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![Figure 5. Ethylene biosynthesis pathways in plants [61, 63].](profile/Abas-Mohsenzadeh/publication/315842715/figure/fig3/AS:481592268333057@1491831952025/Ethylene-biosynthesis-pathways-in-plants-61-63_Q320.jpg)
Manufacturing of bioethylene via dehydration of bioethanol is an alternative to the fossil-based ethylene production and decreases the environmental consequences for this chemical commodity. A few industrial plants that utilize 1st generation bioethanol for the bioethylene production already exist, although not functioning without subsidiaries. How...
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Citations
... Currently, ethanol is produced industrially by the catalytic hydration of ethylene, a chemical technique [71], and fermentation of agricultural biomasses, which comes under the biochemical technique [72]. Sugars can be directly processed into ethanol. ...
The widespread nature of citrus cultivation, processing, and consumption on a global scale results in a substantial volume of by-products within the citrus processing industries. The indiscriminate disposal of these by-products, without a proper treatment and disposal methods, poses a significant environmental hazard. Amongst, citrus peel waste being a prolific by-product, is generated on a large scale and is increasingly gaining recognition for its industrial potential in producing fuels and chemicals. This encompasses biofuels such as ethanol and biogas, bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, D-limonene, and pectin, as well as various biochemical compounds including organic acid, biosurfactants, enzymes, and bioplastics through strategic valorization processes. The valorization process entails a variety of techniques, including chemical, biological, and physical treatment methods. Physical treatments, such as microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods, are employed, alongside extraction using solvents and biological methods including fermentation and saccharification, which are integral components of the valorization process. Each of these methodologies contributes to the production of the aforementioned value-added compounds. Furthermore, the recently developed supercritical fluid can also be employed for extracting these valuable compounds, enhancing the versatility and efficiency of the valorization process. This review addresses a refinery strategy, emphasizing the incorporation of a suitable valorization/treatment approach to transform citrus peel waste into high-value-added products.
... Considering the opportunity cost of using farmland for ethanol destined for chemicals or fuel instead of food or storing carbon through nature restoration, it is advisable that more land not be used for ethanol crops (Searchinger et al. 2018). (2021) Methanol-to-olefins 9 Lopez et al. (2023) Ethanol-to-ethylene 9 Mohsenzadeh et al. (2017) Point source CO 2 capture 5-9 IEA (2020) ...
... ▪ Ethanol-to-ethylene (TRL 9): Ethanol made by fermenting crop sugars, mainly corn in the United States, is widely produced as a fuel additive. Catalytically dehydrating ethanol to yield ethylene is a well-understood process with several commercial plants operating globally (Mohsenzadeh et al. 2017). Ethanol plants emit highly concentrated CO 2 , allowing for low-cost CO 2 capture to reduce lifecycle emissions. ...
This paper discusses the benefits and opportunities of producing chemicals using feedstocks and energy carriers that are not fossil fuels—an emission reduction pathway referred to as chemical defossilization. The analysis finds that the U.S. chemical industry has great potential to procure sufficient non-fossil feedstocks to produce bulk chemicals, with some regional advantages. It proposes technologies that could catalyze growth of fossil-free supply chains, estimates volumes of non-fossil feedstocks needed to satisfy demand and maps where feedstocks could be sourced and processed.
... Given the amount of EtOH needed for the plant's bio-PET production, a majority of the EtOH is sold while the remainder is utilised for ethylene (ET) production (see Table 1). ET production consists of catalytic dehydration of the ethanol (EtOH) into ethylene (ET) and the ET's purification via washing and gas distillation [58][59][60]. The machinery modelling, the material and energy consumption, performance efficiency, and the overall process design for ET production were sourced from relevant examples, blueprints, and descriptions available in scientific literature [59][60][61]. ...
... ET production consists of catalytic dehydration of the ethanol (EtOH) into ethylene (ET) and the ET's purification via washing and gas distillation [58][59][60]. The machinery modelling, the material and energy consumption, performance efficiency, and the overall process design for ET production were sourced from relevant examples, blueprints, and descriptions available in scientific literature [59][60][61]. The costs for the main equipment and other associated related direct and indirect capital cost factors were acquired from scientific literature and technoeconomic studies [59][60][61]. ...
... The machinery modelling, the material and energy consumption, performance efficiency, and the overall process design for ET production were sourced from relevant examples, blueprints, and descriptions available in scientific literature [59][60][61]. The costs for the main equipment and other associated related direct and indirect capital cost factors were acquired from scientific literature and technoeconomic studies [59][60][61]. Referencing Fig. 2, two main pitfalls affect the efficiency of ethylene glycol (EG) production. The precursor for EG, ethylene oxide (EO), is formed through an exothermic reaction of ET and oxygen under high temperatures. ...
