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Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. The presence of white multifocal lesions affecting the tongue, buccal mucosa, and gingivae should be noted.
Source publication
Oral cancer is a growing problem, accounting for 377,713 worldwide new cases per year, and 177,757 deaths annually and representing a 5-year mortality rate close to 50%, which is a considerable mortality that has not decreased substantially in the last 40 years. The main cause of this high mortality is related to the diagnosis of a high percentage...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is defined as a progressive, persistent, and irreversible disorder characterised by the presence of multiple leukoplakias that frequently become warty [49,[53][54][55] (Figure 3). It is a lesion of unknown cause with a high risk of developing frequently multiple oral carcinomas (approximately 50% of patients with PVL develop cancer). ...
Similar publications
Oral cancer is the 16th most common cancer worldwide. It commonly arises from painless white or red plaques within the oral cavity. Clinical outcome is highly related to the stage when diagnosed. However, early diagnosis is complex owing to the impracticality of biopsying every potentially premalignant intraoral lesion. Therefore, there is a need t...
Simple Summary
Oral and oropharyngeal cancers account for a worldwide incidence of 377,713 and 98,412 new cases annually and 177,757 and 48,143 deaths per year, respectively. Approximately 90% of oral malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas, showing a 5-year mortality rate still close to 50%. The poor prognosis of oral cancer is mainly related to...
Citations
... Despite tremendous discoveries of various biomarkers for early detection of OSCC, the five-year survivability decreased. The increased death rate relates to diagnosis of the disease at the later stages of the disease [8]. PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in gene expression, protein synthesis, cell proliferation and survival. ...
Oral cancer is the most heterogeneous cancer at clinical and histological levels. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was identified as one of the most commonly modulated signals in oral cancer, which regulates major cellular and metabolic activity of the cell. Thus, various proteins of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were used as therapeutic targets for oral cancer, to design more specific drugs with less off-target toxicity. This review sheds light on the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and its role in controlling autophagy and associated apoptosis during the progression and metastasis of oral squamous type of malignancy (OSCC). In addition, we reviewed in detail the upstream activators and the downstream effectors of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling as potential therapeutic targets for oral cancer treatment.
... Steps such as regularly scheduled oral cancer screening tests and educating patients on the early warning signs can assist in lowering the probability of developing oral cancer in individuals who are at high risk [104]. Recognizing deficiencies in current knowledge, suggesting areas for further investigation, and developing plans to address them are indispensable steps towards improving the early detection of oral cancer [105]. ...
Overview: This review article delves into the influence of environmental factors on the onset of oral cancer. It examines the crucial part played by air pollution, occupational exposure and sun exposure in the initiation of oral cancer. Methods: For this extensive literature survey, we examined relevant publications centered on environmental causes of oral cancer, taking into account case-control research and environmental exposure appraisals. Our selection consisted of works chosen for alignment with our topic areas, robust methodologies, and recent publishing timelines. Results: Our investigation revealed that air pollution, occupational exposure and sun exposure are significant factors contributing to the development of oral cancer. When present together, they pose an even greater risk. In other words, the combination of these three environmental elements significantly increases the likelihood of oral cancer occurrence. It is crucial to take measures to reduce exposure to occupational exposure, air pollution and UV rays from the sun to mitigate this risk. Conclusion: The emergence of oral cancer arises from an intricate relationship encompassing hereditary and ecological variables. Efforts devoted to prevention ought to prioritize diminishing direct exposure to established threats, refining general wellbeing guidelines, and informing individuals prone to elevated risk circumstances. Expanded exploration stays imperative for illuminating contributions made by obscured ecological facets, notably pollution, plus devising groundbreaking precautionary tactics.
... The prognosis of OSCC patients is closely tied to the timing of diagnosis (3). Yet, one of the main drawbacks in primary prevention is the lack of acquaintance of dental professionals regarding recognition of signs and symptoms of early malignant lesions (4). Regardless of tumours T1 and T2 being deemed in the literature as premature diagnosis, this group of OSCC patients still show an almost 20% mortality rate (5). ...
Background:
To describe demographic and clinicopathological aspects of a South-American cohort of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.
Material and methods:
A cross-sectional, observational study was performed to assess demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma patients from 6 South-American institutions.
