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Procedure of the standardized eccentric exercise of the calf muscles: (A) start position, with heel raised; (B) eccentric contraction (−35°); and (C) composites of the entire setting.
Source publication
To investigate below-knee compression garments during exercise and a post-exercise period of 6 h on clinical, functional, and morphological outcomes in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Eighteen volunteers (age: 24.1 ± 3.6, BMI 22.7 ± 2.7 kg/m2) were enrolled. Measures were acquired at baseline, 6 h, and 48 h after eccentric and plyometric exer...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... a 2 min break, a previously described eccentric exercise was performed on a specifically manufactured slant plate (−35 • ) [17,18]. To increase the load, each volunteer wore a weighted vest bearing approximately 40% of his/her body weight during the entire eccentric exercise (Figure 3). All participants performed 5 sets of 50 repetitions each and rested 60 s between sets, with the last set being performed until muscle fatigue, so that no further repetition of eccentric exercise was possible. ...
Context 2
... a 2 min break, a previously described eccentric exercise was performed on a specifically manufactured slant plate (−35°) [17,18]. To increase the load, each volunteer wore a weighted vest bearing approximately 40% of his/her body weight during the entire eccentric exercise (Figure 3). All participants performed 5 sets of 50 repetitions each and rested 60 s between sets, with the last set being performed until muscle fatigue, so that no further repetition of eccentric exercise was possible. ...
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The purposes of this study were to investigate the muscle-tendon unit stiffness response and to compare the stiffness with those of other indirect markers induced by two bouts of unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Eleven untrained men performed two bouts of 200 maximal eccentric contractions of the right quadriceps 4 weeks apart. Changes in stiffness...
Citations
... The quantification of intramuscular edema was performed according to a previously published threshold-based approach. 20,21 Hyperintense vessels were segmented in the baseline images and subtracted from the segmented edema volume in the postexercise images. 20,21 Postprocessing of the 23 Na/ 39 K data sets is visualized in Figure 1B. ...
... 20,21 Hyperintense vessels were segmented in the baseline images and subtracted from the segmented edema volume in the postexercise images. 20,21 Postprocessing of the 23 Na/ 39 K data sets is visualized in Figure 1B. First, 23 Na/ 39 K raw data sets were reconstructed offline using a nonuniform fast Fourier transform. ...
Objectives:
The aims were to investigate if potassium (39K) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to analyze changes in the apparent tissue potassium concentration (aTPC) in calf muscle tissue after eccentric exercise and in delayed-onset muscle soreness, and to compare these to corresponding changes in the apparent tissue sodium concentration (aTSC) measured with sodium (23Na) MRI.
Materials and methods:
Fourteen healthy subjects (7 female, 7 male; 25.0 ± 2.8 years) underwent 39K and 23Na MRI at a 7 T MR system, as well as 1H MRI at a 3 T MR system. Magnetic resonance imaging data and blood samples were collected at baseline (t0), directly after performing eccentric exercise (t1) and 48 hours after exercise (t2). Self-reported muscle soreness was evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale for pain (0, no pain; 10, worst pain) at t0, t1, and t2. Quantification of aTPC/aTSC was performed after correcting the measured 39K/23Na signal intensities for partial volume and relaxation effects using 5 external reference phantoms. Edema volume and 1H T2 relaxation times were determined based on the 1H MRI data. Participants were divided according to their increase in creatine kinase (CK) level into high (CKt2 ≥ 10·CKt0) and low CK (CKt2 < 10·CKt0) subjects.
Results:
Blood serum CK and edema volume were significantly increased 48 hours after exercise compared with baseline (P < 0.001). Six participants showed a high increase in blood serum CK level at t2 relative to baseline, whereas 8 participants had only a low to moderate increase in blood serum CK. All participants reported increased muscle soreness both at rest and when climbing stairs at t1 (0.4 ± 0.7; 1.4 ± 1.2) and t2 (1.6 ± 1.4; 4.8 ± 1.9) compared with baseline (0 ± 0; 0 ± 0). Moreover, aTSC was increased at t1 in exercised muscles of all participants (increase by 57% ± 24% in high CK, 73% ± 33% in low CK subjects). Forty-eight hours after training, subjects with high increase in blood serum CK still showed highly increased aTSC (increase by 79% ± 57% compared with t0). In contrast, aTPC at t2 was elevated in exercised muscles of low CK subjects (increase by 19% ± 11% compared with t0), in which aTSC had returned to baseline or below. Overall, aTSC and aTPC showed inverse evolution, with changes in aTSC being approximately twice as high as in aTPC.
Conclusions:
Our results showed that 39K MRI is able to detect changes in muscular potassium concentrations caused by eccentric exercise. In combination with 23Na MRI, this enables a more holistic analysis of tissue ion concentration changes.
... More recently, several quantitative MRI techniques have been evaluated for trauma and therapy monitoring of muscle injuries in athletes. T2 relaxation time measurements have been applied for the assessment of edema development in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) [2,3]. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI has been used for measurement of microvascular muscle perfusion and visualization of muscle activation in walking and running [4]. ...
Objectives:
Quantitative MRI techniques, such as diffusion microstructure imaging (DMI), are increasingly applied for advanced tissue characterization. We determined its value in rotator cuff (RC) muscle imaging by studying the association of DMI parameters to isometric strength and fat fraction (FF).
