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Advances in electronics, sensor technology, information science, electrical and computer engineering give rise to emerging technologies, some of which could be applied to the inspection, monitoring, and condition assessment of buried water mains. This paper presents a state of the review of sensor technologies used for monitoring indicators pointin...
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... typically consists of a coil and bias magnet (Fig. 3). A short-duration pulse is sent to the transmitting coil. The coil applies a time-varying magnetic field to the strand pipe that generates an elastic wave pulse [12]. The generated waves propagate along the pipe in both directions. When the wave passes by the receiving coil, the magnetic induction changes and an electric voltage signal ...
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... wave passes by the receiving coil, the magnetic induction changes and an electric voltage signal is induced. This signal is then amplified, filtered, and digitized. The pipe under testing needs to be in a magnetized state, achieved by applying either a direct current electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is different from the bias magnet in Fig. ...
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The work detailed in this document is the result of a collaborative effort of the LAAS-CNRS in Toulouse and MEAS-France / TE Connectivity during a period of three years. The goal here is to develop a methodology to design smart embedded sensors with the ability to estimate physical parameters based on multi-physical data fusion. This strategy tends...
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... However, forward-looking functionalities like demand management are less prioritized, possibly due to a focus on existing business models and the need for RMS solutions to validate their value in basic applications. Barriers to RMS adoption include data connectivity issues, technology costs, and component compatibility concerns as basic connections like 2G could suffice for simpler RMS functionalities [34], such as proposed in this paper. While renewable energy companies employ diverse approaches for data collection and processing, indicating varying degrees of RMS utilization and integration into the mini-grid system, the SMS based solution offers the much needed flexibility and adaptive features for effective implementation in the Nigerian energy landscape with limited connectivity as pumped hydro energy storage solutions are deployed in off-grid communities with abundant hydropower resources for alternative energy storage [35,36]. ...
Solar mini-grids are a cost-effective and efficient method of improving energy access in sub-Saharan Africa,
particularly in low-income communities. However, conventional battery storage systems have reduced the
affordability of solar mini-grid-generated electricity, necessitating the development of alternative energy storage
systems such as pumped hydro storage to replace lithium-ion batteries. This paper introduces a model for an
SMS-based fluid parameter monitoring system to provide visibility of reservoir conditions during peak and offpeak periods. The model uses hardware such as voltage regulators, sensors, microcontrollers, and C- programming language software. Sensors monitor various parameters in the reservoir and penstock, transmitting signals
to a microcontroller for analysis. The results are relayed to a display unit and personnel’s mobile phones for alert
notifications, ensuring precise and accurate reporting. Simulation results show the reliability of the design to
monitor water levels, water temperature, flow rate, and transmission through SMS to mobile devices for timely
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... The findings contribute to valuable insights into the selection of sensor technologies for leak detection applications, provides guidance for optimal sensor performance, leaks in plastic pipes and improves the efficiency of detection systems. Jheng Liu and Yehuda Klenar (2012) [12] have analyzed the technology of the technology, as in the IEEE Sensors Journal, the various engineers have not designed health systems. In reviewing methods of inspection, and indifference policy, reviewing the newly condemned, Investigation provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of pipe inspection technology. ...
A great deal of water could be saved by implementing automatic leak detection all over the world. In developed nations, pipe induced vibrations or sounds are used in acoustic devices for detecting leaks while in developing countries it’s majorly through visible physicality on floors usually resulting to wastage of a lot of water as they are not notified until something goes wrong there. Pipe leaks due to various reasons such as worn-out, natural disasters and improper installation can be rectified with the solution that detects and locates damages within the earliest times possible. A affordable way out would be having an embedded system with flow sensors at several points along the pipeline being used as means of identifying leaking waters at minimum cost. Detected faults could be sent wirelessly to appropriate departments via cloud-based information storage. This concept also involves incorporating AR technology into our designed system since underground sewage systems are not easy to locate in most cases. The AR interface displays the underground sewage pipeline blueprint, allowing users to visualize pipe locations without technical expertise. Moreover, the system identifies leaks and potential pipeline issues within the AR environment, providing real-time insights for prompt resolution. Efficient water resource management is a key global goal due to increasing water demand. Automation in such systems reduces errors, enhances efficiency, and bridges the supply-demand gap.
