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Blockchain-based traceability systems are a promising approach because they are decentralized, transparent, and tamper proof; however, if all traceability data are uploaded to a blockchain platform, it may affect the efficiency or even lead to data explosion. Additionally, it is difficult to guarantee the reliability of the original data source of...
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... process of a client querying the product traceability is shown in Figure 11. The steps are as follows: ...
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... 6: If the consumers doubt the returned information, they can submit the obtained event information to the blockchain platform and check the corresponding transaction through the hash value in the chain transaction ledger in order to ensure that the data are credible and have not been tampered with. The specific process is shown in Fig- ure 11. ...
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... equipment and the environment configurations that have been used in this experiment are shown in Tables 5-7. Figure 11. Product traceability resolution process. ...
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... 6: If the consumers doubt the returned information, they can submit the obtained event information to the blockchain platform and check the corresponding transaction through the hash value in the chain transaction ledger in order to ensure that the data are credible and have not been tampered with. The specific process is shown in Figure 11. ...
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With the rapid advancements of the mineral industry, the data generated by this industry chain have increased dramatically. To reduce the growing pressure of data storage and security risks, we design a credible on-chain and off-chain collaborative dual storage system that integrates blockchain technology and Interplanetary file system (IPFS), also...
Citations
... Nowadays, EPCIS is being used to increase transparency, quality, efficiency, and control within supply chains, such as temperature control in cool chains or to verify the origin of meat and fish [26,27]. Li et al. [28] propose EPCIS as an extension to a blockchainbased traceability system to implement location discovery and improve interactivity. ...
The Digital Product Passport (DPP) as a product-specific data set is a powerful tool that provides information on the origin or composition of products and increases transparency and traceability. This recycling case study accompanies the production of 2192 frisbees, which originated from collected beverage bottle caps. In total, 486.7 kg of feedstock was collected and transformed into 363.2 kg of final product with verified traceability through all process steps via a DPP, provided by the R-Cycle initiative and based on the GS1 standard. This demanded a generally agreed dataset, the availability of technical infrastructure, and additional effort in the processing steps to collect and process the data. R-Cycle offers a one-layer DPP where the data structure is lean and information is visible to everyone. This is beneficial to a variety of stakeholders in terms of transparency. However, it does not allow the sharing of sensitive information. On the one hand, the DPP has a high potential to be an enabler for customer engagement, origin verification, or as a starting point for more efficient and advanced recycling of plastics. On the other hand, the DPP involves a certain effort in data generation and handling, which must be justified by the benefits. For small, simple packaging items, the DPP may not be the perfect solution for all problems. However, with a broader societal mindset and legislative push, the DPP can become a widely used and trusted declaration tool. This can support the plastics industry in its journey towards a circular economy.
... Blockchain-based traceability systems face some critical challenges, such as the storage pressure that hampers the system performance. In this regard, combining InterPlanetary File Storage System (IPFS) and blockchain [33,34] or storing traceability data off-chains and the Merkle keys on chains [34] appear to be promising solutions. ...
... Blockchain-based traceability systems face some critical challenges, such as the storage pressure that hampers the system performance. In this regard, combining InterPlanetary File Storage System (IPFS) and blockchain [33,34] or storing traceability data off-chains and the Merkle keys on chains [34] appear to be promising solutions. ...
... By doing this, the immutability and integrity of the reviews made by multiple actors can be ensured [29]. Li et al. (2022) took an extra measure in verifying the input data by using Electronic Product Code Information Service (EPCIS) to authenticate and authorise the Internet of Things (IoT) devices used for data collection [34]. As previously discussed, the advancement of blockchain applications within agri-food supply chains has garnered growing interest from both the academic and industry communities. ...