Methods:
Healthy individuals prospectively underwent 3T-MRI of the shoulder using DMI and chemical shift encoding-based water-fat imaging. RC muscles were segmented and quantitative MRI metrics (V-ISO, free fluid; V-intra, compartment inside of muscle fibers; V-extra, compartment outside of muscle fibers, and FF) were extracted. Isometric shoulder strength was quantified using specific clinical tests. Sex-related differences were assessed with Student's t. Association of DMI-metrics, FF, and strength was tested. A factorial two-way ANOVA was performed to compare the main effects of sex and external/internal strength-ratio and their interaction effects on quantitative imaging parameters ratios of infraspinatus/subscapularis.
Results:
Among 22 participants (mean age: 26.7 ± 3.1 years, 50% female, mean BMI: 22.6 ± 1.9 kg/m2), FF of the individual RC muscles did not correlate with strength or DMI parameters (all p > 0.05). Subjects with higher V-intra (r = 0.57 to 0.87, p < 0.01) and lower V-ISO (r = -0.6 to -0.88, p < 0.01) had higher internal and external rotation strength. Moreover, V-intra was higher and V-ISO was lower in all RC muscles in males compared to female subjects (all p < 0.01). There was a sex-independent association of external/internal strength-ratio with the ratio of V-extra of infraspinatus/subscapularis (p = 0.02).
Conclusions:
Quantitative DMI parameters may provide incremental information about muscular function and microstructure in young athletes and may serve as a potential biomarker.
Key points:
• Diffusion microstructure imaging was successfully applied to non-invasively assess the microstructure of rotator cuff muscles in healthy volunteers. • Sex-related differences in the microstructural composition of the rotator cuff were observed. • Muscular microstructural metrics correlated with rotator cuff strength and may serve as an imaging biomarker of muscular integrity and function.
... Overall, the use of CGs for both exercise and recovery tended to result in a decrease in perceived muscle soreness or limb pain following endurance, simulated team sport, or sprinting activities [158,159,162,163] but not following fatiguing eccentric and plyometric exercise [164]. For example, the use of compression tights during and following a fatiguing sprint protocol was associated with a moderate reduction in perceived muscle soreness two hours following exercise, and a significant, large reduction 24 h following exercise [158]. ...
Background: Compression garments (CGs) are a popular tool that may act on physiological, physical, neuromuscular, biomechanical, and/or perceptual domains during exercise and recovery from exercise, with varying levels of efficacy. While previous reviews have focused on the effects of CGs during running, high-intensity exercise, and exercise recovery, a comprehensive systematic review that assesses the effectiveness of garment use both during and after exercise has not been recently conducted. Methods: A systematic search of the literature from the earliest record until May 2022 was performed based on the PRISMA-P guidelines for systematic reviews, using the online databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar. Results: 160 articles with 2530 total participants were included for analysis in the systematic review, comprised of 103 ‘during exercise’ studies, 42 ‘during recovery’ studies, and 15 combined design studies. Conclusions: During exercise, CGs have a limited effect on global measures of endurance performance but may improve some sport-specific variables (e.g., countermovement jump height). Most muscle proteins/metabolites are unchanged with the use of CGs during exercise, though measures of blood lactate tend to be lowered. CGs for recovery appear to have a positive benefit on subsequent bouts of endurance (e.g., cycling time trials) and resistance exercise (e.g., isokinetic dynamometry). CGs are associated with reductions in lactate dehydrogenase during recovery and are consistently associated with decreases in perceived muscle soreness following fatiguing exercise. This review may provide a useful point of reference for practitioners and researchers interested in the effect of CGs on particular outcome variables or exercise types.
Objective:
To assess sodium (23 Na) and quantitative proton (1 H) parameter changes in muscle tissue with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after eccentric exercise and in delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
Methods:
Fourteen participants (mean age: 25±4 years) underwent 23 Na/1 H MRI of the calf muscle on a 3 Tesla MRI system before exercise(t0), directly after eccentric exercise (t1) and 48 hours post-intervention (t2). In addition to tissue sodium concentration (TSC), intracellular-weighted sodium (ICwS) signal was acquired using a 3D density-adapted radial projection readout (DA-3DPR) with an additional inversion recovery (IR) preparation module. Phantoms containing saline solution served as references to quantify sodium concentrations. The 1 H MRI protocol consisted of a T1 -weighted turbo-spin-echo (TSE) sequence, a T2 -weighted turbo inversion recovery (TIRM), as well as water T2 mapping and water T1 mapping. Additionally, blood serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were assessed at baseline and 48 hours after exercise.
Results:
The TSC and ICwS of exercised muscles increased significantly from t0 to t1 and decreased significantly from t1 to t2. In the soleus muscle (SM), ICwS decreased below baseline values at t2. In the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), TSC and ICwS remained at baseline levels at each measurement point. However, high-CK participants (i.e., participants with a more than 10-fold CK increase, n = 3) showed a different behavior, with 2- to 4-fold increases in TSC values in the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MGM) at t2. 1 H water T1 relaxation times increased significantly after 48 hours in the MGM and SM. 1 H water T2 relaxation times and muscle volume increased in the MGM at t2.
Conclusion:
Sodium MRI parameters and water relaxation times peaked at different points. Whereas water relaxation times were highest at t2, sodium MRI parameters already returned to baseline values (or even below baseline values, for low-CK participants) at this point. The observed changes in ion concentrations and water relaxation time parameters could enable a better understanding of the physiological processes during DOMS and muscle regeneration. In the future, this might help to optimize training and to reduce associated sports injuries.
