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Proof-of-Concept Surface Modification of UiO-66 with Alkanes (A) Schematic of the click modulation protocol in the preparation of UiO-66-L1-dodecane. (B) Stacked IR spectra showing the disappearance of the azide stretch and appearance of C-H signals after the CuAAC surface reaction has taken place on UiO-66-L1. (C) Stacked PXRD profiles of UiO-66-L1 and UiO-66-L2 before and after alkylation. (D) N 2 adsorption isotherms (77 K) of the MOFs show a decrease in gravimetric uptake as additional mass is incorporated onto their surfaces. Closed symbols represent adsorption, and empty symbols represent desorption.
Source publication
Using artificial agents to deliver drugs selectively to sites of disease while protecting them from metabolism and clearance offers potential routes to new treatments. Porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as potential candidates because they offer high storage capacities and easy clearance after delivery. We report on a method that c...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... nanoparticles were synthesized under solvothermal conditions (Supplemental Information, Section S2) by the addition of 1, 3, or 5 equiv of the desired modulator (L1 or L2) and acetic acid (AcOH) as the co-modulator. Full characterization (Supplemental Information, Section S3) showed that the particles were highly crystalline, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) ( Figure S1), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of acid-digested samples showed that modulator incorporation increased with the number of equivalents of modulator added to the reaction mixture ( Figures S2 and S3); the estimated maximum content was 13.3 mol % of L1 (5 equiv added) in comparison with bdc and 17.1 mol % of L2 (5 equiv added). Infrared (IR) spectroscopy revealed an increase in the intensity of the azide vibration band at 2,100 cm À1 as the number of equivalents of L1 in UiO-66-L1 syntheses increased, whereas vibration bands characteristic of ChC triple bonds were observed for UiO-66-L2 ( Figure S4). ...
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... reactions using this catalyst were carried out between UiO-66-L1 and 1-dodecyne (Figure 2A), as well as between UiO-66-L2 and 1-azidodecane. 1 H NMR spectra of acid-digested samples of UiO-66-L1-dodecane and UiO-66-L2-decane suggested significant conversions of the modulators into the respective triazole products; although the low modulator content makes analysis difficult, additional aromatic signals are present alongside peaks for the alkyl groups. Full conversion would not be expected, given that some modulators will be located at inaccessible internal defect sites rather than on the particle surface. ...
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... transform IR (FT-IR) spectra also showed the disappearance of signals for modulator azide and alkyne groups and the appearance of triazole bands and surface functionality, which compared well with spectra of authentic samples of ''clicked'' modulators prepared separately in solution-phase reactions ( Figure 2B), whereas high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) of acid digests of the modified MOFs confirmed the presence of the triazole products. The crystallinity, as measured by PXRD ( Figure 2C), and porosity ( Figure 2D) of the samples after functionalization with alkyl chains were both maintained, such that surface areas were slightly lower (1,168 m 2 g À1 for UiO-66-L1-dodecane and 1,262 m 2 g À1 for UiO-66-L2-decane) that those of their precursors, UiO-66-L1 (1,565 m 2 g À1 ) and UiO-66-L2 (1,420 m 2 g À1 ). ...
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... transform IR (FT-IR) spectra also showed the disappearance of signals for modulator azide and alkyne groups and the appearance of triazole bands and surface functionality, which compared well with spectra of authentic samples of ''clicked'' modulators prepared separately in solution-phase reactions ( Figure 2B), whereas high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) of acid digests of the modified MOFs confirmed the presence of the triazole products. The crystallinity, as measured by PXRD ( Figure 2C), and porosity ( Figure 2D) of the samples after functionalization with alkyl chains were both maintained, such that surface areas were slightly lower (1,168 m 2 g À1 for UiO-66-L1-dodecane and 1,262 m 2 g À1 for UiO-66-L2-decane) that those of their precursors, UiO-66-L1 (1,565 m 2 g À1 ) and UiO-66-L2 (1,420 m 2 g À1 ). Surface functionalization with alkyl chains increases the mass of the particles, and so a decrease in gravimetric surface area is expected. ...
