerated by the appearance of (TPhTz)2[CuIBr3] and free bromine in the system. A strength test of fiberglass-reinforced plastic revealed that the addition of this complex did not lead to a decrease in flexural strength and hardness. Thus, use of the complex allowed for the production of polymer composite products using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding where an extended injection time was needed.
... 4,5 Coupled with this need, there is a rising trend for the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites due to their superior mechanical characteristics and lightweight nature. 6 The development of MEA has brought about an intensive integration and miniaturization of onboard high-power electronic and multifunctional devices, which create the additional requirement to develop lightweight electronic packing composite materials with superior thermal conductivity (TC) to channel away the rising heat produced from the electronic components. 7 If the heat generated is not removed, the internal temperature of the device components will continue to increase, putting at risk the system reliability and efficiency. ...
Poor thermal conductivity in the through-thickness direction is a critical limitation in the performance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites over a broad range of applications in the aviation industry, where heat dissipation is required (e.g., battery packs, electronic housing, and heat spreaders). In this work, it is demonstrated for the first time that a hierarchical network of vertically oriented graphene nanoflakes (GNFs), with nanoconfined silicon carbide (SiC) nanocrystals, self-assembled on carbon fibers (CFs) can provide significant improvement to the thermal conductivity (TC) of CFRPs in the through-thickness direction. The vertically aligned SiC/GNF heterostructures were grown directly on CFs for the first time by single-step plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) employing tetrame-thylsilane (TMS) and methane (CH 4) gases at temperatures of 800 and 950°C. At the deposition temperature of 950°C, the controlled introduction of SiC/GNF heterostructures induced a 56% improvement in through-thickness TC over the bare CFRP counterparts while simultaneously preserving the tensile strength. The increase in thermal conductivity is accomplished by SiC nanocrystals, which serve as linkage thermal conducting paths between the vertical graphene layers, further enhancing the smooth transmission of phonons in the vertical direction. The work demonstrates for the first time the unique potential of novel SiC/GNF heterostructures for attaining strong and thermally conductive multifunctional CFRPs.
... The most important elements for any structure to function in space is to reduce weight with better stiffness [1]. The modern material "Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymer" (CFRP) can effectively be a great choice for substituting conventional aluminum alloy in several space payload constructions due to its particular rigidity [2]. As a result, multiple space agencies such as "ESA", "ISRO", "NASA", as well as "JAXA", are working to promote the CFRP material for their satellite components [3][4]. ...
The components of the space payload are designed using materials with high stiffness and lower weight. These parts ought to be able to withstand the harsh climatic conditions over their entire life cycle without failing. Future space missions require lightweight materials with great thermal and electrical and mechanical strength. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), which is frequently utilized for space payload components, offers significant bulk savings and excellent strength. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) effectively increase both thermal and electrical conductivity. The CNTs must satisfy the requirement of being disseminated by the method of Solution Mixing for being considered as an efficient reinforcement to achieve high conductivity and strength of polymer composites. CNT nanocomposites and their quality is generally influenced by the type of CNTs, their purity, loading amount, aspect ratio, interfacial bonding between the polymer and nanotube, and alignment. A successful application of the processing techniques acts as a key parameter for the enactment of the CNT-CFRP composite. This review article aids in the process parameter optimization for the production of space payload components, which are needed to replace the current high-density space-qualified materials. This study summarizes the synthesis techniques, physical properties, and space applications of CNT-reinforced composite and FGM. These documents could serve as a ready reference for future researchers and relevant industries. Abstract: The components of the space payload are designed using materials with high stiffness and lower weight. These parts ought to be able to withstand the harsh climatic conditions over their entire life cycle without failing. Future space missions require lightweight materials with great thermal and electrical and mechanical strength. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), which is frequently utilized for space payload components, offers significant bulk savings and excellent strength. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) effectively increase both thermal and electrical conductivity. The CNTs must satisfy the requirement of being disseminated by the method of Solution Mixing for being considered as an efficient reinforcement to achieve high conductivity and strength of polymer composites. CNT nanocomposites and their quality is generally influenced by the type of CNTs, their purity, loading amount, aspect ratio, interfacial bonding between the polymer and nanotube, and alignment. A successful application of the processing techniques acts as a key parameter for the enactment of the CNT-CFRP composite. This review article aids in the process parameter optimization for the production of space payload components, which are needed to replace the current high-density space-qualified materials. This study summarizes the synthesis techniques, physical properties, and space applications of CNT-reinforced composite and FGM. These documents could serve as a ready reference for future researchers and relevant industries.
... It has always been one of the most crucial factors for any structure that is to be operated in space; apparently, the mass of the space payload is directly proportional to the cost of launching (Ramamurthy, 2015). Nowadays, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is an excellent candidate for its specific stiffness and it replaces traditional aluminum alloy in various space payload structures (Marta et al. 2018). Hence, CFRPs are being broadly promoted by many space agencies like NASA, ISRO, ESA and JAXA for their satellite components (NASA, 2017;Omid, 2014). ...
