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Profiles of potential sources in Jiaozuo City (PM 10 size fraction, wt % by mass). The following species are shown on the x-axes in this order: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, Pb, TC, OC, NH 4 , Cl , NO 3 , SO 4 .
Source publication
Approximately 750 total suspended particulates (TSPs) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) filter samples from six urban sites and a background site and >210 source samples were collected in Jiaozuo City during January 2002 to April 2003. They were analyzed for mass and abundances of 25 chemical components. Seven contributive sources were identifie...
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A Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model (HERM) that unifies the theory of effective-variance chemical mass balance (EV-CMB) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models was developed to support the weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach of air pollution source apportionment. The HERM software is capable of 1) conducting EV-CMB analysis for multiple samp...
Citations
... for the construction site and 0.42-0.53 at the latter. It can be attributed to the fact that the suspended particulate matter (SPM) has a high mass and number concentration of coarse particulate matter (PM 10 ) due to construction activities such as grinding, welding, and resuspension of construction debris (Azarmi & Kumar, 2016;Cheriyan et al., 2020;Feng et al., 2007). On the contrary, the main gate site has a high vehicular density owing to the nearby highway (~10 m) which results in a higher fraction of fine particulate matter in the total mass concentration (Charron & Harrison, 2005;Pérez et al., 2010;Squizzato et al., 2016). ...
Low-cost sensors (LCS) are gathering the interest of researchers and monitoring agencies worldwide due to their compact size and economic feasibility. However, the data recorded by LCS is often of low quality owing to its calibration dependencies and biases. An intensive field sampling campaign was conducted at five sites inside the IIT Bombay campus to understand the fundamental issues associated with LCS. PA-II and OPC-N2 LCS were collocated with BAM-1020 and OPS- 3330 at the sampling locations for inter-comparison. LCS shows a good correlation with BAM-1020 at sites where the contributing sources produce more particles in the 1–2.5 μm size range than particles in below 1 μm (PM1) and 2.5–10 μm size range. The performance decreased with an increase in mass fractions of PM1 and PM10. The overall performance of both PA-II (R² = 0.72) and OPC-N2 (R² = 0.73) are comparable. Both PA-II and OPC-N2 have substandard performance with R² in the range of 0.30–0.39 and 0.42–0.53 at the construction and main gate site respectively. Comparing the two calibration approaches used in this study indicates the importance of including size distribution parameters in the calibration of LCS. The calibration models were developed for each site and were compared with the general model developed for PA-II and OPC-N2. Results indicate that the site-specific models are in better agreement with the reference instrument than the general calibration model. The number concentration recorded by PA-II was poorly correlated with OPS-3330, especially for particles >1 μm and vice versa for OPC-N2. The particle count for PM > 2.5 μm recorded by PA-II is predominantly zero, which is inconsistent with the mass concentration data recorded by the sensor. The size distribution results indicate that LCS assumes a universal monotonically decreasing function of number concentration with respect to the particle diameter. It is one of the critical problems with LCS measurements as any error in the number measurement is increased 3-fold in the mass conversion. This study shows the need for site-specific robust calibration of LCS based on the particle size distribution and provides a direction in their development.
... 43.6 µg/m 3 in 2020) during the studied period was recorded. PM 10 are emitted principally from traffic, industrial processes, construction work and dust entrainment [81,82], whose decrease can presumably reflect the decrease in traffic density and industrial activities (PM 2.5 ), and construction work and dust entrainment (PM 2.5-10 ). The identical reduction rate of PM 2.5 and PM 10 may suggest a synchronous reduction in both traffic and industrial activities, and construction work and dust entrainment. ...
Mass suspension of anthropogenic activities is extremely rare, the quarantine due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a natural experiment to investigate the impact of anthropogenic activities on air quality. The mitigation of air pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown has been reported from a global perspective; however, the air pollution levels vary in different regions. This study initiated a novel synthesis of multiple-year satellite observations, national ground measurements towards SO2, NO2 and O3 and meteorological conditions to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in Beihai, a specific city in a less developed area in southwest China, to reveal the potential implications of control strategies for air pollution. The levels of the major air pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown (LP) and during the same period of previous years (SP) were compared and a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the sources of air pollution in Beihai. The results show that air pollutant levels decreased with substantial diversity during the LP. Satellite-retrieved NO2 and SO2 levels during the LP decreased by 5.26% and 22.06%, while NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 from ground measurements during the LP were 25.6%, 2.7%, 22.2% and 22.2% lower than during SP, respectively. Ground measured SO2 concentrations during the LP were only 2.7% lower than during the SP, which may be attributed to uninterrupted essential industrial activities, such as power plants. Polar plots analysis shows that NO2 concentrations were strongly associated with local emission sources, such as automobiles and local industry. Additionally, the much lower levels of NO2 concentrations during the LP and the absence of an evening peak may highlight the significant impact of the traffic sector on NO2. The decrease in daily mean O3 concentrations during the LP may be associated with the reduction in NO2 concentrations. Indications in this study could be beneficial for the formulation of atmospheric protection policies.