Results:
One hundred and seven patients within the histopathological spectrum of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma (in-situ and microinvasive) were included. Fifty-eight (54.2%) patients were men with a mean age of 60.69 years. Forty-nine (45.8%) and thirty-nine (36.5%) patients had history of tobacco and alcohol use, respectively. Clinically, most of the lesions were plaques (82.2%), ≥ 2 cm in extension (72%), affecting the lateral border of the tongue (55.1%), and soft palate (12.1%) with a mixed (white and red) appearance. Eighty-two (76.7%) lesions were predominantly white and 25 (23.3%) predominantly red.
Conclusions:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest cohort of incipient oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, which raises awareness of clinicians' inspection acuteness by demonstrating the most frequent clinical aspects of this disease, potentially improving oral cancer secondary prevention strategies.
... LOCC is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells in the epithelial tissue, typically affecting the lower lip, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the bony structures of the upper and lower jaws [7,8]. In 2020, it was estimated that there were 377,713 new cases of lip and oral cavity cancers worldwide, resulting in 177,757 deaths [9,10]. Importantly, oral cancer is more common in males and older individuals between the ages of 50 and 60. ...
This paper discusses the important role of nutritional support in nursing care for patients with oral cancer, a condition that is becoming more common worldwide. Unfortunately, malnutrition often goes unnoticed, making treatment complications worse and reducing survival rates. By working together and using evidence-based practices, nurses can address these challenges by providing personalized nutritional interventions for each patient. Regular nutritional assessments, comprehensive care plans, and patient education are crucial parts of this approach, helping patients manage treatment side effects and achieve better results. However, nurses face obstacles like ethical dilemmas, limited resources, and healthcare disparities. This highlights the need for continuous education and advocacy to improve care and enhance the well-being of people diagnosed with oral cancer.
... Despite progress in preventing, detecting, and treating oral cancer, it remains a serious issue with high rates of illness and death. In recent times, advancements in technology have been crucial in reshaping oral cancer management, offering new possibilities for early detection, tailored treatment, and better patient results [1]. Technological advancements in oral cancer research encompass a range of disciplines, including imaging, genetics, molecular biology, artificial intelligence (AI), and telemedicine. ...
Blockchain technology has the potential to provide various benefits and applications in healthcare research. However, currently, the field of oral health has not taken advantage of the benefits of blockchain technology, unlike other technologies. Blockchain has the ability to guarantee the security and privacy of patient information, such as medical records, genomic data, and treatment history. This is extremely important in safeguarding sensitive information during oral cancer treatment and research. Clinical trial data in oral cancer research can be made more trustworthy and transparent with the help of blockchain technology.
... T3/T4), and 47% also harbor an N+ status. About one-half of oral cancers are diagnosed at the advanced stage (32,33). The search for a promising new active compound that can be found in traditional plants has thus been of interest. ...
Background and purpose
The anticancer drugs used for oral cancer treatment present many disadvantages, such as low solubility, low permeability, and poor bioavailability. However, the anticancer activity of ECa 233 has not been widely studied. Therefore, the anticancer activity of ECa 233 was investigated in this study.
Experimental approach
MTT assay was carried out to determine cell viability. Characterizations of cell apoptosis were monitored using DAPI and FDA staining and Hoechst 33258 and AO staining. Confirmation of the apoptosis-induced KON cells was done using annexin V-FITC staining, and ROS generation was determined by DCFDA staining. Cell death and the cell cycle arrest activity of ECa 233 were demonstrated by a flow cytometer. The anti-migration and anti-invasion properties of ECa 233 were examined. The anti-proliferative of ECa 233 was investigated. Cellular uptake of ECa 233 was measured by TEER values. The pharmacokinetics of ECa 233 were estimated using the pkCSM web server.
Findings/Results
ECa 233 decreased the KON cell viability. Morphological analysis showed the KON cells’ loss of cell stability and structure, disorganized nucleus and cytoplasm, and induced cell death. ECa 233 acted as a cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and reduced the migration and invasion ability in KON cells. TEER values significantly increased in KON cells, which decreased cell colony and multicellular spheroid formations. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the main components are of interest for future usage.
Conclusion and implication
ECa 233 can be used as an alternative therapy as well as a medicinal plant selected for sensitizing oral cancer cells to chemotherapy.