High specific stiffness materials are used to design the space payload components. These components should sustain the extreme environmental conditions throughout their life cycle, without failure. Space missions need lightweight materials which are mechanically strong with high thermal and electric conductivities. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) offers considerable mass saving and high strength, which is widely used for space payload components. However, it has limitations to replace the traditional space-qualified materials due to its low conductivity. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are efficient with greater electrical and thermal conductivities. For CNTs to be seen as effective reinforcements for attaining high strength and conductivity of polymer composites, they need to meet the criteria of being well-dispersed by the solution mixing method. The quality of the CNT nanocomposite relies upon several parameters like the type of CNTs, purity, aspect ratio, amount of loading, alignment and interfacial adhesion between the nanotube and polymer. The performance of the CNT-CFRP composite depends on the successful execution of the processing technique. It has been intended in this review paper to highlight the enhancement of the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the composite, and the challenges in achieving it. An attempt has been made to optimize the process parameters to fabricate space payload components which can be excellent alternatives to the existing high-density materials. Moreover, this review research is the need of the hour for prominent space agencies such as ISRO and NASA for their future inter-planetary missions, where payload weight needs to be kept light without making any compromise on the performance index.
... Because apparently, the mass of the space payload is directly proportional to the cost of the launching of that mission (Prabhakaran 2015). Nowadays, Carbon-Fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is also an excellent candidate for its specific stiffness, it replaces traditional aluminium alloy at various space payload structures (Martins et al. 2018). Therefore, the CFRP material is now being broadly promoted by many space agencies like NASA, ISRO, ESA, JAXA for their satellite components (NASA 2017;Gohardani, Chapartegui Elola, and Elizetxea 2014). ...
The high specific stiffness materials are used to design the space payload components. These components should sustain the extreme environmental condition throughout their life cycle without failure. The prerequisites of future space missions need lightweight materials which must be mechanically strong and high thermal and electrically conductive. The Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are efficient filler material in composite or metal matrix to enhance greater electrical and thermal conductivity. The quality of the CNT nano composite relies upon several parameters like the types of CNTs, its purity, aspect ratio, amount of loading, alignment, and interfacial adhesion between the nanotube and polymer. The performance of the CNT-CFRP composite depends on the successful execution of the processing technique. This review paper intends to highlight the enhancement of the mechanical, thermal, electrical properties of the composite, and the challenges to achieving it. This review paper helps to optimise the process parameters to fabricate Space Payload Components, required to replace existing high-density Space Qualified Materials. This review paper should help optimize the process parameters to fabricate Space Payload Components, which can be excellent alternatives to the existing high-density Space Qualified Materials without making any compromise on the performance index.
... Because apparently, the mass of the space payload is directly proportional to the cost of the launching of that mission (Prabhakaran 2015). Nowadays, Carbon-Fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is also an excellent candidate for its specific stiffness, it replaces traditional aluminium alloy at various space payload structures (Martins et al. 2018). Therefore, the CFRP material is now being broadly promoted by many space agencies like NASA, ISRO, ESA, JAXA for their satellite components (NASA 2017;Gohardani, Chapartegui Elola, and Elizetxea 2014). ...
... As a result of the increased GNPs content, additional thermal conductive pathways were built between neighbouring fabric plies, thereby, increasing the through-plane thermal conductivity of the composites. The preparation of enhanced thermal conductivity of CFRP composite can be potentially applicable as structural materials in electronic housing (Fig. 8) whereby heat generated by electronics located inside must be dissipated via conductive environment [57]. ...
... As such, thermal interface materials or heat-sink devices with high thermal conductivity need to be placed between the heating sources and the radiators to quickly remove heat and minimise hot spot temperature [63,64]. Lv et al. (2018) Fig. 8 Design of CFRP electronic housing for heat dissipation application [57] added GNP nanofillers to heat conducting silica gel sheets (SGSs) to significantly improve thermal conductivity [65]. A more than 110% increase in thermal conductivity was observed when the pure SGS composite was loaded with 5% GNP. ...
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have garnered significant attention in the field of thermal management materials due to their unique morphology and remarkable thermal conductive properties. Their impressive thermal properties make them an interesting choice of nanofillers with which to produce multifunctional composite materials and a host of other applications whilst their structural and thermal properties significantly improve their target materials or composites. Therefore, this present study reviewed recent advances in the use of GNPs as nanofillers to enhance the thermal conductivity of various materials or composites. The improved thermal conductivity that GNPs impart in composites is also comprehensively compared and discussed. Therefore, this review may reveal hitherto unknown opportunities and pave the way for the production of materials with enhanced thermal applications including electronics, aerospace devices, batteries, and structural reinforcement.
... This is mainly due to their favorable stiffness-to-weight ratio, making them ideal for being used in lightweight construction, including automotive and aerospace markets [1]. On the other hand, challenges must be overcome for the large-scale replacement of metal components with FRP components, including typical metal properties on the surfaces, such as those which enable wear and temperature resistance, electrical conductivity, or thermal isolation [2][3][4]. Therefore, to improve certain properties, a metallic coating can be applied to the FRP surface, for example, by thermal spraying [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In particular, for the case of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP), different surface pre-treatment methods have been already investigated, such as sanding, pre-heating, etching, and even the application of additional layers. ...