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... transform IR (FT-IR) spectra also showed the disappearance of signals for modulator azide and alkyne groups and the appearance of triazole bands and surface functionality, which compared well with spectra of authentic samples of ''clicked'' modulators prepared separately in solution-phase reactions ( Figure 2B), whereas high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) of acid digests of the modified MOFs confirmed the presence of the triazole products. The crystallinity, as measured by PXRD ( Figure 2C), and porosity ( Figure 2D) of the samples after functionalization with alkyl chains were both maintained, such that surface areas were slightly lower (1,168 m 2 g À1 for UiO-66-L1-dodecane and 1,262 m 2 g À1 for UiO-66-L2-decane) that those of their precursors, UiO-66-L1 (1,565 m 2 g À1 ) and UiO-66-L2 (1,420 m 2 g À1 ). Surface functionalization with alkyl chains increases the mass of the particles, and so a decrease in gravimetric surface area is expected. ...
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... in methanol (0.25 mg/mL; Figure S21) showed stable dispersions of PEGylated particles at sizes around 150 nm, correlating well with the SEM data 70 and confirming that no aggregation takes place; in contrast, the unfunctionalized materials UiO-66-AcOH ($800 nm) and UiO-66-L1 ($300 nm) showed aggregation. The power of the surface functionalization protocol was further demonstrated by DLS measurements in aqueous media ( Figures S22 and S23). UiO-66-L1 was observed to sediment and precipitate from 0.25 mg/mL aqueous dispersions over time, with aggregates around 2,000-3,000 nm. ...
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... addition, the cytotoxicities of UiO-66-L1-PEG550 and UiO-66-L1-PEG2000, as well as modulators L1 and L2, were assessed by the bioreduction of a tetrazolium compound (MTS), known as the MTS assay ( Figures S24 and S25). None of the materials showed any toxicity toward HeLa cells at concentrations up to 1 mg/mL. ...
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... the other hand, PEGylated samples exhibited sigmoidal degradation profiles. We observed that the PEG-modified NMOFs degraded at much slower rates during the first 2 hr, after which they reached plateaus similar to those of the uncoated samples at the end of the experiment (Fig- ures S26-S30). ...
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... functionalized modulator L1 remained attached to the MOF framework after calcein uptake, as determined by 1 H NMR spectra of the digested samples, and the azide functionality was used once again to incorporate PEG chains of different lengths according to the CuAAC protocol. Crystallinity was preserved after calcein loading ( Figure S32) and PEGylation, and their size, analyzed by SEM, was found not to change ( Figure S33). Calcein content was analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and found to be 13.3% w/w for cal@UiO-66-L1-PEG550 and 10.3% w/w for cal@UiO-66-L1-PEG2000 ( Figure S34). ...
Context 10
... samples showed a decrease in crystallinity by PXRD after calcein release, although the characteristic UiO-66 reflection peaks could be determined ( Figure S51), meaning that the core of the materials remained crystalline. TGA showed the disappearance of the PEG moiety from cal@UiO-66-L1-PEG2000 and an increase on the metal residue for both samples ( Figure S52), suggesting some degradation. Both samples remained porous ( Figure S53); the surface area of cal@UiO-66-L1 (S BET = 1,155 m 2 g À1 ) increased from the release of significant amounts of calcein mass, and the surface area of cal@UiO-66-L1-PEG2000 (S BET = 554 m 2 g À1 ) decreased slightly, possibly because of pore blocking or the incorporation of additional mass, such as phosphates. ...
Citations
... Between pH 5 and pH 7, cellulose and UiO-66 have different zeta potential values: negative at pH 5 and positive at pH 7 [21,40]. The adsorption of HO − ions on the surface of the adsorbent increases its negative charge. ...
... To grow and anchor UiO-66 nanoparticles in situ on the cellulose fibers of the KBC-L membrane, the latter was first impregnated under vacuum with a reaction solution prepared using a method reported elsewhere for the synthesis of UiO-66 powders [40]. A standard solution was prepared by dissolving ZrCl 4 (314 mg, 2.7 mmol, 98%, ThermoFischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in 15 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Sigma Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MI, USA). ...