... Tese methods not only have limited detection accuracy but also have poor working conditions and even threaten the personal safety of operators. With the development of detection technology, closed-circuit television (CCTV) [7], pipeline sonar detection technology [16], pipe quick view inspection (QV) [17], ground penetrating radar detection [18], multisensor detection [19], sewer scanner and evaluation technology (SSET) [20], infrared temperature recording and analysis [21], and other technologies are gradually applied to practical engineering. ...
During the process of urban development, there is large-scale laying of underground pipeline networks and coordinated operation of both new and old networks. The underground concrete drainage pipes have become a focus of operation and maintenance due to their strong concealment and serious corrosion. The current manual inspections for subterranean concrete drainage pipelines involve high workloads and risks, which makes meeting the diagnostic needs of intricate urban pipeline networks challenging. Through advanced information technology, it has reached a consensus to intelligently perceive, accurately identify, and precise prediction of the condition of urban subterranean drainage networks. The development process of detection and evaluation methods for underground concrete drainage pipe networks is the focus of this study. The study discusses common algorithms for classifying, locating, and quantifying pipeline defects by combining the principles of deep learning with typical application examples. The intelligent progression of information collection methods, image processing techniques, damage prediction models, and pipeline diagnostic systems is systematically elaborated upon. Lastly, prospects for future research of intelligent pipeline diagnosis are provided.
... , p n } such that the operation NN (q, P) can be executed effectively with the query point q ∈ M. The KNN method was performed in this study, as it constantly returns precisely K neighbors when there are at least K points in P and also depends on the number of returned NNs with their respective distance to q. The KNN is defined as the set A following Equation (4), in which A should satisfy the condition stated in Equation (5). The accuracy of KNN matching is computed using Equation (6) and is the percentage of the number of correct matches over the number of detected features. ...
Computer vision in the structural health monitoring (SHM) field has become popular, especially for processing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, but still has limitations both in experimental testing and in practical applications. Prior works have focused on UAV challenges and opportunities for the vibration-based SHM of buildings or bridges, but practical and methodological gaps exist specifically for linear infrastructure systems such as pipelines. Since they are critical for the transportation of products and the transmission of energy, a feasibility study of UAV-based SHM for linear infrastructures is essential to ensuring their service continuity through an advanced SHM system. Thus, this study proposes a single UAV for the seismic monitoring and safety assessment of linear infrastructures along with their computer vision-aided procedures. The proposed procedures were implemented in a full-scale shake-table test of a natural gas pipeline assembly. The objectives were to explore the UAV potential for the seismic vibration monitoring of linear infrastructures with the aid of several computer vision algorithms and to investigate the impact of parameter selection for each algorithm on the matching accuracy. The procedure starts by adopting the Maximally Stable Extremal Region (MSER) method to extract covariant regions that remain similar through a certain threshold of image series. The feature of interest is then detected, extracted, and matched using the Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) and K-nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithms. The Maximum Sample Consensus (MSAC) algorithm is applied for model fitting by maximizing the likelihood of the solution. The output of each algorithm is examined for correctness in matching pairs and accuracy, which is a highlight of this procedure, as no studies have ever investigated these properties. The raw data are corrected and scaled to generate displacement data. Finally, a structural safety assessment was performed using several system identification models. These procedures were first validated using an aluminum bar placed on an actuator and tested in three harmonic tests, and then an implementation case study on the pipeline shake-table tests was analyzed. The validation tests show good agreement between the UAV data and reference data. The shake-table test results also generate reasonable seismic performance and assess the pipeline seismic safety, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed procedure and the prospect of UAV-based SHM for linear infrastructure monitoring.
