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![Principle of photovoltaic effect for a photon to electrical energy conversion (e: electron, and h: hole) [31].](publication/369210553/figure/fig1/AS:11431281126764574@1678805268893/Principle-of-photovoltaic-effect-for-a-photon-to-electrical-energy-conversion-e.png)
Principle of photovoltaic effect for a photon to electrical energy conversion (e: electron, and h: hole) [31].
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The photovoltaic panel has become the most promising alternative technology for energy demand. Solar trackers have been used to improve the efficiency of a photovoltaic panel to maximize the sun’s exposure. In high temperatures, however, the photovoltaic efficiency is significantly reduced. This study observes photovoltaic/thermoelectric generator...
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... physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic panel in 1839 and used it for industrial applications in 1954 [30]. Figure 1 shows the working mechanism of a photovoltaic panel. When two semiconductor layers, p-type and n-type, absorb photon energy from the sun, an electric potential occurs between the semiconductor layers. ...
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... the efficiency of the thermoelectric generator must be a significant concern to maximize the hybrid photovoltaic/thermoelectric generator (PV-TEG) system. Therefore, evaluating the heat flow and temperature distribution across the thermoelectric Figure 1. Principle of photovoltaic effect for a photon to electrical energy conversion (e: electron, and h: hole) [31]. ...
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... intensity of solar radiation obtained in this study is in line with research by Das [48] and McCormick et al. [49]. Energies 2023, 16, x Figure 10 shows the temperature profile measured on the PV and PV-TEG panels, including the surface of the TEG hot and cold sides. The temperature of the heat sink is not displayed in the figure because it is similar to the TEG cold side. ...
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... and Khan et al. [18]. Figure 10 shows the temperature profile measured on the PV and PV-TEG panels, including the surface of the TEG hot and cold sides. The temperature of the heat sink is not displayed in the figure because it is similar to the TEG cold side. ...
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... decrease in the photovoltaic surface temperature due to the TEG attachment in this study is similar to that reported by Sharaf et al. [50], Idoko et al. [51], and Khan et al. [18]. Figure 11 shows the power generated by the PV and the PV-TEG panels. The power comparison indicates that the PV-TEG produces a greater power than the PV panel alone. ...
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... power comparison indicates that the PV-TEG produces a greater power than the PV panel alone. The maximum power on the PV-TEG panel is 1.12 W, whereas the PV panel is 0.81 W. The power difference between the PV and PV-TEG panels is 0.31 W. The thermoelectric Figure 11 shows the power generated by the PV and the PV-TEG panels. The power comparison indicates that the PV-TEG produces a greater power than the PV panel alone. ...
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... contrast, the expanding power due to the addition of TEG is in line with that observed by Khan et al. [18]. Figure 12 shows the efficiency of the PV, PV-TEG, and TEG panels. The result shows that the highest efficiency of all systems occurs at 12:00. ...
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... increased PV efficiency with the addition of TEG in this work is in line with the study by Khan et al. [18], although Khan's work did not apply a solar tracker. Figure 12 shows the efficiency of the PV, PV-TEG, and TEG panels. The result shows that the highest efficiency of all systems occurs at 12:00. ...
Citations
... A hybrid PV TEG system for precision agriculture was investigated by [36], in which a simulation of a PV array and TEG was conducted via MATLAB/Simulink R2021a for real environmental conditions to predict the output. The passive cooling technique was implemented in [37], in which a TEG coupled with a PV array and dual-axis solar tracking system was investigated. PV and PV + TEG system performances were analyzed in [38]. ...
