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This paper is a contribution to the semantics of the emerging discipline of enterprise engineering. We study the composition of models of individual enterprises into the model which represents the behaviour of an extended or a virtual enterprise. The former corresponds intuitively to the union of models: all activities taking place within and betwe...
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... they are used as parameters to the module ENTERPRISE which is built throughout Section 3 to describe a manufacturing enterprise. We present a simple model for core activities of a manufacturing enterprise (Figure 1), according to the product model in Section 2. The goal of the enterprise is to fullll customer orders which specify which product should be manufactured and in what quantity. Fulllling such orders involves issuing customer orders for sub-products, creating the chain of consumer/supplier relations between enterprises which are further studied in Section 4. In this section we introduce: ...
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... Few contributions towards a FT of VE were found by the authors, e.g. (Gruninger and Fox, 1994) and (Janowski et al.; 1998). Within the TOVE (TOronto Virtual Enterprise) project Gruninger and Fox (1994) present a micro-theory for representing "the constraints over the objects and predicates in the ontology". ...
... Few contributions towards a FT of VE were found by the authors, e.g. (Gruninger and Fox, 1994) and (Janowski et al.; 1998). Within the TOVE (TOronto Virtual Enterprise) project Gruninger and Fox (1994) present a micro-theory for representing "the constraints over the objects and predicates in the ontology". ...
One of the issues in development and implementation of Virtual Enterprise (VE) is a formal theory, or formal theories, Of
VE. There are serious problems concerning VE, formal theory(ies) development, Besides the ones which are commonly known and
easily perceived, one of the biggest problems is a general misunderstanding about formalisms and formal theories (FTs) that
occurs too often, substituting the formal theory by the formalism. The paper clarifies in an informal way the differences
and some implications between formal theory and formalisms, expecting that it will contribute to a better perception of the
problem as well as to the directions and approaches concerning VE formal theory development.
... For this they suggested the use of Petri net [21]. In addition, the RAISE method [24] [25] was used to model IS and enterprises [8] [11] [12]. ...
We provide a formal framework within which an Information System (IS) could be modelled, analysed, and verified in a compositional manner. Our work is based on Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) and its programming language subset Tempura. This is achieved by considering IS, of an enterprise, as a class of reactive systems in which it is continually reacting to asynchronously occurring events within a given period of time. Such a reactive nature permits an enterprise to pursue its business activities to best compete with others in the market place. The technique is illustrated by applying it to a small case study from Public Service Systems (PSS). Keywords : Information System, Modelling, Lean Formal methods, Interval Temporal Logic, Simulation The author wishes to acknowledge the funding received from the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the Research Grant GR/M/02583 19 1 INTRODUCTION There are many important and challenging issues that aris...
Grid computing is a global-computing paradigm focusing on the effective sharing and coordination of heterogeneous services and resources in dynamic, multi-institutional Virtual Organisations (VOs). This paper presents a formal model of VOs using the Event-B specification language.We have followed a refinement approach to develop goal-oriented VOs by incrementally adding their main elements: goals, organisations and services. Our main interest is in the problem of policy refinement in VOs, so policies are represented as invariants that should be maintained throughout the refinement process. As an illustration, we show how a VO resourceusage policy is represented at different levels of abstraction.
Establishing a virtual organization requires not only being able to identify individual member enterprises but also prescribe the roles they should play in the organization. This becomes a difficult task when selection is not only based on static competencies but also on how the enterprise is able to dynamically deliver services to its clients, within the area of its competence. In this paper we present a simple model which explains the behavior of a virtual organization in terms of the services it can offer to and receive from its environment, by means of the services by its members and service-based interactions between them. We also describe how the model could be used to define and automate the problem of partner selection: produce an architecture (members and their roles) to deliver the required service.
We present an experiment in modelling and analysis of an application domain: competitive manufacturing. The result is a unique formal model which combines previously separate models for marketing (competition) and enterprises (coordination). In particular, we capture formally the marketing mix: product, price, place and promotion, and its effect on the sale of the enterprise. The model is built in stages: market without marketing, marketing without limits and marketing under limited resources. Analysis includes justifying abstraction, down to two enterprises competing for a single consumer.
We apply formal description techniques to model, compose and give operational meaning to theclass of reactive systems representing manufacturing enterprises. The enterprise is a discretepartsmanufacturer which pursues its business activities to best compete with other such entities,together comprising a market. It does so by means of resources and processes that execute concurrentlyon such resources, subject to internal (resource) and external (market) constraints.In some cases the...
In the formation of dynamic virtual enterprise (VE), partner search is of prime importance. Finding potential partners in a directory is the first step of the process that might involve several interactions between the VE initiator and these potential partners in order to gather additional information and to reach agreements on the forms and terms of cooperation (Camarinha-Matos and Afsarmanesh, 1999, pp. 493). Given the manufacturing requirements, the initiator or coordinator of dynamic VE should first prepare several alternative schemes that can satisfy the requirements. Next, the coordinator should evaluate these alternative schemes by means of some multi-objective analysis methodologies, such as multi-objective decision-making (MODM), data envelopment analysis (EDA), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) or fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), or statistical analysis, multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT). Then the coordinator should determine the formation scheme. The present paper deals with the search procedure of alternative schemes to form VE for the coordinator. In this paper, a logic model is first put forward to describe the relationships among the manufacturing capabilities of enterprises and the manufacturing requirements of clients within the range of the applied industry. It will suffer little change in a considerable long period because of its qualitative nature. This advantage will make it easy to maintain. Next, the procedures for the manufacturing enterprises seeking partners with this logic qualitative model are expressed mathematically. Based upon this logic model, three search algorithms are brought about for three different optimal goals, respectively: minimizing the number of enterprises, minimizing the number of redundant basic capability units in the dynamic enterprise alliances and minimizing the number of basic capability units useful to the manufacturing requirement of each enterprise. After that, theoretical analyses are made for these algorithms. It is demonstrated that these three search algorithms are all polynomial with respect to the number of enterprises belonging to a particular industry. This number is usually fairly large and represents the size of the search problem. In the end, it is shown that these three algorithms are effective and reliable with an example.
In facing the fierce global competition and brief moments of opportunity, the virtual enterprise has emerged to adapt this market environment. This new enterprise organization emphasizes heretical modeling pattern. This paper discusses the virtual enterprise modeling process; employs an integration of the Internet and COM technology, and proposes a kind of virtual enterprise modeling framework supporting the sponsor enterprise.
We apply formal description techniques (FDT) to model, compose and
give operational meaning to the class of reactive systems representing
manufacturing enterprises. The enterprise pursues its activities by
means of resources and processes that execute concurrently on the
resources, subject to internal (resource) and external (market)
constraints. Some modelling techniques are familiar for reactive
systems, other are specific to this domain: modelling management
decisions, product transfer during one-to-one (one supplier one
consumer) synchronisation, marketing and many-to-one (many suppliers one
consumer) synchronisation. The paper is a novel application of FDTs,
also a contribution to the semantics of enterprise engineering
