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The importance of using biomass efficiently to address global warming and resources shortages are well-known and documented. Biomass, which is environment-friendly, can replace fossil fuels for thermal and electricity applications. Biomass gasification, due to its high electrical efficiency compared to other biomass-based electricity generation sys...
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... produced gas pass through a cyclone, a catalytic tar cracking unit, gas cooling unit and gas cleaning unit ( Figure 7). The tar cracking is based on the Novel tar cracking/reforming system, which has been developed and tested together with VTT in pilot plant and also at the demonstration biomass gasification plant in Kokemäki, Finland. ...
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The burning of fossil fuels causes the average global surface temperature to rise every year by 0.6 to 0.9 K between 1906 to 2005 causing massive ecological imbalance and an increase in global warming as reported by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Biomass gasification is an enhanced and mature technology that has the capability of...
In the past 30 years, the increasing global temperature is one of the greatest concerns of mankind. The use of biomass resources is one of the important components to reduce global warming. In many cases, where the petroleum prices are high or supplies are limited or there is a problem of global warming, the biomass gasification can provide an econ...
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... Proses gasifikasi memiliki beberapa hal penting dalam pengaplikasiannya, yang dapat menentukan keberhasilan dari proses produksi gas sintetik, antara lain jenis dari bahan baku, jumlah oksigen, jenis reaktor, dan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) [8], [9]. Sedangkan untuk mengetahui kualitas dari proses gasifikasi dapat dilihat dengan membandingkan nilai energi yang dihasilkan, baik itu yang dikenal dengan Lower Heating Value (LHV) ataupun High Heating Value (HHV). ...
Gasifikasi menggunakan limbah padat kota (MSW) berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas lingkungan dan peningkatan pasokan listrik untuk daerah-daerah yang sulit dijangkau, khususnya di Indonesia. Namun proses gasifikasi membutuhkan proses pengujian kualitas terlebih dahulu agar dapat menghasilkan produk syngas dan kelistrikan yang maksimal. Maka dalam penelitian ini dilakukan proses pengujian pengaruh variasi Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) terhadap kualitas proses gasifikasi (Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE), Carbon Conversion Efficiency (CCE), dan specific fuel consumption (sfc) atau konversi konsumsi spesifik). Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan proses gasifikasi dengan tipe downdraft pada nilai AFR 0,5; 0,51; 0,53; 0,54; 0,55. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan nilai syngas seiring dengan peningkatan nilai AFR. Sedangkan nilai CGE meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya AFR proses gasifikasi MSW. Peningkatan terjadi dari 9 menjadi 13%, meskipun hasil ini masih sangat rendah. Di sisi lain, CCE juga mengalami peningkatan dengan meningkatnya AFR gasifikasi MSW. Peningkatan nilai terlihat dari 33-43%. Hasil ini juga masih tergolong kecil, artinya efisiensi konversi karbon pada proses ini sangat rendah. Pada akhirnya, dapat dilihat bahwa nilai scf menurun dengan meningkatnya AFR. Penurunan yang didapat adalah dari 5,3 menjadi 2.
... This latter can be used to produce heat, electricity or fuel transportation. Some different generic types of gasifiers have been developed and commercialized: fixed bed, fluidized, entrained flow and multi-stage gasifier [2]. Gasification involves a series of processes, namely drying, pyrolysis, volatiles oxidation/cracking, and char gasification. ...
... (1) C + CO 2 2CO (Boudouard reaction) (2) Currently, wood is principally used for gasification. However, regarding socio-economic issues, diversifying the feedstock is becoming the biggest challenge for this technology. ...
... However, regarding socio-economic issues, diversifying the feedstock is becoming the biggest challenge for this technology. RH increasing rapidly in number in rice-producing countries [2], [3]. Nevertheless, information about current applications and development trends have been small, fragmented and difficult to check. ...
Rice husk gasification (RHG) has been increasingly paid attention in rice-producing countries. Nevertheless, information related to this technology remains small and fragmented. In this paper, the status of RHG has been summarized, highlighting domestic and industrial applications, as well as a scientific review. Moreover, an experimental parametric study was performed to measure: a) the influence of temperature and heating rate on RH pyrolysis, and b) the role of temperature, partial pressure, and heating rate on RHG, under H 2 O or CO 2 atmosphere. Regarding pyrolysis, an increase in the final pyrolysis temperature lowers the RH char yield but does not have much effect on the char morphology. Regarding gasification, an increase in the reaction temperature from 900 to 1000° C accelerates about 4.8 and 7 times the char conversion rate, under 0.2 atm of CO 2 or H 2 O, respectively. The conversion rate decreases about 1.8 times when CO 2 partial pressure decreases from 1 to 0.2 atm, and about 1.6 times when H 2 O partial pressure decreases from 0.4 to 0.1 atm. At 900° C and 0.2 atm, steam gasification was about 3.5 times faster than Boudouard reaction.