Among renewable resources, solar energy is abundant and cost effective. However, the efficiency and performance of photovoltaic panels (PVs) are adversely affected by the rise in the surface temperature of solar cells. This paper analyzes the idea of utilizing thermoelectric modules (TEMs) to enhance the efficiency and performance of PV panels. The proposed hybrid solar thermoelectric generation (HSTEG) system employs TEMs as thermoelectric coolers (TECs) to enhance panel efficiency and as thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to convert excess heat into additional electricity. This study includes an extensive evaluation of the proposed idea using MATLAB Simulink and experimental validation in indoor as well as outdoor environments. The use of TECs for the active cooling of the PV system leads to an increase in its efficiency by 9.54%. Similarly, the passive cooling by TECs along with the additional power generated by the TEGs from the excessive heat led to an increase in the efficiency of the PV system of 15.50%. The results demonstrate the HSTEG system's potential to significantly improve PV panel efficiency and energy generation, offering a promising avenue for advancing solar energy technology.
... By generating charge carriers due to a temperature differential between the TEG sides, the Seebeck effect allows the TEG to convert heat into electrical energy instantaneously [10][11][12]. Hybrid PV-TEG systems combine PV and thermal systems that use a TEG module [13,14]. Usually, the TEG is installed directly on the rear of the PV in a combined PV-TEG system. ...
... If the photovoltaics are used at a high temperature, the resulting efficiency will decrease. Overheating caused by an excessive light source and high operating temperature are the main reasons for the low electrical efficiency of photovoltaics [4][5][6]. ...
... The maximum irradiance measured was 800 W/sq.m. at noon. It has been recorded that each 1 • C increase in temperature from 25 • C resulted in a decrease in solar cell efficiency ranging from 0.3% to 0.5% [42]. Therefore, at noon, the time when the temperature was at its highest, the solar cell efficiency experienced a decrease of approximately 12%. ...
This research presents an analysis of the five-position angle in both single-axis (one-axis tracking) and dual-axis (two-axis tracking) solar tracking systems. The study compares these tracking systems, where four solar panels move simultaneously, with a fixed solar panel system. The findings revealed that the five-position angle Sun-tracking technique resulted in lower energy consumption by the tracking mechanism than in the case of an all-time solar tracking system. The key component of the implemented system is a light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor for controlling the motion of the motor for five positions on the vertical axis and horizontal axis, processed by a microcontroller to ensure the necessary solar tracking always moves in a perpendicular direction. According to the results, the voltage, current, and power increased with both one-axis and two-axis tracking compared to those of the fixed solar panel system under the same conditions. However, when evaluating the total energy with numerical integration methods, one-axis and two-axis provided 183.12 Wh and 199.79 Wh, respectively. Consequently, the energy production of the one-axis tracking system and the one-axis tracking system was found to be 16.71% and 24.97%, respectively, when compared to the fixed-axis system. Thus, the five-position angles of the sun-tracking technique resulted in lower energy consumption than is the case of an all-time solar tracking system.
... Photovoltaics convert solar energy into electrical energy. At the same time, the thermoelectric generator can produce electrical energy when there is a temperature difference between the hot and cold sides [12]. According to Babu and Ponnambalam [13], such integrated systems are more efficient than standalone PV systems. ...
... Eq. (11) calculates the mean, symbolized by x, of the N numbers of the observed data. The symbol i represent any integer number from 1 to N. Eq. (12) provides the standard deviation (SD), which measures how much data is scattered around the mean value. Eq. (13) gives the deviation standard of the mean value, which was used to calculate the uncertainty, denoted by σ m . ...
The sun is a heat and photonic energy source that can be used as a renewable and sustainable energy source. Solar panels have used thermoelectric generators in a hybrid solar cell system to increase the efficiency of solar energy utilization. The main objective of this study was to investigate the role of thermoelectric material on the increased power of the hybrid power system. The solar cell system was built using a fixed-axis panel. The tilt angle was selected to improve the received solar radiation on the photovoltaic panel. The measurement tools were attached to the panel, including the temperature and electrical output tools. The tool was calibrated using the tool standard to obtain a reliable result. Uncertainty analysis was conducted to predict the accuracy of the measured data. All measurements were recorded in real-time and stored in a data logger. The experiments were carried out from 05:00-18:00 Western Indonesia Time. The efficiency of photovoltaic and thermoelectric generators was calculated to know each contribution to the hybrid power system.