... where x ij represents the average concentration for a chemical component i at sample j, j and k represent two samples, and p is the number of chemical components (Feng et al., 2007;Shen et al., 2016). Generally, a CD value approaching zero meant the two samples were similar for the measured chemical species. ...
Coal is a dominant energy source used in household cooking and warming in rural China. Its combustions generate a large quantity of gaseous and particulate phase's pollutants. In between, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a critical class of chemical that shows strong environmental and health impacts. In this study, the VOC emission characteristics, influencing factors and briquette technology that affected the combustions of different maturity coals were investigated. Emission factors (EFs) of targeted non-methane VOCs (EFNMVOCs) for different coal samples ranged from 233 ± 89.8 to 1690 ± 722 mg/kg. The EFNMVOCs decreased with volatile content (VC). Besides, EFNMVOCs for the briquette coals showed 5.31–51.5% lower than that of the raw coals except the anthracite. Alkanes and alkenes are the two most dominated chemical groups, accounting for >50% of the total NMVOCs emissions. Coefficient of divergence (CD) values showed that a significant difference (>0.6) between the emissions of high-volatile and low-volatile raw coals, representing that the coal content should be sub-classified for either source apportionment or emission profile database development. Correlation analysis reported that VC is the most significant factor that correlated with EFNMVOCs (R = 0.78), while modified combustion efficiency (MCE) negatively correlated (R = −0.78). The calculations of ozone formation potentials (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol potentials (SOAP) deducted that alkenes and aromatics are the top two contributors to the formations of these secondary pollutants. In addition, the briquette technology has been proved to reduce both OFP and SOAP from coal combustions. Our results perceptibly support that the use of low VC coals could efficiently reduce the emissions of VOC and the formations of more environmental and health harm substances, and the application of briquetting technology also has a certain effect especially in bituminous coals. The key findings provide feasible solutions to improve regional air quality regarding residential coal combustion in northwest China.
... Dinis et al. [20] estimated population exposure to radionuclides emitted from coal-fired power plants in communities within a 20 km radius. Studies using source apportionment analysis methods have identified a linkage between coal fly ash and the concentration of ambient PM 10 near coal-burning power plants [21][22][23][24]. Taken together, stack emissions and landfill/surface impoundment emissions can release high levels of PM 10 within communities residing in proximity to coal-fired power plants. ...
... Supplementing the distance measure, a pollutant-based exposure indicator (i.e., PM 10 ) allows us to better understand the adverse health effects of coal ash blown up from storage facilities of power plants that can easily infiltrate into people's homes and yards by wind and storms. It is rational to use indoor PM 10 as a proxy measure of air pollution emitted from nearby coal-fired power plants that can travel a long distance and prior research has suggested air pollutants from coal-fired power plants contribute to ambient PM 10 [21,58]. Moreover, scholars have suggested a strong correlation exists between indoor and outdoor levels of particular matter [24,59,60] and indoor air quality is largely impacted by outdoor pollution, other home characteristics, and occupant behaviors [61,62]. ...
Coal-fired power plants are a major source of air pollution that can impact children’s health. Limited research has explored if proximity to coal-fired power plants contributes to children’s neurobehavioral disorders.
This community-based study collected primary data to investigate the relationships of residential proximity to power plants and neurobehavioral problems in children.
235 participants aged 6–14 years who lived within 10 miles of two power plants were recruited. Exposure to particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) was measured in children’s homes using personal modular impactors. Neurobehavioral symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Multiple regression models were performed to test the hypothesized associations between proximity/exposure and neurobehavioral symptoms. Geospatial statistical methods were used to map the spatial patterns of exposure and neurobehavioral symptoms.
A small proportion of the variations of neurobehavioral problems (social problems, affective problems, and anxiety problems) were explained by the regression models in which distance to power plants, traffic proximity, and neighborhood poverty was statistically associated with the neurobehavioral health outcomes. Statistically significant hot spots of participants who had elevated levels of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and social problems were observed in the vicinity of the two power plants.
Results of this study suggest an adverse impact of proximity to power plants on children’s neurobehavioral health. Although coal-fired power plants are being phased out in the US, health concern about exposure from coal ash storage facilities remains. Furthermore, other countries in the world are increasing coal use and generating millions of tons of pollutants and coal ash. Findings from this study can inform public health policies to reduce children’s risk of neurobehavioral symptoms in relation to proximity to power plants.