... Finally, the as-obtained KBC-UiO was dried in a conventional oven at 80 • C overnight [24]. For comparison, UiO-66 powder was also prepared using the same solutions and protocols described above (but without the KBC-L support) [40]. ...
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are particularly attractive sorbents with great potential for the removal of toxic dye pollutants from industrial wastewaters. The uniform dispersion of MOF particles on suitable substrates then represents a key condition to improve their processability and provide good accessibility to the active sites. In this work, we investigate the efficiency of a natural bacterial cellulose material derived from Kombucha (KBC) as an active functional support for growing and anchoring MOF particles with UiO-66 structures. An original hierarchical microstructure was obtained for the as-developed Kombucha cellulose/UiO-66 (KBC-UiO) composite material, with small MOF crystals (~100 nm) covering the cellulose fibers. Promising adsorption properties were demonstrated for anionic organic dyes such as fluorescein or bromophenol blue in water at pH 5 and pH 7 (more than 90% and 50% removal efficiency, respectively, after 10 min in static conditions). This performance was attributed to both the high accessibility and uniform dispersion of the MOF nanocrystals on the KBC fibers together with the synergistic effects involving the attractive adsorbing properties of UiO-66 and the surface chemistry of KBC. The results of this study provide a simple and generic approach for the design of bio-sourced adsorbents and filters for pollutants abatement and wastewater treatment.
... As shown by the changes in the zeta potential of each nanoparticle, the MCM was successfully attached to UN to synthesize MCM@UN. The XRD pattern of UiO-66 ( Figure S1) shows that it has good crystallinity and strength, which provides sufficient space for small molecule drug loading [33]. The UV-vis spectra (Fig. 2d) shows that the absorption peaks of MCM@UN were consistent with the characteristic absorption peaks of UiO-66, CM and NHWD-870, respectively. ...
Background
Combination therapy involving immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and other drugs is a potential strategy for converting immune-cold tumors into immune-hot tumors to benefit from immunotherapy. To achieve drug synergy, we developed a homologous cancer cell membrane vesicle (CM)-coated metal-organic framework (MOF) nanodelivery platform for the codelivery of a TLR7/8 agonist with an epigenetic inhibitor.
Methods
A novel biomimetic codelivery system (MCM@UN) was constructed by MOF nanoparticles UiO-66 loading with a bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor and then coated with the membrane vesicles of homologous cancer cells that embedding the 18 C lipid tail of 3M-052 (M). The antitumor immune ability and tumor suppressive effect of MCM@UN were evaluated in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and in vitro. The tumor immune microenvironment was analyzed by multicolor immunofluorescence staining.
Results
In vitro and in vivo data showed that MCM@UN specifically targeted to TNBC cells and was superior to the free drug in terms of tumor growth inhibition and antitumor immune activity. In terms of mechanism, MCM@UN blocked BRD4 and PD-L1 to prompt dying tumor cells to disintegrate and expose tumor antigens. The disintegrated tumor cells released damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), recruited dendritic cells (DCs) to efficiently activate CD8⁺ T cells to mediate effective and long-lasting antitumor immunity. In addition, TLR7/8 agonist on MCM@UN enhanced lymphocytes infiltration and immunogenic cell death and decreased regulatory T-cells (Tregs). On clinical specimens, we found that mature DCs infiltrating tumor tissues of TNBC patients were negatively correlated with the expression of BRD4, which was consistent with the result in animal model.
Conclusion
MCM@UN specifically targeted to TNBC cells and remodeled tumor immune microenvironment to inhibit malignant behaviors of TNBC.
... MOFs, composed of organic linkers and metal nodes, represent a novel class of crystalline porous materials featuring large porosity, an extremely high surface area (typically ranging from 1000 to 10 000 m 2 g −1 ), tunable pore size (typically 0-3 nm, up to 9.8 nm) and exible functionality. 2,3 With these biologically favorable characteristics, MOFs have gained extensive and increasing attention as versatile systems for many medical applications during the past two decades such as drug delivery [4][5][6][7][8][9] and onco-therapeutic agents. 10,11 Specically, MOFs are ideal vehicles for delivering various agents due to their adsorption characteristics empowered by their unique metal-core hybrid and precise porous structure. ...