... This latter can be used to produce heat, electricity or fuel transportation. Some different generic types of gasifiers have been developed and commercialized: fixed bed, fluidized, entrained flow and multi-stage gasifier [2]. Gasification involves a series of processes, namely drying, pyrolysis, volatiles oxidation/cracking, and char gasification. ...
... (1) C + CO 2 2CO (Boudouard reaction) (2) Currently, wood is principally used for gasification. However, regarding socio-economic issues, diversifying the feedstock is becoming the biggest challenge for this technology. ...
... However, regarding socio-economic issues, diversifying the feedstock is becoming the biggest challenge for this technology. RH increasing rapidly in number in rice-producing countries [2], [3]. Nevertheless, information about current applications and development trends have been small, fragmented and difficult to check. ...
Rice husk gasification (RHG) has been increasingly paid attention in rice-producing countries. Nevertheless, information related to this technology remains small and fragmented. In this paper, the status of RHG has been summarized, highlighting domestic and industrial applications, as well as a scientific review. Moreover, an experimental parametric study was performed to measure: a) the influence of temperature and heating rate on RH pyrolysis, and b) the role of temperature, partial pressure, and heating rate on RHG, under H2O or CO2 atmosphere. Regarding pyrolysis, an increase in the final pyrolysis temperature lowers the RH char yield but does not have much effect on the char morphology. Regarding gasification, an increase in the reaction temperature from 900 to 1000°C accelerates about 4.8 and 7 times the char conversion rate, under 0.2 atm of CO2 or H2O, respectively. The conversion rate decreases about 1.8 times when CO2 partial pressure decreases from 1 to 0.2 atm, and about 1.6 times when H2O partial pressure decreases from 0.4 to 0.1 atm. At 900°C and 0.2 atm, steam gasification was about 3.5 times faster than Boudouard reaction.
... As one of the largest enterprises in Lviv, the company strives to keep up with environmental trends. To become a standard that can be followed by other companies [13][14][15]16]. ...
... The RHA is obtained as a waste product from the RH biomass power plants. The rice husk ash powder (RHAP) is an important renewable source of silica and may replace it in the process of purifying biodiesel [58]. It contains substantial amount of amorphous silica, carbon and minor other mineral composition. ...
Farmers in Africa in general have repeatedly prioritized the urgent need for improved methods of storage pest control. Laboratory studies were evaluated on the toxicity of sublethal doses comprising of 25.0 × 103, 10.0 × 103, 20.0 × 103, 30.0 × 103, 40.0 × 103 and 50.0 × 103 ppm (wt/wt) paddy rice husk ash (PRHAP) and false yam Icacina oliviformis leaf powders (FYLP), alone or in combination with enhanced diatomaceous earth (DE) to adult Sitophilus granarius, Tribolium castaneum and Acanthoscelides obtectus in stored grains. Adult mortality was observed up to 7 days, while progeny production was recorded 6–10 weeks. PRHAP was more toxic to the three beetle species than the FYLP, irrespective of dosage or exposure period. Grains treated with 30,000–50,000 ppm (wt/wt) of PRHAP for 5 days killed all T. castaneum and S. granarius ranging from 93 to 100% and A. obtectus in 1 day, respectively, whereas false yam killed 46–73, 33–60 and 33–60 of S. granarius, T. castaneum and A. obtectus, respectively. LT50, LD50 for the adult test insects to the food by-products and diatomaceous earth revealed that A. obtectus was most susceptible towards the botanical by-products (LD50) 308.4639 and 1410.6973 ppm (wt/wt) followed by S. granarius 3708.1338, 22,908.3521 ppm (wt/wt) of FYLP and PRHAP, respectively. Tribolium castaneum was the most tolerant (LD50) 33,240.3851, 2137.8481 ppm (wt/wt) to FYLP, respectively, but were susceptible to PRHAP compared to S. granarius. Fylp did not completely inhibit the progeny production of all the three insects, irrespective of dosage applied compared to Prhap which completely inhibited F1 production of all the three beetles tested irrespective of the dosage applied. Combination of powders of the botanical food by-products and diatomaceous earth controlled the beetles faster compared to the plant products in isolation. LT50 ranged from 13 to 84 h for T. castaneum exposed to doses of 20,000 ppm (wt/wt) PRHAP and 20,000 ppm (wt/wt) DE, and 10,000 ppm (wt/wt) FYLP and 20,000 ppm (wt/wt) DE, respectively. PRHAP alone with a dosage of 20,000 ppm (wt/wt), the LD50 for A. obtectus, S. granarius and T. castaneum ranged from 29, 69 to 115 h, respectively. Botanical powders caused significant reduction of F1 adults compared to the control. Combination of DE and botanical food by-products is promising approach of integrated pest management strategy.