The rise of fast fashion has led to challenges in sustainable production and recycling of polyester textile waste. Bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) and the enzymatic hydrolysis of PET textiles may offer two solutions for bio and circular clothing. This study designed and simulated scaled enzymatic hydrolysis of fossil PET into ethylene glycol (r-EG) and purified terephthalic acid (r-PTA), the production of bio-EG and bio-PTA from the wheat straw ethanol (EtOH) and corn stover isobutene (IBN), respectively, and the production of PET polyester textile fibres from these monomers. The research goal was to determine whether bio-PET, r-PET, or their mixture achieves better positive profitability and NPV2023 and carbon neutrality in textile fibres. The financial returns and carbon emissions for r-PET fibres with a bio-PET content of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% to 100% was estimated for scenario 1 (a newly constructed plant), scenario 2 (no capital costs for the EtOH or IBN processes), and scenario 3 (no capital costs for the EtOH, IBN, and enzymatic hydrolysis processes). While scenario 1 was not able to generate positive net profits or NPV2023, scenarios 2 and 3 were able to attain financial sustainability when the bio-PET content was ≤ 40%. On the other hand, increasing the amount of bio-PET content in the polyester fibre from 0 to 100 wt.% decreased its carbon footprint from 2.99 to 0.46 kg CO2eq./kg of PET fibre.
... Although the catalytic dehydration of ethanol to ethylene was first reported back in 1797, the first commercial plant was established in the early 20th century. 52 In order to design a process and evaluate the economic impact and configuration of reaction conditions, it is necessary to assess catalyst performance. 53 The catalytic performance of the UNP catalyst was studied in the decomposition of bioethanol as a test reaction. ...
This study focuses on upcycling cement kiln dust (CKD) as an industrial waste by utilizing the undissolved portion (UNP) as a multicomponent catalyst for bioethylene production from bioethanol, offering an environmentally sustainable solution. To maximize UNP utilization, CKD was dissolved in nitric acid, followed by calcination at 500 °C for 3 h in an oxygen atmosphere. Various characterization techniques confirmed that UNP comprises five different compounds with nanocrystalline particles exhibiting an average crystal size of 47.53 nm. The UNP catalyst exhibited a promising bioethylene yield (77.1%) and selectivity (92%) at 400 °C, showcasing its effectiveness in converting bioethanol to bioethylene with outstanding properties. This exceptional performance can be attributed to its distinctive structural characteristics, including a high surface area and multiple-strength acidic sites that facilitate the reaction mechanism. Moreover, the UNP catalyst displayed remarkable stability and durability, positioning it as a strong candidate for industrial applications in bioethylene production. This research underscores the importance of waste reduction in the cement industry and offers a sustainable path toward a greener future.
... Ethanol, pr edominantl y pr oduced b y y east-based fermentation of r ene wable carbohydr ate feedstoc ks, can serv e as a r ene wable automotive fuel and as precursor for a range of other products, including ethylene and jet fuel (Mohsenzadeh et al. 2017, Capaz et al. 2018. In industrial ethanol production, the sugar feedstock can account for up to 70% of the ov er all pr ocess costs (Pfr omm et al. 2010 ). ...
In anaerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures, NADH-cofactor balancing by glycerol formation constrains ethanol yields. Introduction of an acetate-to-ethanol reduction pathway based on heterologous acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (A-ALD) can replace glycerol formation as ‘redox-sink’ and improve ethanol yields in acetate-containing media. Acetate concentrations in feedstock for first-generation bioethanol production are, however, insufficient to completely replace glycerol formation. An alternative glycerol-reduction strategy bypasses the oxidative reaction in glycolysis by introducing phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). For optimal performance in industrial settings, yeast strains should ideally first fully convert acetate and, subsequently, continue low-glycerol fermentation via the PRK-RuBisCO pathway. However, anaerobic batch cultures of a strain carrying both pathways showed inferior acetate reduction relative to a strain expressing only the A-ALD pathway. Complete A-ALD-mediated acetate reduction by a dual-pathway strain, grown anaerobically on 50 g L−1 glucose and 5 mmol L−1 acetate, was achieved upon reducing PRK abundance by a C-terminal extension of its amino acid sequence. Yields of glycerol and ethanol on glucose were 55% lower and 6% higher, respectively, than those of a non-engineered reference strain. The negative impact of the PRK-RuBisCO pathway on acetate reduction was attributed to sensitivity of the reversible A-ALD reaction to intracellular acetaldehyde concentrations.
... In the fossil industry, ethanol is chemically derived from ethylene. The hydration of ethylene results in the formation of ethanol, which is achieved in industry using a reversible reaction between ethylene and water vapor [52]. However, with the rise of bio-based ethanol sources, the synthetic production of ethanol from ethylene is rapidly declining [53]. ...