... [12][13][14][15][16] The cargo release proles can be easily tuned by functionalizing or tailoring MOF-based drug carriers. [5][6][7][8][9]17,18 In addition, MOFs can directly serve as anti-cancer agents in response to external stimuli for controlled therapeutics if the ligands of the framework were incorporated with bioactive species such as metal-porphyrins, photosensitizers, photothermal agents and acoustically sensitizing agents, or the nodes of the framework were designed to be, e.g., Fe for magnetic therapy 10,11,[19][20][21][22] (Fig. 1). ...
Despite consecutive efforts devoted to the establishment of innovative therapeutics for cancer control, cancer remains as a primary global public health concern. Achieving controlled release of anti-cancer agents may add great value to the field of oncology that requires the involvement of nanotechnologies. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) hold great promise in this regard owing to their unique structural properties. MOFs can act as superior candidates for drug delivery given their porous structure and large loading area, and can be prepared into anti-cancer therapeutics by incorporating stimuli-sensitive components into the ligands or nodes of the framework. By combing through chemical and physical features of MOFs favorable for onco-therapeutic applications and current cancer treatment portfolios taking advantages of these characteristics, this review classified MOFs feasible for establishing controlled anti-cancer modalities into 6 categories, outlined the corresponding strategies currently available for each type of MOF, and identified understudied areas and future opportunities towards innovative MOF design for improved or expanded clinical anti-cancer applications.
... Their simulations showed that the PCP solvent is unable to diffuse into the cage cores of the PL, thus maintaining the intrinsic cage cavities and forming a type II PL [10]. Gomes et al. employed MD simulations to investigate the intricate molecular interactions and structural arrangements governing the formation and properties of type III PLs derived from dispersing MOFs (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), Hong Kong university of science and technology-1 (HKUST-1), and Mg(II) metal-organic framework-74 (Mg-MOF-74)) in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide,trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphanium ([P6, 6,6,14][NTf 2 ]) as an ionic liquid (IL) [38]. Sheng et al. conducted MD simulations that show the formation of type I PL using liquefied SiO 2 nanoparticles. ...
... Their simulations showed that the PCP solvent is unable to diffuse into the cage cores of the PL, thus maintaining the intrinsic cage cavities and forming a type II PL [10]. Gomes et al. employed MD simulations to investigate the intricate molecular interactions and structural arrangements governing the formation and properties of type III PLs derived from dispersing MOFs (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), Hong Kong university of science and technology-1 (HKUST-1), and Mg(II) metal-organic framework-74 (Mg-MOF-74)) in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide,trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphanium ([P6, 6,6,14][NTf 2 ]) as an ionic liquid (IL) [38]. Sheng et al. conducted MD simulations that show the formation of type I PL using liquefied SiO 2 nanoparticles. ...
... Their findings suggest that controlling pore size is crucial for optimizing the stability and gas sorption capacity of PLs [40]. In 2021, Avila et al. conducted MD simulations to study the mechanisms of gas absorption in type III PLs (ZIF-8 and [P6, 6,6,14] [NTf 2 ]). Simulations demonstrated that gas transfer from the IL to the MOF is energetic and structural, driven by gas affinity for the MOF's metallic centers. ...
