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Proliferation of epithelioid cells and lymphocytes in ileum propria (hematoxylin and eosin, ×200). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256628.g003
Source publication
Paratuberculosis a contagious and chronic disease in domestic and wild ruminants, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Typical clinical signs include intractable diarrhea, progressive emaciation, proliferative enteropathy, and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Paratuberculosis is endemic to many parts of the world and respons...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... cheese-like lesions were observed on the surface and the cut section (Fig 2). Observation under the microscope revealed a large number of epithelioid cells and lymphocyte proliferation in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa (Fig 3) without significant necrosis or intestinal gland atrophy. The proliferation of substantial epithelioid cells in the mesenteric lymph node cortex and lymph sinuses led to the formation of epithelioid cell nodules (Fig 4). ...
Similar publications
Johne’s Disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), is an incurable disease of ruminants and other animal species and is characterized by an imbalance of gut immunity. The role of MAP infection on the epigenetic modeling of gut immunity during the progression of JD is still unknown. This study investigated the DNA meth...
To propose a solution for control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in animals as well as in humans, and develop effective prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of MAP pathogenesis. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by MAP to over...
Citations
... Paratuberculosis is endemic in many parts of the world [9]. Previous studies reported that in most countries with substantial dairy businesses, the prevalence of MAP infection at the herd level is expected to reach 50% [10]. ...
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is responsible for the persistent infectious illness known as bovine paratuberculosis, which is one of the most easily overlooked diseases in China amid a lack of epidemiological data. In this study, we evaluated the agreement of milk and blood antibody tests for paratuberculosis and showed an overall agreement of 92.0%, with a 95.0% negative coincidence rate and a 78.6% positive coincidence rate. The milk test was then used to examine the prevalence and incidence of dairy cows in Hubei Province, China. We found that, at the individual level, the highest lacto-prevalence reached up to 22.9%; the farm-level prevalence was as high as 92.3% (12/13) and 84.6% (11/13) in January and April 2018, respectively. The total incidence risk of all farms was 6% per three months. We also found that large-scale farms had a significantly lower prevalence and incidence than small-scale farms. Finally, the correlation between paratuberculosis and milk quality was evaluated, and we confirmed that MAP can significantly alter milk quality and raise somatic cell counts in the milk. This study provides valuable information for assessing the prevalence and incidence risk of paratuberculosis in China. It further provides an essential basis for calling for the prevention and control of paratuberculosis in China.
... PTB is globally widespread. It has been reported in several countries, such as Italy (16), Germany (17) and France (18), as well as in Asia, Africa and Oceania (19,20). Caprine PTB was reported in Canada (21), USA (22) and Brazil (23). ...
Introduction
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a worldwide chronic, contagious enteric disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) mainly affecting ruminant species. PTB is a WOAH-listed disease with direct and indirect economic losses in the livestock sector, negative impact on animal welfare and significant public health concerns. In spite of this, MAP prevalence in small ruminants is still unknown and the prevalence appears to be underestimated in many countries. The aim of this study is providing a first large-scale serological survey on MAP infection in small ruminants in Sicily, a region of Southern Italy with the 11.3 and 8.9% Italian national heritage of sheep and goats, respectively.
Methods
For this purpose, we analyzed a total of 48,643 animals reared in 439 flocks throughout Sicily. MAP seroprevalence was estimated both at herd-level and animal-level within breeds reared in all the nine sampled provinces.
Results
Our results revealed a high overall apparent prevalence at herd-level of 71.8% in sheep and 60.8% in goat farms with an animal-level prevalence of 4.5 and 5.1% in sheep and goats, respectively. Significant statistical differences were found between the provinces and within the breeds both in sheep and goats.
Discussion
Our study provides the first large-scale serological survey on PTB infection in small ruminants in Sicily and showed a high prevalence of disease depending to the species, breed and province. This study represents the first step to better understand the MAP epidemiology in a typical Mediterranean breeding context, suggesting the need of in-depth study on the herds risk factors, including the eventual presence of candidate genes for resistance/susceptibility to PTB in native breeds.
... Serological and molecular studies of paratuberculosis in sheep have been performed in some countries such as Spain (Mainar-Jaime and Vázquez-Boland 1998), South Africa (Michel and Bastianello 2000), Portugal (Coelho et al. 2010), Australia (Plain et al. 2014), Italy (Atilli et al. 2011;Galiero et al. 2015), Germany (Stau et al. 2012), Canada (Bauman et al. 2017), Mexico (Morales-Pablos et al. 2020; Ponce Barraza et al. 2017), Uruguay (Giannitti et al. 2018), Colombia (Hernández-Agudelo et al. 2021), Iran (Pourmahdi Borujeni et al. 2021), and China (Zhao et al. 2021). In Brazil, studies on the infection remain limited, as described by Oliveira et al. (2010) and Medeiros et al. (2012), demonstrating that epidemiological data on the disease are still scarce in the country and in the northeast region, where most of these animals are found. ...
... However, during sampling, sheep breeding in association with ruminants other than goats was not reported. The interaction between sheep and cattle may contribute to an increase in the occurrence of paratuberculosis in small ruminants, as MAP strains with the highest occurrence in cattle also occur in sheep (Zhao et al. 2021). However, the virulence of these strains and the susceptibility of sheep to the clinical presentation of the disease may differ from that of cattle, affecting the results of diagnostic tests (Stevenson 2015; Windsor 2015). ...
