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3 Proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Reproduced with permission from Arend WP. Physiology of cytokine pathways in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2001;45:1016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200102)45 :1,101::AID-ANR90.3.0.CO;2-7.
![FIGURE 15.2 Outdoor and indoor emissions [65]. Reproduced with...](profile/Pierfrancesco-Is-The-Given-Name-Morganti-Is-The-Family-Name/publication/364097874/figure/fig1/AS:11431281087521504@1664713400474/Outdoor-and-indoor-emissions-65-Reproduced-with-permission-from-Morganti-P-Morganti_Q320.jpg)
![FIGURE 15.4 Causes of inflammaging [16]. Reproduced with permission...](profile/Pierfrancesco-Is-The-Given-Name-Morganti-Is-The-Family-Name/publication/364097874/figure/fig3/AS:11431281087575308@1664713400581/Causes-of-inflammaging-16-Reproduced-with-permission-from-16-Licensed-under_Q320.jpg)
![FIGURE 15.6 Global food waste. Source: Courtesy FAO [65]. Reproduced...](profile/Pierfrancesco-Is-The-Given-Name-Morganti-Is-The-Family-Name/publication/364097874/figure/fig5/AS:11431281087521505@1664713400663/Global-food-waste-Source-Courtesy-FAO-65-Reproduced-with-permission-from-65_Q320.jpg)
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Citations
... There is no European-wide ban yet, but the EU Commission has issued a legal proposal for a ban on microplastics in cosmetics in August 2022 [25]. Currently, the dangers of microplastics are well known, and microplastics have been gradually removed from product formulas [26,27] Air pollution causes a decrease in immune defense function, a decrease in the skin barrier, and an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn cause premature aging [28] Fragrances used in cosmetics and personal care contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which interact with other particles in the air to form ozone and pollutants that are harmful to human health [29][30][31]. ...
The cosmetics and personal care industry has, by its nature, contributed to global environmental issues such as climate change, waste, water scarcity, habitat destruction, and water and air pollution. Therefore, it is more important than ever for the cosmetics and personal care companies to be responsible and proactive in addressing environmental issues. Meanwhile, the complexity of the cosmetics and personal care industry has never been greater. The roles of not only brand companies but also OEM/ODM and retail companies are becoming increasingly important, and the boundaries are also collapsing. Despite the urgency of environmental issues, there has been a lack of research on specific and practical environmental activities of cosmetics and personal care companies, and the environmental responsibilities of OEM/ODM companies and retailers have been overlooked. Therefore, the need for this study was recognized. The purpose of this study was to expand the scope of assessment to include not only cosmetics brand companies but also OEM/ODM companies and retailers in general to identify the actual and concrete environmental activities being carried out. Therefore, in this study, the keywords cosmetics, environmental, eco-friendly, and sustainable, which have recently become the topics of discussion, were empirically analyzed. This study selected and analyzed 18 out of 28 annual reports, nonfinancial statements, and sustainability reports of 16 cosmetics- and personal-care-related companies. In addition, 456 articles were found through PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, and Scopus, and the final 108 articles were referenced using the PRISMA flow chart. The novelty of this study is, first, in the fact that it identified the actual and specific strategies and practices of cosmetics and personal care companies with respect to environmental issues. Second, it established common standards for environmental issues and compared corporate environmental activities. Third, this study included OEM/ODM companies and retailers, whose influence has been increasing in recent years, to understand the status of eco-friendly activities across the industry. This study makes a practical contribution by encouraging environmental activities in the cosmetics industry through comparing and evaluating the specific and practical environmental activities of not only brand companies but also OEM/ODM companies and retailers and laying the foundation for the development of a framework for environmental assessment. In addition, this study recognizes the need to study the environmental activity behavior of the cosmetics industry as a whole and contributes to the study of cosmetics companies’ environmental activities by suggesting how to use companies’ nonfinancial performance reports as materials to assess their actual environmental activities.
... Skin lesions and accelerated aging are caused by these occurrences that interfere with the biological activity of cells [49]. ...
Objective: Identify the types of nanoparticles used in dermocosmetics and their main applications. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the databases Google Scholar, and PubMed, as well as databases subscribed to the system of libraries, documents, and information of the Universidad de Costa Rica such as ScienceDirect, Elsevier, EBSCO, MEDLINE, Clinical-Key, among others. The search was conducted in both English and Spanish. Conclusion: Nanotechnology in the cosmetic industry has been an area that has grown exponentially in recent years. Various types of nanoparticles are used in different skincare applications in the cosmetics industry; however, much research remains to be done on the safety and toxicity of their use for humans and the environment.