feta cheese is a Greek protected designation of origin (PDO) product that is produced in three main phases: milk collection, cheese preparation and maturation, and product packaging. Each phase must be aligned with quantitative rules, stemming from the legislation framework and best practices. The production complexity, the increased production cost, centralised and monolithic traceability systems, and the lack of a systematic monitoring framework have made dairy products a commodity with increased frequency of food fraud. Given the context of the dairy section in Greece, this study aims to examine (a) whether it is possible to model the end-to-end process of PDO feta cheese considering production rules to develop a trustworthy blockchain-based traceability system (b) how to associate the (‘easy-to-retrieve’, operational) traceability data with the (difficult-to-assess) product characteristics meaningful to the consumer, (c) how to design a technical solution ensuring that information is accessible by the stakeholders and the consumer, while minimising blockchain-related delay, and (d) how to design a graphical user interface and offer tools to consumers so that traceability information is communicated effectively and they can verify it through access to the blockchain. In terms of methods, we analyse and model the process steps, identify measurable, operational parameters and translate the legislative framework into rules. These rules are designed and codified as blockchain smart contracts that ensure the food authenticity and compliance with legislation. The blockchain infrastructure consists of the private Quorum blockchain that is anchored to the public infrastructure of Ethereum. Mechanisms to address scalability in terms of dynamic data volumes, effective data coding, and data verification at the edge as well as relevant limitations are discussed. Consumers are informed about traceability information by using QR codes on food packaging and can verify the data using the blockchain tools and services.
... It is worth noting that the GS1 EPCIS standard was also officially recognised in 2015 as a Standard by the ISO organisation (ISO/IEC 19987:2015) [77]. Data elements and structures are complied with GS1 EPCIS and CBV standards in order to enhance the data interactivity between the participants in the supply chain [78]. ...
This study aims to demonstrate an integrated methodology for the valorisation of bakery former food products (FFP) as an ingredient of pig feed diets. The methodology involves: conducting a needs analysis and a full path traceability scheme based on Global Standards 1 (GS1) Organisation (Brussels, Belgium) standards, designing digital tools to support the implementation of the traceability scheme, and assessing the valorisation of FFP and, more specifically, of bakery by-products in bakery meal (BM) production, and its implementation in pig feed diet. BM production comprises various bakery by-products, which were collected, unpacked, grinded, and thermally treated. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were conducted on BM samples, mainly focusing on nutrient composition, and the presence of aflatoxins, mycotoxins, and pathogenic microorganisms. The BM was then fed to finishing pigs (at an inclusion rate of 20% w/w), in parallel to a control group fed with a conventional pig feed diet. The animals in both dietary groups were evaluated for growth performance, and meat samples were analysed for specific quality parameters and sensory characteristics. The results show that the addition of 20% w/w BM does not significantly affect the growth performance or the meat quality of the pigs. Moreover, a sensory evaluation revealed minor differences in the sensory characteristics of the meat samples, denoting that the BM addition does not seem to dwindle the final meat product.
... Amazon Quantum Ledger Database (QLDB) [28], [29] is another example of a ledger database that supports a tamper-resistant, transparent, and cryptographically verifiable ledger of transactions. Although CLT-based solutions can provide data tamper-proofing, auditability, and good performance with high throughput and low latency, their main drawbacks are limited trust, lack of smart contract functionality, presence of a single point of failure, and no support for a consensus mechanism due to a centralized ledger [28], [30]. The primary differences between blockchain-based DLT and CLT are the maintenance of the system by a trusted third party (TTP) and the lack of support for consensus mechanisms and smart contracts in CLTs. ...
Recent research has focused on applying blockchain technology to solve security-related problems in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, implementing blockchain technology directly on IoT networks is prone to high overheads and energy-expensive operations. Therefore, in this paper, we use edge computing technology to avoid these problems. We also propose a novel Trust-based Access Control Mechanism for Edge-IoT Networks using Blockchain technology (named TABI) to implement end-to-end security in resource-constrained IoT networks. The TABI mechanism utilizes both access control and trust evaluation mechanisms to mitigate the impact of malicious IoT users and devices. Additionally, it incorporates permissioned Hyperledger blockchain technology to provide an added layer of security through authentication. The trust evaluation mechanism is implemented as a trust calculation contract (TCC) on the edge devices using Hyperledger Composer. The access control mechanism employs an Attribute-based Access Control (ABAC) mechanism, which is implemented on the Hyperledger blockchain using two smart contracts: the attribute contract (AC) and the access control contract (ACC). We implement a proof-of-concept (PoC) implementation using Hyperledger Caliper (a benchmark testing tool) and Docker images. Our evaluation includes five analyses: Trust Evaluation Mechanism, Access Control Mechanism, Security, Blockchain, and IoT Applications. Through this evaluation, we highlight the effectiveness of TABI in terms of throughput, latency, detection of malicious IoT devices, and resource consumption of the IoT devices. Our analyses demonstrate that TABI is particularly useful in IoT applications that require low latency and resource efficiency.