... In the gasification process, with the exception of generating useful products, many by-products such as fly ash, NOx, SO2 and tar are also formed (Salam et al., 2010). In order to feed the producer gas in to an internal combustion engine for generating electricity, the gas should be thoroughly cleaned and contain less moisture as well as less ash and other particulates. ...
A gasifier was established by a company at Gohagoda disposal site. To purify producer gas (PG), a gas purification system consisted of a wet scrubber (WC), a cyclone separator (CS) and a fabric filter (FF) was coupled to the gasifier. Proximate analysis of coconut shells as feedstock and charcoal, flow rates and composition of gas inlet and outlet, and mass and energy balances and power generation potential were determined. The average moisture, ash and volatile content of the feedstock and charcoal were 17% (w/b), 3.29%, 96.7% and 7.5%(w/b), 36.26%, 63.6%, respectively. The humidity did reduce to 86.6% and only then the PG burnt continuously. The composition of the cleaned gas was CO, H2, CO2, CH4 and N2 20%, 16%, 13.1%, 0.6% and 50.3% respectively. 52.2 kW can be generated by the gasifier with 2.39kW loss to the surrounding. The efficiency of PG at the gas outlet rate of 0.003 m 3 /s was 25%, but overall efficiency with tar can be 81%. Tar reforming technologies are needed to attain such high performance. Up scaling of the gasifier is best with the selection of best combination of technologies of power generations after conducting feasibility studies, including results from experimentation with different feedstock.
... Currently, about 55 biomass gasification power plants are operating in Cambodia. Majority of them small and medium enterprises are operating in the range from 200 to 600 kW and use producer gas and diesel in dual fuel mode, replacing about 75% of the diesel usage [14][15][16]. ...
Rice husk (RH), an agricultural waste, is abundantly available in rice producing countries like China, India, Bangladesh, Brazil, US, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and South East Asia. Despite the massive amount of annual production worldwide, so far RHs have been recycled only for low-value applications. In recent years, many rice mills in rice producing countries have started using RH for the energy production for mill operations as well as household lighting in rural regions. Burning of RHs produces the rice husk ash (RHA). The disposal in landfills or open fields can be problematic and may cause a serious environmental and human health related problems due to the low bulk density of RHA. Several ways are being thought of for disposing RHA by making its commercial use. The amorphous silica forms the main component (83-90%) of RHA. The amorphous silica rich RHA has wide range of applications. High-value applications and current research investigations such as the use of RHA in manufacturing of silica gels, silicon chip, synthesis of activated carbon and silica, production of light weight construction materials and insulation, catalysts, zeolites, ingredients for lithium ion batteries, graphene, energy storage/capacitor, carbon capture, and in drug delivery vehicles are presented. Use of RHA in potential future applications is also discussed. It is suggested that the amorphous silica rich RHA could become a potential resource of low cost precursor for the production of value-added silica based materials for practical applications.
... In USA and Europe biomass gasification has reached a commercial scale demonstration, with plants having operated in Burlington Vermont, USA, Gussing in Austria, Värnämo in Sweden [10]. Several Asian countries such as India, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, have implemented rice husk gasification technology for power generation [8,9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Several Asian manufacturers are dominant in rice husk gasifiers, in-house technology, and manufacturing equipments for the gasification power generation [20]. ...
... Fixed bed gasifiers are typically simpler, less expensive, and produce lower heat content -producer gas. Fluidized bed gasifiers are more complex, more expensive, and produce a gas with a higher heating value [19]. However, the fixed bed gasifiers are more suitable for small scale power generation and industrial heating applications. ...
... Cambodia installed its first biomass demonstration plant in 2003. At present there are about 55 biomass gasification plants in Cambodia, of which the majority are small and medium enterprises operating in the range from 200 kW to 600 kW and use producer gas and diesel in dual fuel mode, replacing about 75% of the diesel usage [19]. Rural electrification realized with small scale gasifier is a sustainable solution to improve the access to energy and, at the same time, to guarantee a cheap kW h; that is a local and dynamic economical activity. ...