... To address the problem of air pollution, all stakeholders would need to have working knowledge or policies in place to reduce or eliminate the threat. The best tool -Source Apportionment (SA) must be used in this situation (Yu et al., 2013;Roy and Sigh, 2014;Ndamitso et al., 2015;Feng et al., 2007). The application of a multivariate technique to identify and assign sources to pollutants is known as SA. ...
Air quality is a big concern all over the world. It affects both humans and animals in a variety of ways. Air must be quantified to monitor the impact, and the consistency of the air must be determined. Both stakeholders will use the knowledge collected to take effective action. To that end, we've taken measures in Nigeria to measure PM 2.5 , elements, and meteorological parameters, as well as assess their enrichment, contamination, and emission levels. For a total of ten months, samples were collected at three locations in Ondo State, Nigeria: the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA), Oba Ile, and Museum (January to October). The pollution factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and pollution load index (PLI), as well as Principal Component Analysis, were used to measure the PM and components (PCA). The average PM concentrations (101 g m ³ (FUTA); 120 g m ³ (Oba Ile); and 176 g m ³ (Museum) were found to be higher than the WHO (35 g m ³ ) and USEPA (15 g m ³ ) normal limits. The macro elements (K > Na > Ca > P > Al) were ordered in this order, while the trace elements were ordered in this order: Cu > Fe, > Zn > Ni > Cr > Mn > Pb. PCA listed elements from vehicular activities, biomass burning, dust, and soil as contributing elements. The findings are useful for identifying sources of PM 2.5 , primary, and trace elements, enrichment, contamination assessment, and air pollution index, as well as contributing to regional monitoring programs.
... Different particle sizes or sampling points will lead to the existence of specific road dust profiles ). For soil dust with different crops or different geographical background, the diversities in chemical profiles also existed Feng et al. 2007;Wang et al. 2015b). Therefore, the chemical profiles for the same type of fugitive dust from various sites should be different, and the average mass percentages for chemical components in each type of dust adopted can lead to biases in source apportionment results inherently. ...
... where j and k represented the two different profiles; p was the number of components involved in the calculation; x ij and x ik represented the mass concentrations of chemical component i from profile j and profile k (Wongphatarakul et al. 1998;Zhang and Friedlander 2000;Feng et al. 2007;Han et al. 2010). ...
Sub-type source profiles for atmospheric fine particle (PM2.5) were still scare in China, which limited the accurate source identification of it. Fugitive dust (including road dust, soil dust, resuspended dust, and construction dust, etc.) was one type of the most important contributors to PM2.5 and its associated toxic metals held potential threaten to human health. The chemical compositions, sources, and health risks of sub-type fugitive dust deserved an investigation for further accurate control of particles and alleviating human health risks. A total of sixty-five fugitive dust samples were collected in Suzhou, a fast-developing city in southern China, including eleven sub-types of road dust (overpass, main street, collector street, and ordinary street), soil dust (farmland and tree lawn), resuspended dust (site types were corresponding to those of road dust), and construction dust (large construction sites). Chemical analysis of water-soluble ions, elements, and carbonaceous components was carried out to establish the sub-type source profiles of PM2.5 for fugitive dust. Results showed that crustal elements were the most abundant components of fugitive dust, and soil dust was less polluted by anthropogenic activities. High contents of OC and low contents of EC were found in all the eleven types of dust. Equivalent ratios of anions and cations indicated that the fugitive dust was obviously alkaline. The contents of OC and EC in the four types of road dust were higher than those in other types of dust, while there existed differences among the sub-types of road dust. The NO3−/SO42− ratios (0.03–0.09) implied that coal-burning and motor vehicle emission co-existed in Suzhou. Coefficient divergence (CD) values of eleven sub-type source profiles showed that there were certain differences among them, which suggested the possibility of sub-type source identification. Cluster analysis indicated the heavy metals in fugitive dust were mainly from crustal materials, metallurgical manufacturing, vehicle emissions, and industrial activities. The enrichment degree of heavy metals for the four types of road dust was also inconsistent. Heavy metals in road dust and soil dust posed a non-carcinogenic risk to children through direct ingestion, and the non-carcinogenic risk of direct intake of heavy metals was much higher than that of respiratory and skin contact. It was found that the accumulative health risks of heavy metals were higher in densely populated areas, traffic intensive areas, and industrial areas through the spatial analysis. This study firstly discussed the chemical compositions of PM2.5 for eleven sub-types of fugitive dust in a Chinese city and assessed the accumulative health risks of heavy metals, which could be a demonstration for further related researches.
... Particulate matter (PM2.5) has been a focus of interest among various artificial pollutants in recent years worldwide because of its biohazardous effects. Unlike naturally occurring "dust," PM mostly comprises chemicals that are emitted from diesel, construction factories, and power plants [1]. PM can be classified into two groups according to size: PM10 and PM2.5. ...
Fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is a harmful air pollutant currently threatening public health. Although many studies have been performed on the general negative effects of PM2.5 in mice and humans, the migration patterns of various immune cells in response to PM2.5 exposure remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immune cell migratory response in the lung and the liver of intratracheally PM2.5-inoculated mice. To investigate the migration trajectory of immune cells in the lung and the liver tissues of mice, we employed microscopic tools including two-photon intravital imaging, histological analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Our data from two-photon intravital imaging showed that there was no significant difference in the number of infiltrated neutrophils in the lung and the liver of PM2.5-treated mice, compared to the nontreated condition. However, from the histological analysis and the transmission electron microscopy after vascular perfusion to remove intravascular leukocytes, we observed that some leukocytes were frequently observed in the lung and the liver of PM2.5-treated mice. Interestingly, quantification of leukocyte population using flow cytometry showed significant increase of neutrophils and macrophages in the lung, but not much in the liver, 24 h post-PM2.5 treatment. These data imply that two-photon intravital imaging of the lung and the liver actually visualized neutrophils, which were adherent to the luminal side of the vasculature. We then conducted mRNA microarray analysis to further observe how PM2.5 affects gene expression patterns in the lung and the liver. PM2.5 treatment changed the mRNA expression associated with the IL-17 signaling pathway in the lung and changed the mRNA expression associated with metabolic pathways in the liver. In summary, these results suggest that the immune response in the lung is distinctly regulated from that in the liver under acute PM2.5-induced inflammation and that these organs consequently are regulated via distinct signaling pathways.
... To compare the chemical profiles of sediment samples, the coefficient of divergence (CD), a self-normalizing parameter, was previously used for biological applications, particulate matter, and fugitive dust (Wongphatarakul et al. 1998;Feng et al. 2007;Shen et al. 2016). The CD is calculated as follows: ...
The source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment from the Songhua River, which is located in a cold region, is not fully understood and has not been sufficiently assessed under bad conditions. The 16 priority PAHs in sediment from the Songhua River were analyzed and their potential source was diagnosed in the present study. The total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 34 to 4456 ng/g dw, and fluoranthene (FlA), pyrene (Pyr), phenanthrene (Phe), and chrysene (Chr) were the dominant PAHs. The coefficient of divergence (CD) was used to compare the similarities of these PAHs in sediments from different sampling sites, and the results showed that their compositions were quite different. Importantly, a positive correlation was found between coal consumption and the total concentrations of PAHs in sediment (R = 0.999, p < 0.001), but no significant correlation was found between the amounts of crude oil/natural gas consumption and the total concentrations of PAHs. Emissions from coal consumption might be the main source of PAHs in sediment from the Songhua River because coal is the main fuel used for heat in this northern, cold region in China.
... COD is a self-normalizing parameter which measures the spread of the data ( Kong et al., 2011Kong et al., , 2014Matawle et al., 2015). The COD was calculated using the following formula ( Feng et al., 2007;Han et al., 2010;Wongphatarakul et al., 1998;Zhang and Friedlander, 2000): ...
To develop coarse particle (PM10-2.5, 2.5 to 10μm) chemical source profiles, real-world source sampling from four domestic cooking and seven industrial processing facilities were carried out in "Raipur-Bhilai" of Central India. Collected samples were analysed for 32 chemical species including 21 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, V, and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 8 water-soluble ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, F-, NO3-, and SO42-) by ion chromatography, ammonium (NH4+) by spectrophotometry, and carbonaceous fractions (OC and EC) by thermal/optical transmittance. The carbonaceous fractions were most abundant fraction in household fuel and municipal solid waste combustion emissions while elemental species were more abundant in industrial emissions. Most of the elemental species were enriched in PM2.5 (<2.5μm) size fraction as compared to the PM10-2.5 fraction. Abundant Ca (13-28%) was found in steel-rolling mill (SRM) and cement production industry (CPI) emissions, with abundant Fe (14-32%) in ferro-manganese (FEMNI), steel production industry (SPI), and electric-arc welding emissions. High coefficients of divergence (COD) values (0.46 to 0.88) among the profiles indicate their differences. These region-specific source profiles are more relevant to source apportionment studies in India than profiles measured elsewhere.
... Wongphatarakul et al. (1998) used a CD of 0.269 to show similarity between particles from two cities. Feng et al. (2007) found no significant differences in PM chemical composition between topsoil and deep soil profiles of the same subtype, with the CD values ranging from 0.11 to 0.29. Similar CD values (0.11e0.25) were reported by Zhang et al. (2014) to demonstrate the similarity of fugitive dust profiles. ...