... Among other methods of harnessing energy, EH from fluid flow has emerged as a potential solution for powering wireless sensors in pipeline networks [1][2][3][4][5], eliminating the need for batteries or costly and impractical wired monitoring schemes. Especially in water infrastructure, these sensors contribute to water quality monitoring [6] and structural health monitoring [7] by tracking quantities like temperature, pressure, pH and the concentrations of a variety of chemicals [8]. ...
In this experimental study, a miniature turbine-based water flow energy harvester designed for the purpose of providing power to wireless sensors within water pipes is reported. The device comprises a Savonius-type turbine and a radial flux permanent magnet electromagnetic generator. The two are magnetically coupled so that, while the turbine is submerged in the water flow, the generator operates in air. The device is cylindrical with a diameter of 0.8 cm and a length of 7.2 cm and, when inserted through a hole in a pipe wall so that only the turbine protrudes into the flow,
it presents a cross-sectional area to the flow of only 1.25 cm2. Manufacturing was achieved through a blend of conventional machining methods, laser cutting, rapid prototyping, and flexible printed circuit board technology for the generator stator. To ensure low friction and minimize cut in speed, ceramic ball bearings were employed. The prototype can function effectively at water velocities as low as 0.5 m/s, generating electrical power within the range of 125 μW to 5.1 mW when subjected to flow speeds between 0.5 and 2 m/s. A maximum overall efficiency of 2.2% is achieved, when the water speed is 0.8 m/s. Performance curves derived from experimental testing of the turbine for a range of rotor designs, obtained on a water flow rig, are presented and discussed.
... SAM is also a multi-sensor inspection method including an optical triangulation sensor, microwave sensor, geoelectrical sensor, hydrochemical sensor, radioactive sensor, and acoustic systems. Therefore, SAM can provide much meaningful information such as optical 3D measurement of pipelines, surrounding soil state, the location of leakage, groundwater infiltration, the state of connections and pipe bedding [41]. ...
... Our proposed smart water leakage detection system aims to overcome the limitations of the existing manual inspection methods by offering an automated, sustainable and proactive approach to detecting water leakage [1,2,3]. The system combines the power of microcontrollers, sensors, and an OLED display to provide real-time monitoring, accurate detection, and timely alerts; a sample of IoT is as shown in the figure.1 Fig. 1. ...
... Importance of Internet of things. [2] The system keeps track of the number of water detection events from each sensor. This real-time monitoring allows for accurate measurement of the extent of leakage. ...
Water pipe spillage, especially in drinking water frameworks, could be a noteworthy sustainable issue universally, driving to the wastage of valuable assets. Recognizing the significance of water for all shapes of life, it gets to be pivotal to create sustainable arrangements to address this issue. The aim of this venture is to form an Online of Things (IoT) based framework for water spillage discovery utilizing water stream sensors and an Arduino board. The concept behind this extend is to degree the sum of water provided from the source and compare it with the amount of water gotten at the destination. In case these two measured values are rise to, it shows that there’s no water spillage within the supply pipes. Be that as it may, in the event that there’s a error between the supplied and gotten water volumes, it recommends that there’s a water spillage some place within the pipeline framework. Begin by getting the specified materials, such as water stream sensors, an Arduino board (such as Arduino Uno), jumper wires, a control supply, and other supporting elements. Interface the water stream sensors to the Arduino board utilizing jumper wires. Guarantee appropriate wiring and network to precisely the degree the water flow. Create the computer program: Utilize the Arduino IDE (Coordinates Advancement Environment) or a appropriate programming environment to type in the code for your model. The code ought to empower the Arduino board to perused sustainable information from the water stream sensors and perform the fundamental calculations to compare the provided and gotten water volumes. Conduct calibration tests to guarantee exact estimations. You'll be able do this by comparing the readings from the prototype system with known water amounts to set up a reference point. Screen the estimations and watch if any disparities between provided and gotten water volumes show potential leakage. Implement real-time monitoring and cautions (discretionary): To improve the system’s functionality, we'll be able to consolidate real-time observing and cautions. It is worth noticing that this model show serves as a confirmation of concept. Executing such a framework on a bigger scale would require contemplations such as arrange network, information transmission, and integration with a centralized observing framework.