... Consequently, the product effectiveness depends directly to the penetration of the active ingredients through the skin/mucous membranes because, loaded and carried by the right vehicles and released at level of the viable tissues and cells, may achieve their function [144][145][146]. For this purpose and as previously reported and discussed, smart non-woven tissues, made by natural polymers and embedded by chitin-lignin (CN-NL) nanoparticles encapsulating selected active ingredients, seem to be particularly useful carriers to achieve this goal [128,[141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149]. ...
... Therefore, the final product has to be designed to achieve the necessary functions request from consumers, including stability, availability, effectiveness and safeness [165][166][167]. At this purpose and as previously underlined, the efficiency of carries represents a fundamental option to load, carry, deliver, release and diffuse the active ingredients at the designed site by the necessary dose and time [122,[146][147][148][149][168][169][170]. Moreover, it is not to forget the importance of biomaterials used for making beauty films and tissues for beauty masks [64,[171][172][173][174][175] or for biodegradable packaging also, thus contributing to maintain a clean environment at zero waste. ...
Beauty and personal care became a significant part of the global economy for two reasons: (1) The elderly growing in the global population and (2) the desire of women and men to appear younger and more attractive. Thus, both young and old people are looking for revolutionary nutritional eco-cosmetics (combined use of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals) manufactured by natural active ingredients, using biopolymers as substrates, and made by innovative and sustainable technologies. Consequently, the market of both cosmetics and diet supplements is continually growing together with the request of natural active ingredients, including bio-peptides and biological macromolecules such as chitin and lignin. Therefore, both consumers and industry need to recover innovative active ingredients and carriers (vehicles), naturally derived and supported by advanced methods for controlling their effectiveness and safeness on skin and mucous membrane layers. The use of selected bio-ingredients, such as hyaluronic acid and bio-mimetic peptides, obtained by advanced, innovative and sustainable bio nanotechnologies, will be of interest to develop smart cosmeceutical and nutraceutical formulations. Innovation is considered the key business strategy to drive sustainable economic growth. For trying to reduce waste and produce sustainable, biodegradable and innovative products, the realization of new non-woven tissues, used as carriers for making innovative cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals was considered. Both carriers and active ingredients have been obtained from food waste to reduce loss and pollution. This review will report a brief description of the skin functions, trying also to focus and discuss some of the active ingredients and carriers used in nutritional eco-cosmetics to clarify the supposed mechanism of action, effectiveness and safeness of both active ingredients and carriers, as well as the supposed activity of beauty and personal care products.
... Therefore, it is an indispensable component for skin regeneration [46][47][48]. For these reasons, CN has been used to make scaffold tissues for biomedical and cosmetic applications as it exhibits the ability to mimic the skin's biological and mechanical properties, while LG reinforce the skin antioxidant defenses [20,21,39,[49][50][51]. On the other hand, chitin nanofibrils and nanolignin may be also used to make biodegradable and sustainable packaging [52] in the form of soft films (Figure 7) [40,53] or rigid containers as both impart tensile strength and thermal resistance to the composites when used as fillers [54]. ...
Approximately 75% of textile waste is generated annually worldwide, as there is a dearth of viable recycling strategies. It has been estimated that textile industries can be responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution. As a consequence, if not properly managed, the cost of waste management of textile waste will be trillions of dollars annually. Moreover, the generated wastes are detrimental to the environment and public health. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the majority of the waste can be recycled to obtain, for example, natural polysaccharides that can be used to produce biodegradable tissues, films, and goods. These innovative tissues, constituted by chitin nanofibrils (CN) complexed with nanolignin (LG) bound to natural polysaccharide-based polymers, may be used as innovative cosmetic green carriers and novel biodegradable food packaging in line with the consumers requests. Consumers, in fact, are looking for biodegradable apparel, footwear, and natural cosmetics for the betterment of health and the environment, and thus, there is a demand for green cosmetics.
... Therefore, it is an indispensable component for skin regeneration [46][47][48]. For these reasons, CN has been used to make scaffold tissues for biomedical and cosmetic applications as it exhibits the ability to mimic the skin's biological and mechanical properties, while LG reinforce the skin antioxidant defenses [20,21,39,[49][50][51]. On the other hand, chitin nanofibrils and nanolignin may be also used to make biodegradable and sustainable packaging [52] in the form of soft films (Figure 7) [40,53] or rigid containers as both impart tensile strength and thermal resistance to the composites when used as fillers [54]. ...