... The disease presents itself in different forms, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type. Despite the progress made in medical technology and growing awareness, the outlook for oral cancer is still quite unfavorable, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 50 % [3]. This number highlights the pressing necessity for enhanced diagnostic techniques, more efficient treatment approaches, and strengthened public health campaigns to tackle risk factors and encourage early identification [4]. ...
The diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer present significant challenges, including delayed diagnosis at advanced stages and limited access to healthcare. Deep learning (DL), a subset of artificial intelligence, holds promise for transforming medical image analysis and predictive analytics. In this perspective, we examine the applications of DL in oral cancer. Specifically, we explore the efficacy of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in diagnosing and predicting the prognosis of oral cancer in the last five years. Additionally, we underscore the importance of oral cancer databases in advancing research and clinical practice. However, DL methods face constraints related to input variability and model interpretability. Addressing these issues is crucial to harnessing the full potential of DL in oral cancer treatment. In summary, this article underscores the innovative contributions of DL in revolutionizing oral cancer management and advocating for precision medicine in oncology.
... OSCC involves the epithelium of the oral cavity [10]. The early cancer detection presents a significant challenge for pathologists and general practitioners, impacting diagnosis, treatment planning, and subsequent care across all stages of the disease [11]. Numerous methods are used for diagnosis and screening, cytology is one of them. ...
... The research on the application of AI has been profound in the cytology of cervical cancer [12]. However, there are very few studies regarding AI applications in OSCC [11]. Most analytical studies to date have been carried out using clinical, radiographic, and histopathological images. ...
Background
Early screening and diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has always been a major challenge for pathologists. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted screening tools can serve as an adjunct for the objective interpretation of Papanicolaou (PAP)-stained oral smears.
Aim
This study aimed to develop a handy and sensitive computer-assisted AI tool based on color-intensity textural features to be applied to cytologic images for screening and diagnosis of OSCC.
Methodology
The study included two groups consisting of 80 OSCC subjects and 80 control groups. PAP-stained smears were collected from both groups. The smears were analyzed in Matlab software computed data and color intensity-based textural features such as entropy, contrast, energy, homogeneity, and correlation, were quantitatively extracted.
Results
In this study, a statistically significant difference was noted for entropy, energy, correlation, contrast, and homogeneity. It was found that entropy and contrast were found to be higher with a decrease in homogeneity, correlation, and energy in OSCC when compared to the control group. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was done and accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were found to be 88%, 91%, and 81%, respectively.
Conclusion
The gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) color intensity-based textural features play a significant role in differentiating dysplastic and normal cells in the diagnosis of OSCC. Computer-aided textural analysis has the potential to aid in the early detection of oral cancer, which can lead to improved clinical outcomes.
... Oral cancers are a major global public health problem, with 377 713 new cases and 177 757 deaths reported in 2020. 12 Delays in diagnosis may be caused by reasons related to health-care institutions, patients, or physicians. Primary health-care professionals (family physicians and dentists) in the society play a crucial role in terms of diagnosis of oral In this study, a questionnaire was administered to dentistry students to measure their knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral skills regarding oral cancers. ...
Background: Oral cancers are known to be a major global public health problem, with 377 713 new cases and 177 757 deaths in 2020. Dentists' ability to possess sufficient knowledge about oral cancers and recognize premalignant lesions contributes to early diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study is to measure and evaluate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the fourth-and fifth-year students studying at the Faculty of Dentistry concerning oral cancers.
... Early detection is a crucial component of oral cancer management, and effective early identification can significantly improve treatment success rates and patient survival rates [8]. Currently, various methods for early detection of oral cancer exist, covering a range of technological approaches. ...
Oral cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor with a multifaceted etiology, often detected at advanced stages, thus hindering treatment efficacy. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the etiology and early detection methods of oral cancer to enhance understanding of the disease's characteristics and recent research progress. Genetic factors, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices are pivotal in oral cancer pathogenesis. Mutations in genes like TP53, EGFR, and p16INK4a are pivotal, alongside environmental factors like tobacco and alcohol consumption, chronic inflammation, and HPV infection. Early detection is paramount for effective treatment, with emerging methods including serum, salivary, and tissue markers, and advanced imaging techniques such as oral endoscopy and CT scans. An in-depth comprehension of oral cancer pathogenesis and diverse early detection methods promises improved diagnosis rates, better treatment options and enhanced survival and quality of life for patients.
