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Sewage sludge (SS), a by-product of the wastewater treatment process, should be viewed not as waste, but as a potential resource for renewable energy and nutrient recovery. However, SS contains various toxic and harmful pollutants, e.g., pathogens, pharmaceutical residues, and microplastics. Through organic recycling and reuse of SS on land, these...
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... sludge combustion plant in Rovaniemi is dimensioned for a nominal sludge processing capacity of 10 000 t/a (min. 7000 t/a, max. 12 000 t/a) with 25 % total solids (TS), considering an annual operating time of 7600 h. Table 1 lists the main design and operating data as well as the properties of the sludge processed. Fig. 3 illustrates a schematic plant arrangement with important mass and energy flow streams. The thermal efficiency of the plant, η th , can be calculated ...
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Sewage sludge, a by-product of the wastewater treatment process, should not be considered as a waste, but as a potential resource for renewable energy and nutrient recovery. However, sewage sludge contains harmful contaminants (e.g. pathogens, pharmaceutical residuals, and microplastics), and if the sludge-composted or digested-is utilized directly...
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... Furthermore, the combination of the hydrothermal treatment of SS and coal-fired power generation can improve the combustion efficiency of sludge, while mitigating the hazards associated with co-incineration. Peltola et al. [124] have researched a new type of sludge heat treatment technology that does not require additional energy replenishment when incinerating sludge, and the excess heat generated during the sludge treatment process can also be used for district heating. Hu et al. [125] reviewed the feasibility and challenges of converting sludge into energy materials in the era of carbon neutrality, as well as its potential, and the results show that SS thermochemistry can maximize energy use and material recovery. ...
Sewage sludge and red mud, as common industrial waste, have become a research hotspot in the field of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, reducing carbon emissions, and solving environmental problems. However, their treatment and disposal have always been a difficult problem in the environmental field. Utilizing these two materials for thermal energy storage can not only improve energy utilization efficiency but also further reduce carbon emissions during their treatment process, providing a new approach for sustainable development in the industrial sector. This article summarizes the research progress for the resource recovery of sewage sludge and red mud for direct thermal energy recovery and composite phase change energy storage. After proper treatment, sludge and red mud can be directly used as energy storage materials. In addition, sludge and red mud can be combined with phase change materials to prepare composite materials with an excellent energy storage performance. This composite has broad application prospects in fields such as solar energy utilization and building energy efficiency. However, there are still some challenges and issues in this resource recovery and utilization, such as potential environmental pollution during the treatment process, the long-term stability of energy storage materials, and cost-effectiveness, which require further research and resolution. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of sewage sludge and red mud as energy storage materials, to explore their feasibility and advantages in practical applications, and to reveal the research progress, technical challenges, and future development directions of these two materials in the field of thermal energy storage.
... An option for the process design is the combination of combustion and gasification in a dual fluidized bed (DFB) system, as residual carbon could be combusted and circulating bed material could provide the energy necessary for gasification. Research employing the DFB technology, either for coupled combustiongasification or drying-combustion, has shown its viability for converting biomass and waste fuels [84][85][86][87]. Future process design of DFB processes could be facilitated by linking the results regarding ash chemistry obtained in this study with investigations focusing on the gasification performance. ...
... Furthermore, dual-circulating fluidized bed technology is utilized for the thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge, allowing for the recovery of nutrients and energy (4). These technologies not only aid in wastewater treatment but also contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the production of renewable energy [18]. ...
This research delves into the integration of Energy Recovery Technology (ERT) within sewage treatment processes in Indonesia, addressing the imperative for sustainable wastewater management amid rapid population growth and urbanization. Through a comprehensive investigation encompassing technological, economic, and environmental dimensions, the study identifies challenges, evaluates the feasibility of ERT integration, and bridges critical gaps in the existing literature. The potential synergy between wastewater treatment and energy recovery aligns with Indonesia's commitment to sustainable development. The findings serve as a catalyst for innovative sewage treatment approaches, contributing to a paradigm shift in Indonesia's wastewater management practices. The accompanying bibliometric analysis provides a detailed overview of the academic landscape, key contributors, and impactful studies, enhancing the study's depth and practical implications.