Approximately 75% of textile waste is generated annually worldwide, as there is a dearth of viable recycling strategies. It has been estimated that textile industries can be responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution. As a consequence, if not properly managed, the cost of waste management of textile waste will be trillions of dollars annually. Moreover, the generated wastes are detrimental to the environment and public health. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the majority of the waste can be recycled to obtain, for example, natural polysaccharides that can be used to produce biodegradable tissues, films, and goods. These innovative tissues, constituted by chitin nanofibrils (CN) complexed with nanolignin (LG) bound to natural polysaccharide-based polymers, may be used as innovative cosmetic green carriers and novel biodegradable food packaging in line with the consumers requests. Consumers, in fact, are looking for biodegradable apparel, footwear, and natural cosmetics for the betterment of health and the environment, and thus, there is a demand for green cosmetics.
... Effectiveness and safeness of the reported tissues have been underlined by different studies of our research group also, who have shown the interesting anti-aging, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activity these complexes have. They, in fact, embedded for example into emulsions or bound to the fibers of advanced non-woven tissues, have evidenced an interesting skin regeneration activity on skin aged, or affected by wounds and burns [31,[46][47][48][49]. Therefore, by the first obtained experimental results, the use of these smart tissues, is raising the hope for solving the great problem of the non-biodegradable plastics utilized in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, medical and other important economic fields. ...
... Thus, it has shown an increasing activity of anagen hair follicles of mice treated topically by chitosan and CN with a contemporary decrease in the number of catagen follicles, compared with the control group [82]. Additionally, it has shown a faster repairing activity on wounded and burned skin of mice and humans skin treated by CN tissue [83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]. The activity on the stem cell could be one of the probable reasons of the skin repairing activity shown from CN tissues, used in vivo by surgical medications to repair the skin affected by burns of the first and second degree [83,86]. ...
... All the data shown by the reported research studies both in vitro and in vivo [52,53,[83][84][85] could explain, therefore, part of the mechanism of the action CN and CN-LG may have on skin, when linked to the fibers' tissue, made by biopolysaccharide polymers. According to the active ingredients linked to CN and the relative obtained complexes, the tissue may have high regenerative effectiveness on aged skin [40,57,[87][88][89] or a faster repairing activity on wounded or burned skin [40,51,52,[83][84][85][86]. Additionally as previously reported, we underline the possibility to realize CN films made by short fibers, which, being strictly compressed each to others, are able to filter and stop the entry of microorganisms. ...
... These new and smart beauty masks, processed and distributed in the dry state, and activated by water, only when used, may be considered innovative and safe because they are free of preservatives, emulsifiers, colors, fragrances and other chemicals [22,49,50,[71][72][73]86]. The active ingredients, in fact, are directly linked to the tissue's fibers, during the producing process [49,50,57,[87][88][89]91]. It is also important to underline that all the carriers (tissues and films) and the ingredients proposed are of a natural origin, totally biodegradable, skin and environment friendly. ...
The surgical face mask (SFM) is a sheet medical device covering the mouth, nose and chin to protect the medical staff from the spread of respiratory droplets produced by the infective coughing or sneezing of hospitalized patients. On the other hand the beauty face mask (BFM) has been made by the same sheet but with a different aim—to protect the skin from pollution, acting as a hydrating and rejuvenation agent. Currently, both masks are made principally by non-biodegradable tissues, utilized to avoid the increasing great pollution invading our planet. Due to the diffusion of the current COVID-19 infection rate and the increasing consumption of skin care and beauty products, the waste of these masks, made principally by petrol-derived polymers, is creating further intolerable waste-invaded land and oceans. After an introduction to the aims, differences and market of the various masks, their productive means and ingredients are reported. These news are believed necessary to give the reader the working knowledge of these products, in the context of the bioeconomy, to better understand the innovative tissues proposed and realized by the biobased and biodegradable polymers. Thus, the possibility of producing biodegradable SFMs and BFMs, characterized for their effective antimicrobial and skin repairing activities or hydrating and antiaging activity, respectively. These innovative smart and biodegradable masks are requested from the majority of consumers oriented towards a future green environment. Giving this new sense of direction to their production and consumption, it will be possible to reduce the current waste, ranging worldwide at about 2 billion tons per year.