The study of porous liquids (PLs) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is one of the most interesting and attractive research topics. The possibility of creating permanent porosity in a solvent and increasing its adsorption capacity is very practical. The purpose of the present study is to examine how an MD model can be developed to evaluate the possibility of PL formation. Additionally, the validation of the model was conducted by simulations using two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) including zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-1 (HKUST-1) as porogens and water (H 2 O) and triethylene glycol (TEG) as solvents. The results revealed that H 2 O and TEG are incapable of penetrating the ZIF-8 pores due to their small size and unfavorable thermodynamics; however, both solvents easily penetrate through the large HKUST-1 pores. These observations aligned with findings from experimental literature studies, thus confirming the validity of the model. In order to expand the model's scope, the developed model was used to assess the possibility of PL formation using ZIF-8 and HKUST-1 with different pore and window sizes and shapes, and a wide range of hydrocarbon liquids with different molecular sizes and shapes as solvents. It was found that ZIF-8 can form PLs with a more extensive range of sterically hindered solvents due to its smaller apertures and incompatible shape. In addition, only a few solvents (e.g., n-pentane, benzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-triisopropylcyclohexane, and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene) can partially penetrate its ZIF-8 pores without steric hindrance. These privileged solvents typically have an aspect ratio far from 1, indicating a more elongated shape, and/or more linear branches. In contrast, HKUST-1, which has larger apertures and a compatible shape, allows for complete penetration of specific solvents (e.g., benzene, iso-octane, n-pentane), thereby preventing PL formation with such combinations. In addition, cyclohexane has the ability to partially penetrate the pores of HKUST-1. Therefore, in addition to the size of the solvent molecule, one of the most important properties for penetration is the compatibility of the shape of the porogen pore window with the shape of the solvent molecule. This research provides important new information on how PLs come to be by illuminating the role that solvent molecules and porogen play in promoting penetration and, in the end, impacting the process of PL formation.
... This is mainly due to the conjugated groups of organic ligands and metal nodes on MOF surface interacts and makes strong covalent bonding. Such approach could help to improve the surface affinity towards metabolic approach in biomedical applications and to enhance the catalytic activity (45). This can be done in two different approaches of co-valent and non-covalent modification of functional moieties. ...
... The stability of Zr-based MOFs, particularly UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2, in PBS remains a concern. Previous investigations have indicated potential instability of Zr-MOFs in PBS, prompting the exploration of alternative conditions for drug release studies [1,[59][60][61][62]. In this study, water and PBS supplemented with 10% FBS was used for drug release experiments. ...
... The stability of Zr-based MOFs, particularly UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH 2 , in PBS remains a concern. Previous investigations have indicated potential instability of Zr-MOFs in PBS, prompting the exploration of alternative conditions for drug release studies [1,[59][60][61][62]. In this study, water and PBS supplemented with 10% FBS was used for drug release experiments. ...
Mitoxantrone (MTX) is a drug employed in breast cancer treatment, but its application is largely limited due to side effects. A controlled delivery approach can potentially reduce the side effects. In this study, two zirconium (Zr)-based MOFs, UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2, were studied for a more controlled delivery of MTX with a 40% and 21% loading capacity, respectively. Characterisation via powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering confirmed the integrity of structure post-MTX loading. UV–vis spectrophotometry revealed distinctive release profiles, with UiO-66-MTX exhibiting a 25% cumulative release after 96 h in water and 120 h in PBS +10% FBS. UiO-66-NH2-MTX displayed a more sustained release, reaching 62% in water and 47% in PBS +10% FBS after 168 h. The interaction between MTX and the MOFs was also proposed based on computational modelling, suggesting a stronger interaction of UiO-66NH2 and MTX, and an optimised interaction of MTX in the tetrahedral and octahedral pores of the MOFs. The study also reports the release profile of the drug and antiproliferative activity against a panel of breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and MCF7) and a normal breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A). MTX-encapsulated MOFs were thoroughly characterised, and their biological activity was assessed in vitro. MTT cell viability assay indicated a higher IC50 value for MTX-loaded MOFs compared to free MTX in physiological conditions, albeit with a slower release profile. These findings suggest the potential of these MTX-loaded MOFs as an alternative avenue for formulation to mitigate side effects.
... Controlled drug release not only delivers the right amount of active ingredient at the right time and in the right place, but it also e ciently achieves uniform drug concentrations, the use of smaller doses, and the absence of side effects. According to the results, it was found that BNZ@Zn-MOF preserves the release pharmacokinetics of BNZ similar to that observed in other nanosystems [25,15]. ...