The role of energy in overall social and economical developments is well recognized. However, most energy providers are reluctant to venture in rural regions of developing countries. These regions are generally characterized by: low-income populations, minimum access to electricity, rare access to financial services or loans. In this paper we present the potential of rice husk for rural electrification in Cambodia. Rice husk is locally abundant at almost no cost, with a production over 9.3 million tons paddy rice in 2014 for a total population of about 15 million people. The conversion of rice husk into electricity through gasification or thermally generated electricity is a well-known technology. Rice husk can contribute in a sustainable manner to grant access to electricity to Cambodian rural population and is more reliable and competitive with reference to other renewable energy sources of electricity. The present investigation focuses on the study of self-sustaining energy service model to provide grid quality power to rural populations without the need of subsidies. In Cambodia, many rice mills are operating in rural and semi-urban areas. Some of these mills are now using rice husk for electricity production for industries and rural households, generally for lighting at low cost. We believe that the power systems focusing on both power requirements for the industry such rice mills and power requirements for the people living in the neighboring villages/rural areas at affordable tariff could become the most appropriate solution for the sustainable rural electrification. Along with the potential of rice husk for rural electrification in Cambodia, we present a financially viable business model to provide the grid quality power to rural population without grant or subsidy.
... In cases like Cambodia or Thailand, which are rich in fuel sources, biomass is a sustainable alternative [10]. In Thailand there are around 20 plants that produce electricity with biomass gasification that range from 10 KW up to 1.5MW. ...
This paper performs a review of different micro-grid technologies used in notable cases in developing countries for the electrification of rural areas. Micro-grids mostly rely on renewable energy sources, which are usually found in abundance, and can assist to alleviate energy poverty: they can be cost-effective over the system's lifetime, easy-to-deploy, install and maintain and their design is flexible to meet every demand. In this paper, best practices in developing countries are presented, highlighting promising technologies such as: PV/Wind and diesel hybrid systems, PV/Wind and battery storage, micro-hydro, biomass gasification and solar irrigation systems, as well as their benefits.
... Producer gas generated from biomass gasification can be used to generate electricity or heat or both heat and electricity using a combined heat and power (CHP) system called integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC or BIGCC, Biomass-fired IGCC). A number of commercial CHP plants have been well designed and developed around the world as alternatives to the use of fossil fuel for electrical power production [45]. The producer gas generation process involves partial combustion of the solid biomass under sub-stochiometric conditions in air and subsequent reduction process resulting in the formation of producer gas, composed of H 2 , CO, CH 4 , CO 2 and rest N 2 with a mean calorific value of 4.7 70.3 MJ/kg and resulting gas is supplied to the engine. ...
... Plasma can heat the biomass feedstock to a temperature more than 3000 1C or higher. Therefore, under very high temperature, a biomass is converted into a combustible gas within milliseconds [45,53]. ...
... Fixed bed gasifiers are typically simpler, less expensive, and produce lower heat content-producer gas. Fluidized bed gasifiers are more complicated, more expensive, and produce a gas with a higher heating value [45]. Design and volume content of the cooling-cleaning system is an important aspect of the gasifierengine system design. ...
Alternative fuels have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels as they are renewable and biodegradable besides providing energy security and foreign exchange saving addressing environmental concerns, and socio-economic issues as well. Therefore renewable fuels can be predominantly used as fuel for transportation and power generation applications. In view of this exhaustive experiments on the use of producer gas for both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engine applications for short and long term trial runs have been reported in the literature. Today, the use of biomass derived producer gas is more reliant for addressing rural power generation and is a promising technique for controlling both NOx and soot emission levels. Researchers have found that, the brake thermal efficiency of producer gas operated single and dual-fuel engines were far lower compared to diesel/biodiesel operated engine and suggested that, this can be improved by improving the fuel properties, adopting good operating parameters or altering engine design. In order to address this, many researchers/scientists have proposed different solutions for enhancing the performance of a producer gas operated engine.
Majority of the research work is focused on the utilization of compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in engines operated on both single and dual fuel mode. However, use of producer gas in engines still needs more detailed studies, as this area is less investigated. Literature review suggests that the combustion characteristics of the producer gas operated engines need extensive research for a long-term use in both gas and dual-fuel engine. In this context, this paper mainly presents a literature review based on the utilization of producer gas as fuel for transport and power generation applications. Based on the review of literatures, it can be concluded that this area requires more research with long term engine operation.