This study aimed to diagnose Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in sheep in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 276 blood samples were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IDEXX Paratuberculosis Screening kit, and 261 fecal samples were submitted for bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction tests. An animal-level sero-frequency of 0.72% (n = 2/276) and a farm-level sero-frequency of 20% (n = 2/10) were found. All fecal sample cultures were negative, and molecular analyses were also negative. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of MAP infection in sheep in the state of Pernambuco and one of the pioneers in the country. It is an asymptomatic disease that is difficult to diagnose in this species because the susceptibility of sheep to the organism is lower than that of other ruminant species. However, the sero-frequency found reveals that there is MAP exposure in sheep flocks in the region. In addition, serological monitoring can contribute to the observation of the organism’s behavior in herds. Our results support the potential risk of MAP infection in sheep in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.
... Paratuberculosis occurs in most part of the world and its incidence is rising from time to time [1]. It has been reported from many European countries, Oceania, Asia and African countries [17,18]. The disease has also reported from the American continents [19][20][21]. ...
Background
Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis mainly affecting domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. Although paratuberculosis could be prevail in Ethiopia, there is a scarcity of epidemiological data on paratuberculosis in the country. Thus, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of paratuberculosis based on gross and microscopic lesions in cattle slaughtered at ELFORA Abattoir, central Ethiopia. Small intestines and associated lymph nodes of 400 apparently healthy cattle which were slaughtered at ELFORA export abattoir were examined for gross and microscopic lesions of paratuberculosis. The microscopic lesions were classified into four grades (I-IV) based on the type and number of cells infiltrated into the lesion. The prevalence of paratuberculosis was estimated on the basis of gross as well as microscopic lesion of paratuberculosis.
Results
The prevalence of paratuberculosis was 11.25% (95% Confidence interval, CI = 0.083–0.148) on the basis of gross lesion. However, relatively lower prevalence (2.0%, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.039) was recorded based on microscopic lesion. The gross lesions were characterized by intestinal thickening, mucosal corrugations and enlargement of associated mesenteric lymph nodes. On the other hand, the microscopic lesions were characterized by granuloma of different grades ranging from grade I to grade III lesions.
Conclusions
The present study indicated the occurrence of paratuberculosis in cattle of Ethiopia based on the detection of gross and microscopic lesions consistent with the lesion of paratuberculosis. The result of this study could be used as baseline information for future studies on the epidemiology and economic significance of paratuberculosis.
... Paratuberculosis (Ptb) also known as Johne's Disease (JD), is a chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis of ruminants worldwide [1] caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). However, substantial asymptomatic infections have been reported from many farm and wildlife animal species including non-human primates and non-ruminants [2]. Map has been implicated in the pathobiology of human Crohn's disease though despite a strong association, causality remains controversial [3]. ...
... Map has been implicated in the pathobiology of human Crohn's disease though despite a strong association, causality remains controversial [3]. In food industry the rising awareness of Map presence in the food-chain has induced application of on-farm control measures against Ptb [2]. ...
To investigate the population genetic of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in Iran, Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units (MIRUs) and Multi Locus Short Sequence Repeat (MLSSR) system were employed. Numerous genotypes by MIRU (N=11) and MLSSR (N=9) methods bearing discriminatory indices of 0.90 and 0.79 respectively, were obtained. Browsing the INRA–Nouzilly list (http://mac-inmv.tours.inra.fr/) detected 3 of the found patterns as new types. Some loci either MIRU-VNTR or SSR proved more polymorphic and therefore are recommended to be applied in priority for strain typing in the Iranian environment. While identical MIRU-VNTR or MLSSR patterns were detected among different conspecifics and geographical locations, dissimilar types were also observed at the same farms an indication of coexistence of Map strains within one herd. We suggest extension of the genotyping work described here to include more endogenous isolates in order to better analysis of transmission and virulence in epidemiology and control of paratuberculosis.
... Animals are most frequently presented with chronic weight loss and diarrhea. In sheep, poor coat and hypoproteinemia leading to intermandibular edema are occasionally observed as well (Zhao et al. 2021). Periods of stressful conditions exacerbate or cause clinical manifestation of the disease. ...
... Disease can be controlled at herd level by implementing sound managemental practices. Blood and biochemistry panel often reveal marked hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia in clinically ill patients (Zhao et al. 2021). Culturing of fecal samples and subsequent antibiotic sensitivity testing can relay significant information regarding Map strain and efficacious antibiotics. ...
Bacterial diseases have been playing
damaging role in terms of morbidity and mortality of the
animals. Many bacterial diseases spread in the form of
outbreaks that can make people out of business. Some other
environmental risk factors like housing, ventilation, water and
feed management also play important role in these diseases.
Different bacterial infections produce different typical
symptoms but mixed and confusing are also not uncommon.
Vaccination and antibiotics are the only solutions along with
supportive therapy for the bacterial diseases. Bacterial
resistance against antibiotics is emerging issue of the time in
tackling the infection. So, development of effective vaccines is
the viable solution to deal with these maladies. This chapter
is focusing on the major diseases of the small ruminants that
commonly prevailed in the Pakistan.
... PTB has been reported in many European countries, such as Germany [45], Italy [23] and France [46], as well as in Oceania, Asian and African countries [47][48][49]. In the American continents, caprine PTB was reported in Missouri (USA) [50], Brazil [51], and Canada [52]. ...
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.