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have are known to enhance the activity of compounds when used as drug carriers due to their ability to cross the cell membrane, allowing for controlled and selective release. In this study, the effect of BNZ@Zn-MOFs on the acute phase of infection was evaluated in a mouse model. The particles were obtained by electroelution (EL), doped with BZN by mechanochemistry and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). BNZ@Zn-MOF released 80% of the BZN after 3 h. No cytotoxicity was observed in NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells. Antiparasitic activity was observed in a model of acute experimental infection in BALB/c mice, using a dose 250 times lower than that required for free BZN. PCR analysis showed no parasite DNA in the tissues of treated mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed no apparent damage to tissue architecture. Serum levels of liver function enzymes remained unchanged. The use of suboptimal doses of BZN in this delivery system allows the maintenance of drug activity and may facilitate a significant reduction in the side effects caused by drug administration in the treatment of Chagas disease.
... In particular, click chemistry involving azide-alkyne, mercapto-alkyne and thiol-alkene has been used extensively to functionalize MOFs with organic molecules such as fluorescent dyes, modified DNA, peptides and polyethylene glycols [130][131][132][133][134]. Forgan et al. [135] modified p-azidomethylbenzoic acid with UiO-66 so that the azide could serve as a reactive site for bonding to alkynyl-terminated polyethylene glycol via click chemistry, thereby optimizing the dynamics of drug release and enhancing its stability in the physiological environment ( Figure 3(D-F)). ...
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have a high specific surface area, adjustable pores and can be used to obtain functional porous materials with diverse and well-ordered structures through coordination and self-assembly, which has intrigued wide interest in a broad range of disciplines. In the arena of biomedical engineering, the functionalized modification of MOFs has produced drug carriers with excellent dispersion and functionalities such as target delivery and response release, with promising applications in bio-detection, disease therapy, tissue healing, and other areas. This review summarizes the present state of research on the functionalization of MOFs by physical binding or chemical cross-linking of small molecules, polymers, biomacromolecules, and hydrogels and evaluates the role and approach of MOFs functionalization in boosting the reactivity of materials. On this basis, research on the application of functionalized MOFs composites in biomedical engineering fields such as drug delivery, tissue repair, disease treatment, bio-detection and imaging is surveyed, and the development trend and application prospects of functionalized MOFs as an important new class of biomedical materials in the biomedical field are anticipated, which may provide some inspiration and reference for further development of MOF for bio-medical applications.
... Hashemzadeh and colleagues reported camptothecin drug loading for zirconium-based nanometal-organic framework UiO-66-NH 2 [27]. UiO-66 for drug delivery application has reported also [28,29]. Cancer medications targeting different metabolic pathways include alkylating drugs, anti-metabolites, carboplatin, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin. ...
The encapsulation of therapeutic drugs in drug delivery containers as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The drug loading capacity of the nanoscale UiO-69 MOF has been investigated by encapsulating carboplatin (CarboPt), a therapeutic agent, within the MOF structure. A UiO-69@CarboPt nanocomposite was synthesized using a one-pot technique, in which carboplatin was encapsulated within the UiO-69 MOF structure. Advanced analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectroscopy, were employed to examine the structural characteristics, morphology, and atomic structure of the nanocomposite. The study observed that the nanoscale UiO-69 MOF with 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid as an organic linker had a significantly increased loading capacity due to linker lengthening, as well as the MOF’s unique morphology, contributed to this increased drug loading capacity. Drug release studies in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C demonstrate a controlled release profile for UiO-69@Pt4, with 30% release after 3 h and 76% after 24 h. The carboplatin-encapsulated UiO-69 MOF nanocomposite holds potential for biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and chemotherapy.
Graphical Abstract
... This technique has been extensively studied and has been shown to improve the nanocarriers' chemical and colloidal stability [34]. In a recent study, UiO-66 nanoparticles were coated with PEG550 and PEG2000 [35]. Applying a polymer coating could significantly improve the stability of nanoparticles in phosphate-buffered saline, which could be significantly improved by applying a polymer coating. ...
In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained a lot of attention from researchers because of their potential applications in gas separation, storage, catalysis as well as sensing. In spite of this, further development for the actual utilization of this material is hindered mainly by its lack of ability to withstand harsh conditions. Advances over the past few years have made it possible to create MOFs with greater variability and structural properties that are more robust in nature. This paper focuses on the development of synthesis and design of MOFs so as to attain robust frameworks that are relevant for various applications. Finally, this paper also discusses the possible future directions of study for synthesizing highly durable MOFs.