Algae are capable of sequestering nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from wastewater in the presence of sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2) to build up their body mass and help combat climate change. In the current study, we carried out different case studies to estimate the volume of algal biomass that could be produced annually using the rotating algal biofilm (RAB) method in three large-scale water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) in Texas: Fort Worth, Dallas, and Houston. We calculated the total amount of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins that could be fractionated from the algal biomass while using the hydrothermal flash hydrolysis process, followed by converting these biomolecules into commodity products via reported methods and yields. In the first case study, we estimated the amount of biogas and electricity produced in anaerobic digesters when the algal biomass and sludge generated in large-scale WRRFs are co-digested. Using this approach, electricity generation in a large-scale WRRF could be increased by 23% and CO2 emissions could be further reduced when using biogas combustion exhaust gases as a carbon source for the RAB system. In the second case study, it was estimated that 988 MT mixed alcohol or 1144 MT non-isocyanate polyurethane could be produced annually from the protein fraction in the WRRF in Fort Worth, Texas. In the third case study, it was estimated that 702 MT bio-succinic acid or 520 MT bioethanol could be produced annually using the carbohydrate fraction. In the fourth case study, it was estimated that 1040 MT biodiesel or 528 MT biocrude could be produced annually using the lipid fraction. Producing renewable commodity fuels and chemicals using the algal biomass generated in a WRRF will help to displace fossil fuel-derived products, generate new jobs, and benefit the environment.
... Currently, ethanol is produced predominantly from sugarcane and corn [114][115][116][117]. However, producing ethanol from glycerol, which is currently seen as a by-product of the biodiesel production process, is a way of adding economic value to glycerol [35,118]. ...
Biodiesel is seen as a successor to diesel of petrochemical origin, as it can be used in cycle and stationary engines and be obtained from renewable raw materials. Currently, the biodiesel production process on an industrial scale is mostly carried out through the transesterification reaction, also forming glycerol as a product. Pure glycerol is used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, cleaning, food, and other industries. Even presenting numerous applications, studies indicate that there is a saturation of glycerol in the market, which is directly related to the production of biodiesel. This increase causes a commercial devaluation of pure glycerol, making separation and purification processes unfeasible from an economic point of view. Despite the economic unfeasibility of the aforementioned processes, they continue to be carried out due to environmental issues. Faced with the problem presented, this work provides a bibliographical review of works that aimed to use glycerol as a raw material for the production of biofuels, with these processes being carried out mostly via fermentation.
... Centrifugal Separator biomassa yang telah mengalami modifikasi genetik. Dari 4 generasi tersebut, generasi yang paling optimal untuk saat ini dari analisa ekonomi serta teknis adalah generasi kedua (G2) [2]. ...
... Currently, ethanol is produced predominantly from sugarcane and corn [90,91]. However, by producing ethanol from glycerol, which is currently seen as a by-product of the biodiesel production process, it is a way of adding economic value to glycerol [92,93]. ...
Biodiesel is seen as a successor to diesel of petrochemical origin, as it can be used in cycle engines and stationary engines, and be obtained from renewable raw materials. Currently, the biodiesel production process on an industrial scale is mostly carried out through the transesterification reaction, also forming glycerol as a product. Pure glycerol is used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, cleaning, food and other industries. Even presenting numerous applications, studies indicate that there is a saturation of glycerol in the market which is directly related to the production of biodiesel. This increase causes a commercial devaluation of pure glycerol; making the separation and purification processes unfeasible from an economic point of view. Despite the economic unfeasibility of the aforementioned processes, they continue to be carried out due to environmental issues. Faced with the problem presented, this work aims at a bibliographical review of works that aimed to use glycerol as a raw material for the production process of biofuels, these processes being carried out mostly via fermentation.
... The hydration of ethylene comprises three stages, i.e., reaction, recycling, and purification. Mohsenzadeh et al. [41] suggested that this process occurs in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor when ethylene is mixed with steam at a molar ratio of 0.6 at 250-300 • C, 70-80 bar, and the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst (H 3 PO 4 /SiO 2 ) based on silica gel. The ethylene conversion is 4-25% with ethanol selectivity of 98.5 mol.%. ...
... A diagram of the hydration of ethylene is shown in Figure 1. [41]. ...
... The hydration process corresponds to petroleum-derived alkene over solid acid catalysts, which are limited by the low single-pass conversion (<5%), poor long-term stability, Figure 1. Hydration of ethylene [41]. ...
On the basis of its properties, ethanol has been identified as the most used biofuel because of its remarkable contribution in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide which are the source of greenhouse gas and prompt climate change or global warming worldwide. The use of ethanol as a new source of biofuel reduces the dependence on conventional gasoline, thus showing a decreasing pattern of production every year. This article contains an updated overview of recent developments in the new technologies and operations in ethanol production, such as the hydration of ethylene, biomass residue, lignocellulosic materials, fermentation, electrochemical reduction, dimethyl ether, reverse water gas shift, and catalytic hydrogenation reaction. An improvement in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 into ethanol needs extensive research to address the properties that need modification, such as physical, catalytic, and chemical upgrading. Overall, this assessment provides basic suggestions for improving ethanol synthesis as a source of renewable energy in the future.