With the progressive replacement of metallic parts by high-performance fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) components, typical properties of metals are required to be placed on the material’s surface. A metallic coating applied to the FRP surface by thermal spraying, for instance, can fulfill these requirements, including electrical conductivity. In this work, laser pre-treatments are utilized for increasing the bond strength of metallic coatings. However, due to the high-precision material removal using pulsed laser radiation, the production-related heterogeneous fiber distribution in FRP leads to variations in the structuring result and consequently to different qualities of the subsequent coating. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technologies in conjunction with deep learning were applied to carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) structured by nanosecond pulsed laser. HSI-based prediction models could be developed, which allow for reliable prediction, with an accuracy of around 80%, of which laser-treated areas will successfully be coated and which will not. By using this objective and automatic evaluation, it is possible to avoid large amounts of rejects before further processing the parts and also to optimize the adhesion of coatings. Spatially resolved data enables local reworking during the laser process, making it feasible for the manufacturing process to achieve zero waste.
... Like most polymeric materials, thermoset polymers are dielectrics, which often greatly limits their range of applications. Among the different additives that have been used to give them electrically conductive (antistatic) properties include ionic liquids [46 , 47] , organic salts [48] , carbon black [49][50][51][52][53][54] , multiwalled carbon nanotubes [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] , and carbon fibers [64][65][66] . SWC-NTs are unique in giving the stable effect at the lowest concentrations [67][68][69][70][71][72] . ...
In the first part [1] we discussed the structural and physicochemical properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with the emphasis on TUBALLTM produced by OCSiAl. This part focuses on the applications of Tuball capitalizing on its unique properties. We start with discussing the methods for dispersing SWCNTs in various media suitable for maximizing their positive effect on the mechanical, electrical, and other functional properties of the composites. It follows by the examples of applications of Tuball in materials for batteries, thermosets, thermoplastics, and elastomers, most of which employ commercially produced liquid and semisolid dispersions offered by OCSiAl. This demonstrates the real versatility of Tuball augmentation for improvement of electrical and mechanical properties of various materials and should stimulate its wide application.
... Dans la famille des fibres inorganiques et minérales (carbone, verre, basalte), les fibres de carbone sont largement utilisées en tant que renforts dans des composites pour divers domaines tels que l'automobile, l'aéronautique, l'aérospatial, le nautique. Leurs excellentes caractéristiques mécaniques et leur faible masse volumique sont des propriétés avantageuses [9,10]. La résistance et la rigidité des fibres de carbone varient largement (voir Figure 1.1). ...
Link to full-text document : https://theses.hal.science/tel-03578980v1/document
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Les matériaux composites à matrice organique et à fibres longues occupent une place grandissante dans des applications structurales, notamment dans les domaines de l’aéronautique et du spatial. Ces matériaux présentent en effet un ensemble d’atouts tels qu’une bonne résistance à la corrosion, une faible masse volumique et de bonnes propriétés mécaniques. Néanmoins, certaines propriétés restent à améliorer comme la résistance au délaminage, notamment critique pour des sollicitations d’impact. Le travail de thèse est réalisé dans le cadre du projet collaboratif FUI ATIHS (Amélioration de la Tenue des structures satellites aux Impacts Hypervitesse de débris Spatiaux). Il porte sur l’incorporation de tapis de nanotubes de carbone verticalement alignés, ou tapis de VACNTs (Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes) dans un composite à matrice organique à fibres longues de carbone dans l’objectif de développer un nouveau matériau composite aux propriétés mécaniques améliorées pour des sollicitations statiques et à l’impact. Une première partie du travail de thèse est consacrée au développement et à la mise en œuvre du procédé d’élaboration d’un nouveau matériau composite stratifié en plaçant des tapis de nanotubes aux interplis. Il s’agit en premier lieu de maîtriser le transfert des tapis de VACNTs sur un pré-imprégné M55J-M18, par montée capillaire partielle de la résine puis séparation du substrat de croissance des VACNTs. Dans un deuxième temps, il s’agit de consolider le composite stratifié en conservant la morphologie initiale des VACNTs et en évitant la formation de porosité. Par des observations de l’échelle microscopique à l’échelle macroscopique, le travail a permis une identification de paramètres procédé répondant à ces objectifs et une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu. Après une étape de mise au point réalisée à petite échelle, le procédé d’élaboration du nouveau composite a été validé à une échelle permettant d’envisager des applications structurales. Une deuxième partie du travail concerne l’étude du comportement mécanique du nouveau matériau composite sous différents types d’essais statiques, notamment ceux sollicitant les interfaces. La démarche est basée sur une comparaison avec le matériau de référence non renforcé. Elle couple des analyses des résultats d’essais mécaniques et d’observations microstructurales à différentes échelles. Elle permet à nouveau une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’endommagement. Des déplacements des zones d’endommagement ont été constatés du fait de l’introduction des VACNTs aux interplis, ce qui permet de dégager des perspectives pour la poursuite du développement de composites renforcés de nanotubes de carbone.
