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Human lifespan continues to extend as an unprecedented number of people reach their seventh and eighth decades of life, unveiling chronic conditions that affect the older adult. Age-related skin conditions include senile purpura, seborrheic keratoses, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, diabetic foot wounds and skin cancer. Current methods of d...
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... process of skin bioprinting occurs in six main steps, as represented in Fig. 2. The first step is the determination of clinical goals, where the researcher establishes clinical and research goals aligned with a design criterion for the project based on preexisting models, diseases and real-life structures to emulate. The second step is the usage of a 3D computer-aided design software and a computer-aided ...
Citations
... These must provide an accurate representation of skin cancer development, plasticity, heterogeneity, progression, and metastasis (Rebecca et al., 2020). Numerous studies aimed to develop threedimensional (3D) bioprinted skin models, as reviewed by Ansaf et al., 2023, however relatively few studies developed 3D bioprinted skin cancer models. The role of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness is well-known in epithelial cancer progression and is well-studied, as reviewed by Micalet et al., 2023. ...
... Fibroblasts within the dermis synthesize collagen that aids in wound healing and maintaining the skin's youthful appearance. In addition, the skin has sweat glands, hair follicles, immune cells, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, and fat deposits, each with a unique function (Powell and Soon, 2002;Agrawal and Woodfolk, 2014;Yousef et al., 2022;Ansaf et al., 2023). Skin cancer is also referred to as cutaneous cancer and frequent skin cancers include melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma ( Figure 1). ...
... Computer aided design (CAD) software is easily integrated into the instruments allowing continuous deposition and structural integrity of the printed constructs. This technology is hampered by slow print speeds and limited resolutions as summarized in Figure 1 (Bishop, 2017;Leberfinger et al., 2017;Ma et al., 2018;Ansaf et al., 2023). Material jetting includes technologies where the biomaterial ink or bioink is selectively layered in the form of droplets. ...
Various in vitro three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture models of human and diseased skin exist. Nevertheless, there is still room for the development and improvement of 3D bioprinted skin cancer models. The need for reproducible bioprinting methods, cell samples, biomaterial inks, and bioinks is becoming increasingly important. The influence of the viscosity of hydrogels on the spreading and migration of most types of cancer cells is well studied. There are however limited studies on the influence of viscosity on the spreading and migration of cells in 3D bioprinted skin cancer models. In this review, we will outline the importance of studying the various types of skin cancers by using 3D cell culture models. We will provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the various 3D bioprinting technologies. We will emphasize how the viscosity of hydrogels relates to the spreading and migration of cancer cells. Lastly, we will give an overview of the specific studies on cell migration and spreading in 3D bioprinted skin cancer models.
... Our facial skin is exposed to such forces daily because of our facial expressions, such as frowning, smiling, or raising our eyebrows. The firmness of youthful skin is attributed to the presence of a dense collagen and elastin protein network within the ECM of the dermis [32,33]. This dense protein network communicates with the fibroblasts in the ECM via the hyaluronic acid chains, which are also embedded within the ECM and keep it hydrated and provide structural support to the protein network. ...
Dermal injections of hyaluronic acid gel for aesthetic skin rejuvenation are becoming increasingly popular nowadays. Although these products are classified as medical devices, the regulations on their administration by licensed practitioners are still weak, whereas their manufacturers increasingly highlight and advertise the cellular effects that underpin the efficacy of these injections. In this review, we discuss all current knowledge on the mode of action of dermally injected hyaluronic acid and the potential toxicological implications, especially from crosslinked gels, in conjunction with the current global regulations. We also highlight the urgent need for further research to elucidate the therapeutic implications and underscore the imperative need for robust regulatory frameworks to safeguard public health. We conclude that dermal injections of hyaluronic acid have several therapeutic implications that warrant further research and that strict regulations must be applied to their manufacture/quality control and the required qualifications of licensed aesthetic injectors.
... During new tissue formation induced by newly constructed engineered skin tissue, nerve regeneration is dependent on newly formed blood vessels. Nerve regeneration is almost completely inhibited due to lack of blood supply 124,125 . The effect of vascularization on nerve regeneration is significant, and the vascular system provides nutrients for the regeneration of axons and associated cells, which may improve their long-term survival. ...
The scale of the cosmetic market is increasing every day. There are many safety risks to cosmetics, but they benefit people at the same time. The skin can become red, swollen, itchy, chronically toxic, and senescent due to the misuse of cosmetics, triggering skin injuries, with contact dermatitis being the most common. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a system that can scientifically and rationally detect the composition and perform a toxicological assessment of cosmetic products. Traditional detection methods rely on instrumentation and method selection, which are less sensitive and more complex to perform. Engineered skin tissue has emerged with the advent of tissue engineering technology as an emerging bioengineering technology. The ideal engineered skin tissue is the basis for building good in vitro structures and physiological functions in this field. This review introduces the existing cosmetic testing and toxicological evaluation methods, the current development status, and the types and characteristics of engineered skin tissue. The application of engineered skin tissue in the field of cosmetic composition detection and toxicological evaluation, as well as the different types of tissue engineering scaffold materials and three-dimensional (3D) organoid preparation approaches, is highlighted in this review to provide methods and ideas for constructing the next engineered skin tissue for cosmetic raw material component analysis and toxicological evaluation.
... Young skin is plump and flexible; it is a "hydrated elastic solid" that can resist deformations and bounce back when stress (i.e., a mechanical force over a specific surface area) is applied to it; our facial skin is exposed to such forces daily because of our facial expressions such as frowning, smiling, raising our eyebrows. The firmness of youthful skin is attributed to the presence of a dense collagen and elastin protein network within the ECM of the dermis [33,34]. This dense protein network is communicating with the fibroblasts in the ECM via the hyaluronic acid chains which are also embedded within the ECM and keep it hydrated and provide structural support to the protein network. ...
Dermal injections of hyaluronic acid gel for aesthetic skin rejuvenation are increasingly popular nowadays. Although these products are classified as medical devices, the regulations on their administration by licensed practitioners are still weak, whereas their manufacturers increasingly highlight and advertise the cellular effects that underpin the efficacy of these injections. In this re-view, we discuss all current knowledge on the mode of action of dermally injected hyaluronic acid and the potential toxicological implications especially from crosslinked gels in conjunction with the current global regulations. We conclude that dermal injections of hyaluronic acid have several therapeutic implications that warrant further research, and that strict regulations must be applied on their manufacture/quality control and the required qualifications of licensed aesthetic injectors.