... The use of biomass residues, like peanut, coconut, and corn husks, as adsorbent materials provide a value-added to these biomaterials, as well as significantly contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts. Furthermore, it reinforces the principles of the circular economy, where resources are reused and optimized, thus promoting sustainability and environmental responsibility in the agriculture activities [21]. ...
In the present approach, we strategically use the Junina triad (named corn, coconut, and peanut husks) in an ambient remediation system for different textile reactive dyes. The remediation of Procion Yellow H-E 3G and Acid red 114 dyes by the Janina triad was conducted from the statistical treatment (2⁴). The XRD analyses revealed the presence of the amorphous carbonaceous nature of the biomasses, which are mainly composed of carbon and oxygen, typical of fibrous surfaces, such as the biomasses used, according to the SEM-EDS analysis. FTIR analysis of the biomasses exhibited the presence of a variety of oxygenated and electron-rich functional groups, which were useful for the remediation of dyes. Statistical optimization showed that the solution pH is the effect that most influences in the adsorption of the two dyes by the Junina triad. On the other hand, a high removal percentage of Procion Yellow H-E 3G and Acid red 114 was observed in the first 5 min of adsorption, especially in experiment 13 (for the corn and coconut husks in the Procion Yellow H-E 3G removal), as well as experiments 1 and 13 (for the peanut and coconut husks in the Acid red 114 remediation, respectively. Finally, we highlight the advanced adsorptive properties presented by the Junina triad for the use in environmental samples, whose removal efficiency values varied between: (i) 87.04–97.94% for the Procion Yellow H-E 3G and 85.53–95.09% for the Acid red 114 by the corn husk; (ii) 44.30–75.52% and 90.73–92.16% in the Procion Yellow H-E 3G and Acid red 114 removal, respectively, by the coconut husk; and (iii) 81.50–86.61% (Procion Yellow H-E 3G) and 60.36–65.65% (Acid red 114) using the peanut husk.
Graphical abstract
In response to increasing global waste generation due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization,
wastewater treatment operations should shift from being solely energy consumers to becoming energy producers
by harnessing energy from wastewater sludge (WWS). This approach holds great potential for meeting energy
demands and addressing the challenges of waste treatment. The recovery of heat and electrical energy from WWS
offers a viable solution to reduce costs within WWTPs. Thermochemical treatment technologies such as pyrolysis,
gasification, and combustion hold the potential for energy recovery due to their efficiency, reaction times, and
energy retrieval capabilities. These technologies demonstrate feasibility in terms of operational costs, circular
economy principles, and socio-environmental impact, thanks to ongoing advancements in waste-to-energy
research. This review aims to explore the feasibility of recovering bioenergy (biogas or syngas) from WWS to
generate energy, including heat, electricity, and other innovative products. The article provides a critical and
comprehensive examination of thermochemical technologies, taking into account technological, economic, and
socio-environmental factors. It then presents potential integration techniques that effectively combine anaerobic
digestion with other energy conversion technologies to enhance the recovery of syngas, biogas, and flue-gas
energy. The results of this study underscore the significant energy potential in wastewater sludge-to-energy
generation schemes.
The reuse of energy is a topic currently being widely discussed around the world. This study analyzes the potential for energy reuse in treatment plants. Sewage Treatment Plants are responsible for treating the water present in the sewers of cities. The treated water returns clean to the river, and generally, the place of discharge has a high height and flow rate that can be harnessed for the generation of electric energy. This work investigates the feasibility of installing a Micro Hydroelectric Plant in the Treatment Station of the Uberaba River in Brazil. Hydraulic potential and investment analysis were used as viability criteria. For the study, a height of 6 m and an average flow rate of 0.465 m ³ /s were considered, which could generate about 22.51 kW using a Bulb water turbine. This power represents a return of US$1651.26 per month from the generation of electric energy. The estimated installation cost was US$32,966.73, and the payback period was found to be less than 2 years. There are 702 sewage treatment plants in Brazil alone, and hypothetical analyses were performed with flow rates ranging from 0.2 to 1 m ³ /s and heights ranging from 1 to 9 m. Motivating results with payback periods of less than 4 years were obtained for numerous hypothetical situations, which demonstrates the feasibility of installing Micro Hydropower Plants and achieving savings in the sewage treatment system.