... This necessitates the creation of new technologies for assessing pipeline properties in order to monitor their structural integrity. Leaks in pipelines are detected and located using a variety of ways (Liu, 2012). Oil pipeline infrastructure has been repeatedly vandalized around the world over the years. ...
This study describes the creation of a prototype SMS-based fluid parameter monitoring system. Many water industry and oil servicing/plant maintenance companies use workers to measure and monitor fluid parameters such as flow rate, temperature, pressure, and level (taking periodic readings). The method is determined to be extremely difficult and severe, raising serious concerns. To address the aforementioned issue, it is proposed that a system be developed that would reduce the staff stress of manual monitoring of fluid parameters and notify the same to personnel for necessary action. The suggested system is made up of both hardware and software. The hardware section consists of four units: power supply, input, control, and output, all of which were created utilizing a top-down system design approach. The C programming language was used to write the software that controls the entire system. Following that, multiple units were constructed and tested. When the system is turned on, the sensors monitor various fluid (water) characteristics and provide signals to the microcontroller, which analyzes the parameters and sends them to a display unit and the employee's mobile phone for alert notification. The outcome is quite precise and accurate. A simulation of the system performance was also performed in PROTEUS. This proposed method is inexpensive and can be implemented in oil service organizations to provide faultless services in place of employees.
... This suggests that more investigations should consider these factors in modelling water pipe deterioration. • A close look at the link strength bars shows that deterioration studies are highly linked to condition assessment and infrastructure management studies [79]. Also, it appears that fuzzy inference and forecasting techniques have been used in modelling water pipe deterioration. ...
... Tran et al. [118] considered the literature on the sensing technologies used to detect PVC pipes' faults. These studies can be described as an extension of the studies done by Liu and Kleiner [80], Liu and Kleiner [79], and Rizzo [102], who reviewed the research on health monitoring applications for water pipes between 1989 and 2013. Additionally, several advancements in sensing and health techniques, such as robots [3,86] and realtime measurement and communication systems [72,116]. ...
The deterioration of water pipes causes significant socio-economic and environmental burdens. Many predictors/factors are used to mitigate such problems by modelling the water pipe deterioration. However, these predictors have not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. This study adopts mixed systematic and scientometric analyses to review the predictors used in modelling water pipe deterioration. Within the study context, the predictors are categorised into pipe-related, soil and corrosion-induced, operational, and environmental. The results reveal that the pipe-related predictors have received the most attention in the reviewed studies, whereas further investigations are required to study long-term changes in the environmental-induced predictors. Accordingly, future research directions are recommended to fill these gaps (e.g., considering sustainability issues, and deploying real-time monitoring, and IoT facilities to enhance data availability. These directions greatly benefit practitioners and researchers from multidisciplinary backgrounds in research directions related to water pipes.
... According to a survey, 50 lakh households in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kanpur, and Madurai lack access to clean water. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the minimum daily water requirement should be 100-200 litres, which is higher than the average urban figure of 90 litres [3]. One such measure is the installation of an underground water pipeline monitoring system to reduce pipeline leakage. ...
... To begin, sensors or devices collect data from the external environment and send it to the cloud. For example, from a basic temperature control sensor to a complex video stream, all of this data collected may have varying degrees of complexities [3]. These collected data are then sent to a cloud service for further data processing. ...
... This can be accomplished by using many methods like setting off alarms on their phones or receiving notifications to their emails. Additionally, a user will have access to an app from which they can actively monitor their IoT device from anywhere else [3]. ...
